What is the impact of national public expenditure and its allocation on neonatal and child mortality? A machine learning analysis.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the impact of national public expenditure and its allocation on child mortality may help governments move towards target 3.2 proposed in the 2030 Agenda. The objective of this study was to estimate the impacts of governmental expenditures, total, on health, and on other sectors, on neonatal mortality and mortality of children aged between 28 days and five years. METHODS: This study has an ecological design with a population of 147 countries, with data between 2012 and 2019. Two steps were used: first, the Generalized Propensity Score of public spending was calculated; afterward, the Generalized Propensity Score was used to estimate the expenditures' association with mortality rates. The primary outcomes were neonatal mortality rates (NeoRt) and mortality rates in children between 28 days and 5 years (NeoU5Rt). RESULTS: The 1% variation in Int$ Purchasing Power Parity (Int$ PPP) per capita in total public expenditures, expenditure in health, and in other sectors were associated with a variation of -0.635 (95% CI -1.176, -0.095), -2.17 (95% CI -3.051, -1.289) -0.632 (95% CI -1.169, -0.095) in NeoRt, respectively The same variation in public expenditures in sectors other than health, was associates with a variation of -1.772 (95% CI -6.219, -1.459) on NeoU5Rt. The results regarding the impact of total and health public spending on NeoU5Rt were not consistent. CONCLUSION: Public investments impact mortality in children under 5 years of age. Likely, the allocation of expenditures between the health sector and the other social sectors will have different impacts on mortality between the NeoRt and the NeoU5Rt.

[Health expenditure and health outcomes in Latin America and the CaribbeanGastos em saúde e resultados de saúde na América Latina e no Caribe]. / Gasto en salud y resultados en salud en América Latina y el Caribe.

Objective: To determine the effect of public and private health expenditure on health outcomes in Latin American and Caribbean countries from 2000 to 2019. Methods: A health production function was used, wherein life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rate were considered as indicators of health outcomes. Panel data econometrics were applied, using data from a 33-country sample for the period from 2000 to 2019. Results: According to estimates, a 1% increase in public health expenditure is associated with a 0.019% increase in life expectancy, and a 1% increase in private health expenditure increases life expectancy by 0.023%. At the same time, a 1% increase in public health expenditure reduces the infant mortality rate by -0.168%, whereas the effect of private health expenditure on infant mortality is not statistically significant. Conclusions: The results provide evidence of the effect of public health expenditure in reducing infant mortality and increasing life expectancy, while private health expenditure has a positive effect only on the latter metric. The findings have important political implications for the countries of the Region in the post-pandemic context of limited fiscal space.

Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos dos gastos públicos e privados em saúde sobre os resultados de saúde nos países da América Latina e do Caribe no período de 2000 a 2019. Métodos: Utilizamos uma função de produção da saúde, na qual a expectativa de vida ao nascer e a taxa de mortalidade infantil foram consideradas como indicadores dos resultados de saúde. Usando dados de uma amostra de 33 países no período de 2000 a 2019, aplicamos a técnica econométrica de dados em painel. Resultados: De acordo com as estimativas, um aumento de 1% nos gastos públicos em saúde está associado a um aumento de 0,019% na expectativa de vida. Da mesma forma, um aumento de 1% nos gastos privados em saúde resulta em um aumento de 0,023% na expectativa de vida. No que diz respeito ao segundo indicador, um aumento de 1% nos gastos públicos em saúde reduz a taxa de mortalidade infantil em -0,168%. Por outro lado, o efeito dos gastos privados em saúde sobre a mortalidade infantil não é estatisticamente significativo. Conclusões: Os resultados geram evidências sobre os efeitos dos gastos públicos em saúde na redução da mortalidade infantil e no aumento da expectativa de vida, enquanto que os gastos privados em saúde têm um efeito positivo apenas na expectativa de vida. Estes resultados têm implicações políticas importantes para os países da região, diante de um cenário pós-pandemia com espaço fiscal limitado.

Tax systems and public borrowing limits in a fiscal union.

This paper compares the implications of tax system and public borrowing limit asymmetries for the welfare cost of business cycles and interregional consumption risk sharing in a two-region fiscal union. We identify the welfare-improving and risk-sharing-improving designs of the regional tax systems and borrowing limits. We find that the choice of public borrowing limits is more consequential than is the choice of a tax regime for union welfare. It also serves as an argument for the harmonization of fiscal policies adopted in the fiscal union, as it would internalize fiscal externalities and improve consumption risk-sharing across the union regions. The key parameter determining the merits of alternative regional tax systems and possible limits to public borrowing in the fiscal union is the productivity of public good. Other aspects of the economy, such as the type of technology process, or the nature of the productivity shock do not affect the union public finance system design significantly. Extensive simulations suggest that if the productivity of public capital lies within the range of plausible empirical estimates, allowing both regions to have flexible borrowing limits and to choose whatever tax system they prefer will reduce the overall welfare costs of business fluctuations. However, for very low productivity of public capital, the welfare-improving regional public finance reforms that would prohibit public borrowing and tax labor income can produce limited benefits.

Assessing public financing for nutrition in Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.

The objective of this study was to assess public financing for nutrition in Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka to identify limitations of available data and to discuss policy implications. A variant of the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement methodology was used. Budget allocations and expenditures for relevant government ministries during 2012-2018 were identified. Nutrition-related line items were tagged using definitions of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions. Data were aggregated by year and calculated in constant United States dollars (USD). Expenditures by year were presented as a proportion of gross domestic product and general government expenditures. The percent utilization of budget allocations and proportion of funding from central government sources were determined. Per capita expenditures on nutrition-specific interventions varied from USD 1.08-8.76 and for nutrition-sensitive interventions varied from USD 20.22-51.20. Nutrition-specific expenditures as a percent of gross domestic product ranged from 0.08% in Sri Lanka in 2017% to 0.34% in Nepal in 2016. The median utilization rate was 64% for nutrition-specific and 84% for nutrition-sensitive interventions. Nutrition-specific funding financed by the central government was 90.7% in Bhutan and 99.4% in Sri Lanka. This study revealed the need to prioritize and invest in evidence-based interventions, including balancing investments in nutrition-specific versus -sensitive interventions. Challenges in estimation of nutrition expenditures and cross-country comparison were also observed, highlighting the need for appropriate nutrition line item tagging and standardized systems for data collection.

Financing long-term care: ex ante, ex post or both?

This paper attempts to examine the heterogeneity in the public financing of long-term care (LTC) and the wide-ranging instruments in place to finance LTC services. We distinguish and classify the institutional responses to the need for LTC financing as ex ante (occurring prior to when the need arises, such as insurance) and ex post (occurring after the need arises, such as public sector and family financing). Then, we examine country-specific data to ascertain whether the two types of financing are complements or substitutes. Finally, we examine exploratory cross-national data on public expenditure determinants, specifically economic, demographic and social determinants. We show that although both ex ante and ex post mechanisms exist in all countries with advanced industrial economies and despite the fact that instruments are different across countries, ex ante and ex post instruments are largely substitutes for each other. Expenditure estimates to date indicate that the public financing of LTC is highly sensitive to a country's income, ageing of the population and the availability of informal caregiving.

Understanding the role of green finance and innovation in achieving the sustainability paradigm: application of system GMM approach.

THe central challenge facing China's sustainable development is how to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental conservation. In China's ongoing economic revolution, green finance is more important than ever. The study empirically examined how green finance and innovation affect carbon emissions using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces gathered between 2010 and 2020. The empirical analysis is undertaken to utilize a series of methods to investigate the impact of green finance on carbon emissions. The findings show that increased green finance, innovation, and industrial structure reduce carbon output. Moreover, carbon emissions increase with increasing trade openness and economic growth. In order to achieve sustainable development goals through economic and environmental sustainability, it has been discovered that green finance can foster green technology innovation and green business.

Determinants of Public Health Personnel Spending in Spain.

Public health is funded with government funds gathered from tax revenues, whether national, provincial or municipal. The health system therefore suffers during economic crisis periods, whether due to disinvestment, loss of purchasing power among health care personnel or the decrease in the number of professionals. This worsens the situation, as it is necessary to cover the needs of an increasingly elderly population and with a longer life expectancy at birth. The present study intends to show a model which explains the determination of the "Public Health Personnel Expenditure" in Spain for a determined period. A multiple linear regression model was applied to the period including the years 1980-2021. Macroeconomic and demographic variables were analyzed to explain the dependent variable. Variation in health personnel expenditure: "We included those variables which presented a high or very high correlation above r > 0.6. The variables which explain the behavior of Variation in health personnel expenditure". It was a determining factor in the present study to consider that the variables with the greatest repercussions on health policy were mainly macroeconomic variables rather than demographic variables, with the only significant demographic variable that had a specific weight lower than macroeconomic variables being "Birth Rate". In this sense, the contribution made to the scientific literature is to establish an explanatory model so that public policy managers and states in particular can consider it in their public spending policies, bearing in mind that health expenditures in a Beveridge-style health system, as Spain has, are paid with funds drawn from tax revenues.

City Health Departments, Public Health Expenditures, and Urban Mortality over 1910-1940.

Over the early twentieth century, urban centers adopted full-time public health departments. We show that opening full-time administration had little observable impact on mortality. We then attempt to determine why health departments were ineffective. Our results suggest that achievements in public health occurred regardless of health department status. Further, we find that cities with and without a full-time health department allocated similar per capita expenditures towards health administration. This health department funding also better predicts infant mortality declines. Our conclusions indicate that specific campaigns, public health systems, and funding may have been more meaningful for local health over this era.

Analysis of the Household and Health Care System Expenditures in Bulgaria.

Health care systems worldwide are experiencing tremendous financial pressure because of the introduction of new targeted health technologies and medicines. This study aims to analyze and compare public and household healthcare expenditures in Bulgaria during the period 2015-2019, as well as present the major cost-containment measures implied by the government and their probable influence on the overall health care cost. Regulatory analysis of the endorsed cost-containment measures, budget analysis of public and household health care expenditures, and their extrapolations were performed. The regulatory analysis reveals that a large number of measures are introduced and valid until January 2021, considering pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and negotiations between the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) and Marketing authorization holders (MAHs). NHIF costs due to pharmaceuticals, food supplements, and medical devices are rising from 2015 to 2019. The overall health expenditures average per household and the average per person also grow in this period. The cost extrapolation reveals that an increase in 3-year periods is expected. Despite the implementation of variety of cost-containment measures in Bulgaria, such as HTA, ERP, discounts, and annual negotiations, The National Health Insurance Fund's (NHIF) spending on pharmaceuticals continues to rise in recent years, and further increases are expected in the next 3 years. The average expenditure per household and per person also increased, which confirms the global trend of rising medicine and outpatient services value.

Notes About Comparing Long-term Care Expenditures Across Countries Comment on "Financing Long-term Care: Lessons From Japan".

The comparison of long-term care (LTC) expenditures is a difficult task. National LTC systems differ widely in terms of eligibility criteria, level of benefits, institutional variety and regional heterogeneity. In this commentary I will first give some general remarks on cross country comparisons. Then I discuss the role of the informal sector which is the most important pillar of all LTC systems. I conclude with some background on current developments in Germany. Different from Japan Germany is extending its LTC insurance instead of containing costs.

Transferências federais por emendas parlamentares aos municípios: implicações para o financiamento do SUS / Federal transfers to municipalities through parliamentary amendments: implications for SUS funding

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo analisar as transferências por emendas parlamentares do Ministério da Saúde aos municípios para o financiamento de ações e serviços públicos de saúde, de 2015 a 2021. Foi realizado estudo descritivo e exploratório com dados secundários, abrangendo a totalidade de municípios brasileiros. Os recursos provenientes de emendas apresentaram aumento, em especial a partir de 2018, indicando a expansão de sua relevância para o financiamento do SUS. No período de 2016 a 2021, mais de 80% foram alocados aos municípios, representando 9,5% dos repasses federais, com 91,2% de natureza de custeio. As transferências por emendas diferem dos repasses regulares por possuir maior instabilidade e variação per capita entre os montantes captados pelos municípios, e por destinar a maior parte dos recursos ao Nordeste e à atenção primária, em detrimento do Sudeste e da média e alta complexidade. Configura-se uma modalidade diferenciada de alocação de recursos no SUS que produz novas distorções e assimetrias, com implicações para as relações intergovernamentais e entre os poderes executivo e legislativo, ampliando o risco de descontinuidade de ações e serviços e impondo desafios para as gestões municipais.

Abstract The present article analyzes the transfers from parliamentary amendments by the Ministry of Health to municipalities to finance public health actions and services from 2015 to 2021. A descriptive and exploratory study was carried out with secondary data, including all Brazilian cities. Resources from amendments showed an increase, particularly from 2018 onwards, indicating the expansion of their relevance for financing SUS. From 2016 to 2021, over 80% was allocated to municipalities, representing 9.5% of all federal transfers, with 91.2% for operational expenses. Transfers from amendments differ from regular transfers due to greater instability and per capita variation among the amounts collected by municipalities and due to the fact that they allocate most resources to the Northeast and primary care to the detriment of the Southeast and medium and high complexity care. These transfers represent a differentiated modality of resource allocation in SUS that produces new distortions and asymmetries, with implications for intergovernmental relations, as well as between the executive and legislative powers, increasing the risk of the discontinuity of actions and services and imposing challenges for the municipal management.

Expenditure of biological drugs for rheumatoid arthritis treatment in the Brazilian public health system

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This work aims to analyze the quantity and expenses related to biological drugs used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in outpatient public care within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS It is a cross-sectional descriptive study based on secondary data from a historical series, referring to the purchase, volume, and the number of patients treated with different biological drugs (infliximabe, etanercept, adalimumab, rituximab, abatacept, tocilizumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol) for RA treatment in outpatient care from 2012 to 2017. The data were extracted from the SUS Outpatient Information System database-SIA/SUS and included ten drugs used for RA treatment. The study assessed the quantity and expenditure of these drugs, the number of RA patients treated, and the expenditure by RA subtypes. The National Broad Consumer Price Index was used to adjust the expenditures for December 2017. RESULTS The Ministry of Health allocated approximately $500 million to provide about 2 million units of biological drugs for RA patients from 2012 to 2017. The supply of adalimumab 40 mg and etanercept 50 mg accounted for 68.3% of the total expenditure. The subtypes "other rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor" (ICD-10 M05.8), "rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor" (ICD-10 M06.0), and "Felty's syndrome" (M05. 0) represented 84.5% of the total expenditures. The proportion of patients treated with biological drugs increased by 33.0%. There was a significant 83.0% increase in the number of patients using biological drugs compared to the overall number of RA patients treated during the study period. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained allow us to draw a more recent profile of expenditure on RA treatment and indicate trends in the use of biological drugs for this condition, generating data that can support management decisions in public health policies.

Presupuesto público en salud y sus efectos en la desnutrición crónica infantil. El caso peruano / Public health budget and its effects on chronic child malnutrition. The Peruvian case / Orçamento da saúde pública e seus efeitos sobre a desnutrição infantil crônica. O caso peruano

En la actualidad, aunque las tasas de malnutrición que afectan a los pueblos indígenas y a las zonas de bajos ingresos han disminuido en un 33,8%, América Latina sigue registrando niveles alarmantes de malnutrición, especialmente a nivel infantil. En el caso de Perú en particular, urge estudiar el impacto del presupuesto sanitario en la dinámica de la desnutrición infantil. Objetivo. Analizar la incidencia del presupuesto de salud pública en la reducción de la desnutrición infantil en Perú durante las dos últimas décadas. Metodología. Revisión narrativa acerca del impacto de los presupuestos de salud pública en la desnutrición. Dentro de busqueda se consideraron bases de datos como Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, Redalyc, Latindex y Google Scholar desde el 2019 a 2023. Considerando con ecuación health budget" OR "chronic child malnutrition", "government spending" con la función booleana AND como parámetros de búsqueda para el campo "topic" para encontrar documentos que también trataran sobre "malnutrition" OR "chronic child malnutrition" OR "child malnutrition". Resultados. Se identificaron 57 fuente, se excluyeron 4 artículos por duplicidad y 37 por falta de información, dando como resultando un total de 16 artículos a considerar en este análisis. Conclusión. Se puede concluir que existe una relación significativa entre el aumento del presupuesto público en salud y la disminución de la desnutrición infantil a nivel nacional. La literatura existente destaca que a medida que se incrementa la asignación presupuestaria en el ámbito de la salud, se observa una reducción correspondiente en las tasas de desnutrición.

Currently, although malnutrition rates affecting indigenous peoples and low-income areas have decreased by 33.8%, Latin America continues to register alarming levels of malnutrition, especially at the child level. In the case of Peru in particular, there is an urgent need to study the impact of the health budget on the dynamics of child malnutrition. Objective. To analyze the impact of the public health budget on the reduction of child malnutrition in Peru during the last two decades. Methodology. Narrative review of the impact of public health budgets on malnutrition. Within the search, databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, Redalyc, Latindex and Google Scholar from 2019 to 2023 were considered. Considering with equation health budget" OR "chronic child malnutrition", "government spending" with the Boolean function AND as search parameters for the field "topic" to find documents that also dealt with "malnutrition" OR "chronic child malnutrition" OR "child malnutrition". Results. Fifty-seven sources were identified, 4 articles were excluded due to duplicity and 37 due to lack of information, resulting in a total of 16 articles to be considered in this analysis. Conclusion. It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the increase in the public health budget and the decrease in child malnutrition at the national level. The existing literature highlights that as the health budget allocation increases, a corresponding reduction in malnutrition rates is observed.

Atualmente, embora as taxas de desnutrição que afetam os povos indígenas e as áreas de baixa renda tenham diminuído em 33,8%, a América Latina continua a registrar níveis alarmantes de desnutrição, especialmente no nível infantil. No caso do Peru, em particular, há uma necessidade urgente de estudar o impacto do orçamento da saúde na dinâmica da desnutrição infantil. Objetivo. Analisar o impacto do orçamento da saúde pública na redução da desnutrição infantil no Peru nas últimas duas décadas. Metodologia. Revisão narrativa do impacto dos orçamentos públicos de saúde sobre a desnutrição. Bases de dados como Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, Redalyc, Latindex e Google Scholar de 2019 a 2023 foram consideradas na pesquisa. Considerando com equação "health budget" OR "chronic child malnutrition", "government spending" com a função booleana AND como parâmetros de pesquisa para o campo "topic" para encontrar documentos que também tratassem de "malnutrition" OR "chronic child malnutrition" OR "child malnutrition". Resultados. Foram identificadas 57 fontes, 4 artigos foram excluídos devido à duplicação e 37 devido à falta de informações, resultando em um total de 16 artigos a serem considerados nesta análise. Conclusão. Pode-se concluir que existe uma relação significativa entre o aumento do orçamento da saúde pública e a redução da desnutrição infantil em nível nacional. A literatura existente destaca que, à medida que a alocação do orçamento de saúde aumenta, observa-se uma redução correspondente nas taxas de desnutrição.

Gasto en salud y resultados en salud en América Latina y el Caribe / Health expenditure and health outcomes in Latin America and the Caribbean / Gastos em saúde e resultados de saúde na América Latina e no Caribe

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar el efecto del gasto público y privado en salud sobre los resultados en salud en los países de América Latina y el Caribe durante el periodo 2000-2019. Métodos. Se emplea una función de producción de la salud, donde se consideró a la esperanza de vida al nacer y la tasa de mortalidad infantil como indicadores del resultado en salud. Con datos para una muestra de 33 países para el periodo 2000-2019, se aplicó la técnica econométrica de datos panel. Resultados. Según las estimaciones, un incremento del 1% en el gasto público en salud está asociado a un aumento del 0,019% de la esperanza de vida. Del mismo modo, un incremento del 1% del gasto privado en salud aumenta en 0,023% la esperanza de vida. Para el caso del segundo resultado en salud, un incremento del 1% en el gasto público en salud reduce en -0,168% la tasa de mortalidad infantil. Sin embargo, el efecto del gasto privado en salud sobre la mortalidad infantil no es estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones. Los resultados brindan evidencia del efecto del gasto público en salud para reducir la mortalidad infantil e incrementar la esperanza de vida, mientras que el gasto privado en salud presenta un efecto positivo solo sobre este último. Los hallazgos tienen importantes implicancias políticas para los países de la región ante un escenario postpandemia de limitado espacio fiscal.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the effect of public and private health expenditure on health outcomes in Latin American and Caribbean countries from 2000 to 2019. Methods. A health production function was used, wherein life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rate were considered as indicators of health outcomes. Panel data econometrics were applied, using data from a 33-country sample for the period from 2000 to 2019. Results. According to estimates, a 1% increase in public health expenditure is associated with a 0.019% increase in life expectancy, and a 1% increase in private health expenditure increases life expectancy by 0.023%. At the same time, a 1% increase in public health expenditure reduces the infant mortality rate by -0.168%, whereas the effect of private health expenditure on infant mortality is not statistically significant. Conclusions. The results provide evidence of the effect of public health expenditure in reducing infant mortality and increasing life expectancy, while private health expenditure has a positive effect only on the latter metric. The findings have important political implications for the countries of the Region in the post-pandemic context of limited fiscal space.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar os efeitos dos gastos públicos e privados em saúde sobre os resultados de saúde nos países da América Latina e do Caribe no período de 2000 a 2019. Métodos. Utilizamos uma função de produção da saúde, na qual a expectativa de vida ao nascer e a taxa de mortalidade infantil foram consideradas como indicadores dos resultados de saúde. Usando dados de uma amostra de 33 países no período de 2000 a 2019, aplicamos a técnica econométrica de dados em painel. Resultados. De acordo com as estimativas, um aumento de 1% nos gastos públicos em saúde está associado a um aumento de 0,019% na expectativa de vida. Da mesma forma, um aumento de 1% nos gastos privados em saúde resulta em um aumento de 0,023% na expectativa de vida. No que diz respeito ao segundo indicador, um aumento de 1% nos gastos públicos em saúde reduz a taxa de mortalidade infantil em -0,168%. Por outro lado, o efeito dos gastos privados em saúde sobre a mortalidade infantil não é estatisticamente significativo. Conclusões. Os resultados geram evidências sobre os efeitos dos gastos públicos em saúde na redução da mortalidade infantil e no aumento da expectativa de vida, enquanto que os gastos privados em saúde têm um efeito positivo apenas na expectativa de vida. Estes resultados têm implicações políticas importantes para os países da região, diante de um cenário pós-pandemia com espaço fiscal limitado.

Priorities in the Polish health care system.

Since 1999, Polish health policy has changed, the quality of services has increased, and also the level of financing, mainly from public benefits. Despite constant growth of indexes reflecting the health status of Polish society, such as life expectancy, quality of life, or decreasing index of deaths at birth, just as in the majority of European countries, in Poland the society is growing older, which implies the necessity to reorganize the system. In this paper, the author has described the most important factors that determine the operation of the health system in Poland, as well as presents the ways it was restructured over the last few years, taking into consideration the structural, legislative, financial, organizational, and quantitative aspects. Also, the latest trends in Polish health policy, which take into account new goals of the system, have been presented within.

Análise do financiamento federal do Sistema Único de Saúde para o enfrentamento da Covid-19 / Analysis of the federal funding of the Unified Health System to fight the COVID-19

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é o de analisar o financiamento federal do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para o enfrentamento da pandemia da Covid-19 em 2020 e durante o primeiro quadrimestre de 2021 - períodos caracterizados como da primeira e da segunda ondas. Realizou-se pesquisa documental com levantamento de dados disponíveis em sítios eletrônicos oficiais. A pandemia se instalou no Brasil em fevereiro de 2020, no contexto do subfinanciamento crônico do SUS, que se aprofundou com o estrangulamento de dotações verificado a partir da Emenda Constitucional 95/2016, que definiu o teto das despesas primárias e o congelamento do piso federal do SUS até 2036, no mesmo valor do piso de 2017. Essa medida constitucional viabilizou o aprofundamento da política de austeridade fiscal pela via da redução das despesas primárias e da dívida pública em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto. Tais objetivos condicionaram também o financiamento federal para o combate à pandemia da Covid-19 em 2020 e 2021, cuja execução orçamentária e financeira pode ser caracterizada como reativa e retardatária. Essa forma de execução comprometeu o atendimento das necessidades de saúde da população, além de prejudicar a gestão do SUS nas esferas de governo subnacionais.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to analyze the federal funding of the Unified Health System (SUS) to fight the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and during the first four months of 2021 - periods characterized as the first and second waves. Documentary research was carried out, with data available on official websites. The pandemic took hold in Brazil in February 2020, in the context of the chronic underfunding of SUS, which deepened with the strangulation of appropriations verified from the Constitutional Amendment 95/2016, which defined the ceiling on primary expenditure and the freezing of the federal floor of SUS until 2036, at the same value as the 2017 floor. This constitutional measure made it possible to deepen the fiscal austerity policy by reducing primary expenditure and public debt in relation to the Gross Domestic Product. These goals also conditioned federal funding to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, whose budget and financial execution can be characterized as reactive and delayed. This form of execution compromised meeting the health needs of the population, in addition to harming the management of SUS in subnational government spheres.

Distortions of parliamentary amendments to the equitable allocation of federal resources to the PAB / Distorções das emendas parlamentares à alocação equitativa de recursos federais ao PAB

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Analyze the implications of parliamentary amendments (EP) for the model of equitable allocation of resources from the Fixed Primary Care Minimum (PAB-Fixo) to municipalities in the period from 2015 to 2019. METHODS A descriptive and exploratory study was conducted on allocating federal resources to the PAB-Fixo and on the increment in the PAB by parliamentary amendment. The municipalities were classified into four groups according to degrees of socioeconomic vulnerability defined by the Ministry of Health for the allocation of PAB-Fixo resources. The transfers from the Ministry by parliamentary amendment were identified. The proportions of municipalities benefiting per group were analyzed by resources allocated from the PAB-Fixo and increment to the minimum by EP. RESULTS There were reduced resources allocated to the PAB-Fixo (from R$ 6.04 billion to R$ 5.51 billion, -8.8%) and increased increment to PAB by parliamentary amendment (from R$ 95.06 million to R$ 5.58 billion, 5.767%) between 2015 and 2019. The participation of municipalities by the group of those favored by EP was similar to that in the PAB-Fixo. In the proportion of resources for amendments, the municipalities of group I (most vulnerable) had more participation, and those of group IV had less participation if compared to the allocation of the PAB-Fixo. The distribution of resources by the parliamentary amendment did not cover all municipalities, even the most vulnerable ones, i.e., belonging to groups I and II. There was great inequality of resources per capita according to the groups of municipalities. CONCLUSION The EP distorted the model of equitable allocation of resources proposed by the Ministry of Health for the PAB-Fixo, by allocating resources in a much more significant proportion to the municipalities of group I and much less to those of group IV, which is in disagreement with this model. Furthermore, this distribution by amendments does not benefit all municipalities, not even the most vulnerable.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar as implicações das emendas parlamentares (EP) para o modelo de alocação equitativa de recursos do Piso da Atenção Básica Fixo (PAB-Fixo) aos municípios no período de 2015 a 2019. MÉTODOS Realizou-se um estudo descritivo e exploratório da alocação de recursos federais para o PAB-Fixo e para incremento ao PAB por emenda parlamentar. Os municípios foram classificados em quatro grupos, segundo graus de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica definidos pelo Ministério da Saúde para destinação de recursos do PAB-Fixo. Os repasses do ministério por emenda parlamentar foram identificados, analisando-se as proporções de municípios beneficiados em cada grupo por recursos alocados do PAB-Fixo e do incremento ao piso por EP. RESULTADOS Verificou-se redução dos recursos alocados ao PAB-Fixo (de R$ 6,04 bilhões para R$ 5,51 bilhões, -8,8%) e aumento do incremento ao PAB por emenda parlamentar (de R$ 95,06 milhões para R$ 5,58 bilhões, 5.767%) entre 2015 e 2019. A participação dos municípios por grupo dos que foram favorecidos por EP foi semelhante à dos municípios do PAB-Fixo. Na proporção de recursos por emendas, os municípios do grupo I (mais vulneráveis) tiveram maior participação e os do grupo IV, menor participação, se comparada à alocação do PAB-Fixo. A distribuição de recursos por emenda parlamentar não contemplou todos os municípios, mesmo aqueles mais vulneráveis, pertencentes aos grupos I e II. Houve grande desigualdade de recursos per capita segundo os grupos de municípios. CONCLUSÃO As EP distorceram o modelo de alocação equitativa de recursos proposto pelo Ministério da Saúde para o PAB-Fixo, ao destinar recursos em proporção muito maior para os municípios do grupo I e muito menor para os do grupo IV, o que está em desacordo com esse modelo, além disso essa distribuição por emendas não beneficia a todos os municípios, nem mesmo aos mais vulneráveis.

Gastos com internações compulsórias por consumo de drogas no estado do Espírito Santo / Expenditures on compulsory hospitalizations due to drug use in the state of Espírito Santo

RESUMO A internação compulsória pelo consumo de drogas vem sendo problematizada no campo da política de saúde mental e expressa a luta entre os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)/princípios da Reforma Psiquiátrica versus os interesses privados de remanicomialização. O artigo objetiva analisar os gastos com internações compulsórias por consumo de drogas realizadas pela Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo (ES), entre 2014-2019, buscando identificar a sua destinação. Apresenta breves reflexões sobre o direito à saúde e a disputa pelo fundo público. Trata-se de pesquisa documental com levantamento de dados no Portal de Transparência do ES. Foram utilizadas a análise estatística descritiva e a análise de conteúdo categorial. Os dados evidenciam as disputas pelo Fundo público e que isso não é um processo evidente para a sociedade. Os embates entre Executivo e Judiciário em torno do direito de acesso ao tratamento da saúde são pontos que precisam ser problematizados.

ABSTRACT Compulsory hospitalization due to drug use has been questioned in the Mental Health Policy and expresses the struggle between the principles of Unified Health System (SUS)/Psychiatric Reform versus the private interests about remanicomialization. This paper analyses expenditures on compulsory hospitalizations due to drug use carried out by the State Health Secretariat of Espírito Santo (ES) between 2014 and 2019 and aims to identify its allocation. It outlines brief reflections on the right to health and the disputes over public funds. This is documentary research with data gathered from the ES Transparency Portal. Descriptive statistical analysis and categoric content analysis were used. The data show disputes over public funds and that this is not a transparent process to society. The struggles between the Executive and the Judiciary over the right of access to health treatment are points that must be discussed.

Public expenditure composition and fiscal decentralization in Brazilian local governments: an analysis through unconditional quantile regression with longitudinal data / Composición del gasto público y descentralización fiscal en los gobiernos locales brasileños: un análisis por regresión cuantílica incondicional con datos longitudinales / Composição do gasto público e descentralização fiscal em governos locais brasileiros: uma análise por regressão quantílica incondicional com dados longitudinais

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of increasing fiscal decentralization on the composition of public expenditures of Brazilian local governments. The research is innovative, demonstrating that the heterogeneity of expenditure scale influences the correlation between fiscal decentralization and public expenditure of local governments. The sample consisted of unbalanced panel data of 5,565 municipalities for 17 years from 2000 to 2016. The analysis used unconditional quantile regression with panel data. The main findings were: (i) fiscal decentralization affects public expenditure in Brazilian local governments. However, this effect depends on local expenditure scale and fiscal decentralization strategy. For example, the median coefficient was negative in personnel expenditures, and the effect was positive for the third quartile of local governments, when fiscal decentralization was measured by the tax revenue over total revenue. On the other hand, the effects were also positive for median and third quartile regarding intergovernmental transfers per capita like proxy of fiscal decentralization; (ii) the measures (proxies) of fiscal decentralization are correlated with the composition of public expenditure; (iii) in median terms, fiscal decentralization has greater effects on investment expenditures than on current and personnel expenditures; and (iv) in median terms, the tax revenue participation promotes an increase in administrative and planning expenditures instead of expenditures in social functions. Fiscal decentralization measured by intergovernmental transfer per capita has more positive effects on social functions than on legislative and administrative functions.

Resumen Este artículo tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de una mayor descentralización fiscal en la composición del gasto público de los gobiernos locales brasileños. La investigación innovó al demostrar que la heterogeneidad de la escala del gasto influye en la correlación entre la descentralización fiscal y la composición del gasto público de los gobiernos locales. La muestra estuvo constituida por un panel de datos desbalanceados con 5.565 municipios durante 17 años, correspondientes al período 2000-2016. El análisis se realizó mediante regresión cuantílica incondicional. Los principales resultados fueron: (i) la descentralización fiscal afecta el gasto público de los gobiernos locales brasileños, sin embargo, el tipo de efecto depende de la escala del gasto local y de la estrategia de descentralización fiscal. Por ejemplo, en los gastos de personal, para la mediana, el coeficiente fue negativo y el efecto fue positivo para el tercer cuartil de los gobiernos locales, cuando la descentralización fiscal se midió por los ingresos tributarios sobre los ingresos totales. Por otro lado, los efectos también fueron positivos para la mediana y el tercer cuartil considerando las transferencias intergubernamentales per cápita como proxy de la descentralización fiscal; (ii) las medidas (proxies) de la descentralización fiscal se correlacionan con la composición del gasto público; (iii) la descentralización fiscal afecta más el gasto de inversión que los gastos de personal y los gastos corrientes en términos medianos; y (iv) en términos medianos, la participación de los ingresos tributarios promueve un aumento del gasto en funciones de gestión y planificación en lugar de gastos en funciones sociales; por otro lado, la descentralización fiscal medida por transferencias intergubernamentales per cápita afecta positivamente más funciones sociales que legislativas y administrativas.

Resumo Este artigo teve por objetivo investigar o efeito do aumento da descentralização fiscal na composição do gasto público dos governos locais brasileiros. A pesquisa inovou ao demonstrar que a heterogeneidade da escala do gasto influencia na correlação entre a descentralização fiscal e a composição do gasto público dos governos locais. A amostra foi composta por um painel de dados desbalanceado com 5.565 municípios durante 17 anos, correspondente ao período de 2000 a 2016. A análise foi realizada por meio da regressão quantílica incondicional. Os principais resultados foram: (i) a descentralização fiscal afeta nos gastos públicos dos governos locais brasileiros, contudo o tipo de efeito depende da escala do gasto local e da estratégia de descentralização fiscal. Por exemplo, nos gastos com pessoal, para a mediana, o coeficiente foi negativo e o efeito foi positivo para o terceiro quartil dos governos locais, quando a descentralização fiscal foi mensurada pela receita tributária sobre a receita total. Por outro lado, os efeitos foram também positivos para mediana e terceiro quartil considerando as transferências intergovernamentais per capita como proxy da descentralização fiscal; (ii) as mensurações (proxies) da descentralização fiscal são correlacionadas com a composição do gasto público; (iii) a descentralização fiscal afeta mais o gasto com investimentos que os gastos de pessoal e correntes em termos medianos; e (iv) em termos medianos, a participação da receita tributária promove o aumento do gasto em funções de administração e planejamento ao invés de gastos em funções sociais; por outro lado, a descentralização fiscal medida pelas transferências intergovernamentais per capita afeta positivamente mais funções sociais que funções legislativa e administrativa.

Public expenditure on hospitalizations for COVID-19 treatment in 2020, in Brazil / Gastos públicos com internações hospitalares para tratamento da covid-19 no Brasil em 2020

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Describe the expenditure resulting from hospitalizations for clinical treatment of users diagnosed with COVID-19 in the Unified Health System (SUS) between February and December 2020. METHODS This is a descriptive study based on data from the Hospital Information System about government expenditure on hospitalizations for clinical treatment of users diagnosed with COVID-19 and causes included in the ICD-10 chapters. We obtained the number of hospitalizations, average length of stay, lethality rate, and total expenditure considering hospital services, professional services and average expenditure per hospitalization. RESULTS In the period evaluated, SUS registered 462,149 hospitalizations, 4.9% of them for COVID-19 treatment. Total expenditure exceeded R$ 2.2 billion, with 85% allocated to hospital services and 15% to professional services. Expenditure for treating COVID-19 was distributed differently between the country's regions. The Southeast region had the highest number of hospitalizations, highest total amount spent, highest average length of stay in days, and highest lethality rate; the South region, in turn, recorded the highest percentage of spending on non-profit hospitals (58%) and corporate hospitals (15%). CONCLUSIONS Hospitalizations for clinical treatment of coronavirus infection were more costly compared to those for treatment of acute respiratory failure and pneumonia or influenza. Our results show the disparities in hospitalization expenditure for similar procedures between the regions of Brazil, underlining the vulnerability and the need for strategies to reduce the differences in access, use, and distribution of SUS resources, ensuring equanimity, and considering the unfair inequalities between the country's regions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os gastos decorrentes das internações para tratamento clínico de usuários diagnosticados com Covid-19 no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) entre fevereiro e dezembro de 2020. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo, elaborado a partir de dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares sobre gastos governamentais com internações hospitalares para tratamento clínico de usuários diagnosticados com Covid-19 e das causas incluídas nos capítulos do CID-10. Obteve-se o número de internações, tempo médio de permanência, taxa de letalidade e os gastos totais considerando serviços hospitalares, serviços profissionais e gasto médio por internação. RESULTADOS No período avaliado, ocorreram 462.149 internações hospitalares no SUS, sendo 4,9% delas para tratamento de usuários com coronavírus. O gasto total foi superior a 2,2 bilhões de reais, sendo 85% destinados a serviços hospitalares e 15% a serviços profissionais. Os gastos para o tratamento da covid-19 se distribuíram de forma distinta entre as regiões do país. A região Sudeste teve o maior número de internações, maior valor total gasto, maior média de permanência em dias e maior taxa de letalidade, enquanto a região Sul registrou maior porcentagem de gastos com hospitais sem fins lucrativos (58%) e hospitais empresariais (15%). CONCLUSÕES As internações para tratamento clínico da infecção pelo coronavírus foram mais onerosas se comparadas às internações para tratamento de insuficiências respiratórias agudas e pneumonias ou influenza. Os resultados demonstraram as disparidades frente aos gastos de internação para procedimentos similares entre as regiões do país, evidenciando a vulnerabilidade e a necessidade de estratégias para diminuir as diferenças no acesso, uso e distribuição de recursos do SUS, garantindo equanimidade, e considerando as injustas desigualdades entre as regiões do país.