Relationship Between Stigma Experience and Self-Perception Related to Facial Appearance in Young Japanese Patients with Cleft lip and/or Palate.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between stigma experience related to facial appearance in Japanese youths with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and their self-perception. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-nine Japanese youths with CL/P (11-18 years old). OUTCOME MEASURES: The participants' stigma experience in relation to facial appearance (measured with 7 single contextual scale items) and their self-perception (measured with 5 domain scores based on 30 perceptual items) were assessed using the Japanese version of the Youth Quality of Life Instrument-Facial Differences Module. Participants were categorized into high and low self-perception subgroups with a threshold of 1 standard deviation for each domain. The frequency of stigma experiences was compared between the following 2 subgroups: age, sex, cleft palate only versus other cleft, and high versus low self-perception. Correlations between the responses regarding stigma and all domain scores were examined. RESULTS: Sixteen percent of the participants reported experiencing stigma. Hearing others say something about their face occurred significantly more frequently in youths 15 to 18 years of age than in youths 11 to 14 years of age. Stigma frequency was not found to differ by sex or cleft type. Stigma experiences were significantly more frequent for youth with higher scores across negative self-perception domains as well as higher coping skills. Significant correlations were identified between responses regarding stigma items and all domain scores (r = 0.27-0.63, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: It was found that stigma experiences related to facial appearance may influence negative self-perceptions of facial differences as well as higher coping skills among Japanese youths with CL/P.

Differences between perceived age and chronological age in women: A multi-ethnic and multi-centre study.

OBJECTIVE: Accuracy in assessing age from facial cues is important in social perception given reports of strong negative correlations between perceived age and assessments of health and attractiveness. In a multi-ethnic and multi-centre study, we previously documented similar patterns of female facial age assessments across ethnicities, influenced by gender and ethnicity of assessors. METHODS: Here we extend these findings by examining differences between estimated age from digital portraits and chronological age (Δ age) for 180 women from three age groups (20-34, 35-49, 50-66 years) and five ethnicities (36 images of each ethnicity, assessed for age on a continuous scale by 120 female and male raters of each ethnicity). RESULTS: Across ethnicities, Δ age was smallest in French assessors and largest in South African assessors. Numerically, French women were judged oldest and Chinese women youngest relative to chronological age. In younger women, Δ age was larger than in middle-aged and older women. This effect was particularly evident when considering the interaction of women's age with assessor gender and ethnicity, independently and together, on Δ age. CONCLUSION: Collectively, our findings suggest that accuracy in assessments of female age from digital portraits depends on the chronological age and ethnicity of the photographed women and the ethnicity and gender of the assessor. We discuss the findings concerning ethnic variation in skin pigmentation and visible signs of ageing and comment on implications for cosmetic science.

OBJECTIF: La capacité à évaluer l'âge d'un visage avec exactitude en fonction de ses caractéristiques est important dans sa perception sociale. En effet, des corrélations négatives fortes ont été rapportées entre l'âge perçu d'un visage d'une part, et sa santé et attractivité d'autre part. Dans le cadre d'une étude multi-ethnique et multicentrique, nous avons déjà documenté, dans une démarche similaire, comment la perception de l'âge de visages féminins entre différentes populations, est influencée par le genre et l'origine des évaluateurs. METHODES: Ici nous approfondissons ces premiers résultats par l'étude des différences entre l'âge estimé sur portraits numériques de 180 femmes issues de 3 groupes d'âges (20-34, 35-49, 50-66 ans) et de 5 populations d'origine différente (36 images de chaque population) et leur âge réel (Δ âge), et ce par 120 évaluatrices et évaluateurs de chaque population évaluant l'âge des visages en utilisant une échelle continue. RESULTATS: Au sein des différentes populations d'évaluateurs, le Δ âge le plus faible a été trouvé chez les évaluateurs français et le plus élevé chez les évaluateurs sud-africains. Sur portraits numériques, les femmes françaises ont été perçues comme étant les plus âgées et les femmes chinoises les plus jeunes, par rapport à leur âge réel. Chez les femmes les plus jeunes, le Δ âge a été plus élevé que chez les femmes d'âge moyen et les plus âgées. Ceci a particulièrement été le cas lorsque l'on considère les interactions entre l'âge des femmes évaluées, et le genre et l'origine des évaluateurs, de façon indépendante ou liée, avec le Δ âge. CONCLUSION: Aux travers des différentes analyses, nos résultats suggèrent que l'exactitude avec laquelle l'âge des femmes est évalué sur images numériques de leur visage, dépend de l'âge réel et de l'origine de ces femmes photographiées, ainsi que de l'origine est du genre de l'évaluateur. Nous discutons ces résultats en regard des variations de pigmentation cutanée et de signes visibles de l'âge entre les différentes populations et commentons les implications possibles pour les sciences cosmétiques.

Ethnic Variation in Satisfaction and Appearance Concerns in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion With Instrumentation.

STUDY DESIGN: Cohort analysis. OBJECTIVE: Document satisfaction with management and appearance concerns in children of different ethnicity who underwent spinal fusion/instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaire (SRS-30) outcomes in AIS indicate a link between appearance and satisfaction as well as ethnic variation in appearance domain. Exploration of these findings in the Scoliosis Appearance Questionnaire (SAQ) will allow better understanding of ethnic variation in appearance concerns. METHODS: Children with AIS who underwent posterior-only operations and completed the SAQ's question 31 were identified. Univariate logistic regression of SAQ questions 12-30 was used to assess relationships with ethnicity. RESULTS: 1,977 children [boys: 281, girls: 1,290, unspecified: 406; average age 15.1 ± 2.0 years preoperatively and 817 children (boys: 113, girls: 569, unspecified: 135; average age 15.1 ± 2.0 years) at 2 years' follow-up met inclusion criteria. The majority were Caucasian (57.3%). Few were Hispanic (3.4%). Preoperatively, the largest percentage of patients in each ethnic group answered "very true" to "wanting to be more even." Preoperatively, Asians were least likely to be concerned about evenness of shoulders, hips, waist, ribs, and chest in back (p < .05); however, they expressed greatest concern about height (p < .05). African Americans and Hispanics were more likely to be concerned about breast evenness and anterior chest and looking better in clothes (p < .05). African Americans were most concerned about overall evenness and evenness of shoulders, hips, waist, ribs, posterior chest, leg length, and looking more attractive (p < .05). Surgical scar was most important postoperatively for all ethnicities. African Americans and Hispanics were more self-conscious about scar (p < .05). African Americans were most likely to want to be more even and have more even shoulders, hips, waist, leg lengths, ribs, breasts, and chest postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnicity influenced appearance concerns in pre- and postoperative SAQ evaluation. Ethnic variation in appearance concerns should be taken into account and differentiated when counseling patients about AIS and surgical correction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Male Facial Appearance and Offspring Mortality in Two Traditional Societies.

It has been hypothesised that facial traits such as masculinity and a healthy appearance may indicate heritable qualities in males (e.g. immunocompetence) and that, consequently, female preferences for such traits may function to increase offspring viability and health. However, the putative link between paternal facial features and offspring health has not previously been tested empirically in humans. Here we present data from two traditional societies with little or no access to modern medicine and family planning technologies. Data on offspring number and offspring survival were analysed for the Agta of the Philippines and the Maya of Belize, and archive facial photographs were assessed by observers for attractiveness and masculinity. While there was no association between attractiveness and offspring survival in either population, a quadratic relationship was observed between masculinity and offspring survival in both populations, such that intermediate levels of masculinity were associated with the lowest offspring mortality, with both high and low levels of masculinity being associated with increased mortality. Neither attractiveness nor masculinity were related to fertility (offspring number) in either population. We consider how these data may or may not reconcile with current theories of female preferences for masculinity in male faces and argue that further research and replication in other traditional societies should be a key priority for the field.

Máscara e homem negro: entre o contágio e o racismo em um regime necropolítico / Máscara y hombre negro: entre contagio y racismo en un régimen necropolítico / Mask and black man: between contagion and racism in a necropolitical regime

Resumo Com a declaração da OMS de uma pandemia do novo coronavírus, novos hábitos e medidas de segurança sanitária passaram a ser elaboradas e adotadas a fim de conter o rápido contágio. No entanto, as medidas estipuladas, concebidas a partir da lógica ocidental, protegem um ser humano abstrato, desconsiderando as multiplicidades que nos diferenciam, em especial nos países do Sul Global. Neste artigo serão analisadas as articulações entre uma medida específica - o uso de máscaras para proteção da contaminação - e corpos singulares, de uma parcela da população exposta a diversas vulnerabilidades sociais e marcada pela desigualdade racial que agrava a necessidade de proteção na pandemia. As máscaras junto aos corpos de homens negros, podem produzir mais vulnerabilidade, medo e morte. Efeitos diferentes da proteção pretendida, tendo em vista o regime necropolítico associado ao acúmulo de desigualdades e racismo, marcas estruturais características da colonialidade experienciada em cidades como o Rio de Janeiro.

Resumen Con la declaración de la OMS de una nueva pandemia de Coronavirus, se comenzaron a desarrollar y adoptar nuevos hábitos y medidas de seguridad sanitaria para contener el rápido contagio. Sin embargo, las medidas estipuladas, concebidas con base en la lógica occidental, protegen a un ser humano abstracto, sin tener en cuenta las multiplicidades que nos diferencian, especialmente en los países del Sur Global. En este artículo, se analizarán los vínculos entre una medida específica (el uso de máscaras para proteger contra la contaminación) y los cuerpos singulares de una porción de la población expuesta a diversas vulnerabilidades sociales y marcada por la desigualdad racial que agrava la necesidad de protección en la pandemia. Las máscaras junto a los cuerpos de los hombres negros pueden producir más vulnerabilidad, miedo y muerte. Diferentes efectos de la protección pretendida, ante el régimen necropolítico asociado a la acumulación de desigualdades y racismo, marcas estructurales propias de la colonialidad vivida en ciudades como Río de Janeiro.

Abstract Since WHO's statement of a pandemic of the new coronavirus, new habits and health security methods have been developed and adopted in order to contain the contagion spread. However, the stipulated methods are mainly conceived from a Western logic. They protect an abstract human being, disregarding the multiplicities that differentiate us, especially in the countries of the Global South. This paper analyzed the articulations between a specific method - the use of masks to protect against contamination - and singular bodies of part of the population that are exposed to different social vulnerabilities and marked by racial inequality. The masks that partially cover the face, when coupled with the bodies of black people, produce vulnerability, fear and death. These are different effects from the intended protection by the use of masks, owing to the necropolitical regime associated with the accumulation of inequalities and racism, structural conditions that are characteristics of the coloniality experienced in cities such as Rio de Janeiro.