Hypoglycemic oligostilbenes from the stems of Caragana sinica.

Six new oligostilbenes, carastilphenols A-E (1-5) and (-)-hopeachinol B (6), with three reported oligostilbenes were obtained from the stems of Caragana sinica. The structures of compounds 1-6 were determined by comprehensive spectroscopy analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism calculations. Thus, natural tetrastilbenes were determined as absolute configuration for the first time. Also, we did several pharmacological essays. In the antiviral tests, compounds 2, 4 and 6 showed moderate anti-coxsackie virus B3 type (CVB3) effect on Vero cells activities in vitro with IC50 values of 19.2 âˆ¼ 69.3 µM; and compounds 3 and 4 showed different levels of anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) effect on Hep2 cells activities in vitro with IC50 values of 23.1 and 33.3 µM, respectively. As for hypoglycemic activity, compounds 6-9 (10 µM) showed the inhibition of α-glucosidase in vitro with IC50 values of 0.1 âˆ¼ 0.4 µM; and compound 7 showed significant inhibition (88.8%, 10 µM) of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 value of 1.1 µM in vitro.

Study on Components with Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activities from Caragana microphylla Lam.

Caragana microphylla Lam., is a perennial herb in the genus Caragana in the Fabaceae family. Two undescribed triterpenoid saponins (1-2), along with thirty-five known components (3-37) were obtained from the roots of C. microphylla Lam. These compounds were identified using physicochemical analyses and various spectroscopic methods. The anti-neuroinflammatory activities were evaluated by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells. Compared with positive control minocycline, compounds 10, 19, and 28 exhibited significant effects with IC50 values of 14.04, 19.35 and 10.20 µM, respectively.

Inhibition effect of Caragana sinica root extracts on Osteoarthritis through MAPKs, NF-κB signaling pathway.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease characterized by degradation and inflammation of cartilage extracellular matrix. We aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Caragana sinica root (CSR) on interleukin (IL)-1ß-stimulated rat chondrocytes and a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced model of OA. In vitro, cell viability of CSR-treated chondrocytes was measured by MTT assay. The mRNA expression of Matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Moreover, the protein expression of MAPK (phosphorylation of EKR, JNK, p38), inhibitory kappa B (IκBα) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65) was detected by western blot analysis. In vivo, the production of nitric oxide (NO) was detected by Griess reagent, while those of inflammatory mediators, MMPs and ECM were detected by ELISA. The degree of OA was evaluated by histopathological analyses, Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score and micro-CT analysis. CSR significantly inhibited the expression of MMPs, ADAMTSs and the degradation of ECM in IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocytes. Furthermore, CSR significantly suppressed IL-1ß-stimulated of MAPKs, NF-κB signaling pathway. In vivo, CSR and Indomethacin inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators, MMPs and degradation of ECM in MIA-induced model of OA. In addition, CSR improved the severity of OA. Taken together, these results suggest CSR is a potential therapeutic active agent in the treatment of OA.

Caragana rosea Turcz Methanol Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB/IRF3 Signaling Pathways.

Caragana rosea Turcz, which belongs to the Leguminosae family, is a small shrub found in Northern and Eastern China that is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat fever, asthma, and cough. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory effects are unknown. Therefore, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the anti-inflammatory activities of a methanol extract of Caragana rosea (Cr-ME). We showed that Cr-ME reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and mRNA levels of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner. We also found that Cr-ME blocked MyD88- and TBK1-induced NF-κB and IRF3 promoter activity, suggesting that it affects multiple targets. Moreover, Cr-ME reduced the phosphorylation levels of IκBα, IKKα/ß and IRF3 in a time-dependent manner and regulated the upstream NF-κB proteins Syk and Src, and the IRF3 protein TBK1. Upon overexpression of Src and TBK1, Cr-ME stimulation attenuated the phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunits p50 and p65 and IRF3 signaling. Together, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cr-ME occurs by inhibiting the NF-κB and IRF3 signaling pathways.

Separation of five flavonoids with similar polarity from Caragana korshinskii Kom. by preparative high speed counter-current chromatography with recycling and heart cut mode.

Five flavonoids with similar polarity were obtained from Caragana korshinskii Kom. by preparative high speed counter-current chromatography. Due to their similar polarity, it is difficult to select a suitable solvent system for one-step separation. Three fractions including one pure compound were only obtained with a relatively suitable solvent system of ethyl acetate: n-butanol:water (0.5% glacial acetic acid) (4:6:10, v:v:v). In order to improve the separation efficiency, recycling and heart cut modes were introduced. As a result, two flavonoids with separation factor value at 1.13 and the other two with separation factor value at 1.20 were successfully separated. Finally, five flavonoids with purity higher than 98% were obtained. Fortunately, a new compound named myricetin 3'-methyl ether 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside was obtained. The results indicated that the recycling combined with heart-cut mode could be effective for the preparation of natural compounds with similar polarity.

Neuraminidase Inhibitors from the Roots of Caragana sinica.

Two new oligostilbenes, caragasinins D and E, along with four known compounds, kobophenol A, α-viniferin, wistin, and 5-hydroxy-2-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]-3-methoxybenzoic acid, were isolated from the roots of Caragana sinica. These compounds were spectroscopically analyzed for their structures and configurations and compared with existing data. The configurations of caragasinins D and E were elucidated by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and time-dependent density-functional theory simulated ECD spectral data. All six compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against neuraminidase (NA) from Clostridium perfringens. Among the tested compounds, 5-hydroxy-2-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]-3-methoxybenzoic acid demonstrated statistically significant NA inhibitory activity, which was comparable to the positive control, mangiferin.

Anti-inflammatory Chalcone-Isoflavone Dimers and Chalcone Dimers from Caragana jubata.

Two new chalcone-isoflavone dimers, caraganins A (1) and B (2), two new chalcone dimers, caraganins C (3) and D (4), and eight known compounds (5-12) were obtained from the red heartwood of the rhizomes of Caragana jubata. The structures of caraganins A-D were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, HRMS and ECD analysis, and comparison with previously known compounds. The anti-inflammatory activities of the new compounds were evaluated by measuring the production of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide. Among these, compounds 2 and 4 showed the most potent inhibitory activities (IC50: 4.1 and 5.2 µM, respectively) on nitric oxide formation, and compounds 1 and 4 displayed the most potent inhibitory activities on the secretion of inflammatory factor TNF-α, with IC50 values of 11.4 and 14.7 µM. The possible biosynthetic pathways of the chalcone-isoflavone dimers and the chalcone dimers are proposed.

Analysis of Metabolite Accumulation Related to Pod Color Variation of Caragana intermedia.

Caragana intermedia, a leguminous shrub widely distributed in cold and arid regions, is rich in secondary metabolites and natural active substances, with high nutritional and medical values. It is interesting that the pods of C. intermedia often show different colors among individual plants. In this study, 10-, 20- and 30-day-old red and green pods of C. intermedia were used to identify and characterize important metabolites associated with pod color. A total 557 metabolites, which could be classified into 21 groups, were detected in the pod extracts using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Metabolomics analysis revealed significant differences in 15 groups of metabolites between red and green pods, including amino acids, nucleotide derivatives, flavonoids, and phytohormones. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that the shikimic acid and the phytohormone metabolic pathways were extraordinarily active in red pods, and the difference between red and green pods was obvious. Moreover, red pods showed remarkable flavonoids, cytokinins, and auxin accumulation, and the content of total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in 30-day-old red pods was significantly higher than that in green pods. This metabolic profile contributes to valuable insights into the metabolic regulation mechanism in different color pods.

Isolation of antioxidative peptide from the protein hydrolysate of Caragana ambigua seeds and its mechanism for retarding lipid auto-oxidation.

BACKGROUND: Peptides can act as antioxidants in emulsion, although the mechanism involved is poorly understood. Caragana ambigua seed is a potential protein source for which the commercial applications have not been explored yet. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the bio-economic potential of C. ambigua by isolating and characterizing antioxidative peptides from the protein hydrolysate of its seeds for the purpose of protecting lipids from oxidation. RESULTS: A novel decapeptide, identified as QITEGEDGGG, was purified by high-protein liquid chromotography based on the enrichment of antioxidant fractions, and its antioxidative activity for walnut oil was evaluated in terms of its effect on oil quality, primary and secondary peroxide formation, oxidation kinetics, and structure of oil droplets. A molecular simulation involving the peptide and fatty acid was carried out aiming to understand the mechanism underlying the prevention of lipid oxidation by the peptide. The peptide effectively scavenged superoxide anions (86.46%), inhibited the rate of linoleic acid oxidation (60.37%) and delayed auto-oxidation of walnut oil. Its inhibition of lipid oxidation was attributed to the protection of phenolic compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids of walnut oil. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study will help in the exploitation of novel antioxidant peptides of lipids from woody seed-based protein sources such the seeds of C. ambigua trees. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

2,4-Dihydroxy-3'-methoxy-4'-ethoxychalcone suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma via the PI3K/akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Context: Caragana pruinosa Kom. (Fabaceae), a commonly used folk medicine, has been found to possess antitumor effects. However, the antiproliferative effect of 2,4-dihydroxy-3'-methoxy-4'-ethoxychalcone (DMEC) derived from C. pruinosa against multiple myeloma (MM) has never been investigated. Objective: This study systematically evaluates the antiproliferative effect of DMEC against MM cells. Materials and methods: The antiproliferative effect of DMEC (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 µM) on MM cells lines, including RPMI8226, MM.1S, and U266, was examined using Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay after 24 h incubation. The proapoptotic effect of DMEC (20 µM) was determined using fluorescent microscope and flow cytometer, and its possible underlying mechanisms were further studied by using western blotting analysis. Results: The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of DMEC on RPMI8226, MM.1S, and U266 cells were calculated as 25.97, 18.36, and 15.02 µM, respectively. The inhibitory effect of DMEC on MM cells was related to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via upregulation of the cleaved-caspase-3 (C-3), cleaved-caspase-9 (C-9), Bad, and cytochrome C (Cyto C), but downregulation of the Bcl-2 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Furthermore, DMEC (5, 10, and 20 µM) reduced the expression of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase B (Akt), and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), which were further evidenced by pretreatment with IGF-1, a PI3K activator. Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicate that the DMEC could be treated as a new candidate for treatment of multiple myeloma in the future. Also, an in vivo study is warranted in the future.

Precipitation is the main factor affecting the variation of foliar nitrogen isotope composition in two leguminous shrub species of northwestern China.

An increase in foliar nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N) with decreasing precipitation has been shown to occur widely in non-N2-fixing plant species. However, similar patterns have not been identified in N2-fixing species. Here, we tested the relationships of foliar δ15N with local environmental factors and leaf properties in two leguminous shrub species (Caragana korshinskii and Caragana liouana) sampled from 30 populations. Results indicated that the mean annual precipitation (MAP) primarily accounted for the variation of foliar δ15N in the two species. Further analysis revealed strong negative correlations between foliar δ15N and MAP within and across species. These results suggest that the foliar δ15N of leguminous shrub species also shift along precipitation gradients, which augments our understanding of the relationships between foliar δ15N and climatic factors.

Natural neuro-inflammatory inhibitors from Caragana turfanensis.

Because of the critical role of over-activated microglia in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases, it has been selected as a potential therapeutic target for drug discovery. In order to find natural neuroinflammatory inhibitors, we carried out a bioactivity-oriented phytochemical research of Caragana turfanensis Kom. (Krassn.), which is a folk medicine widely distributed in Xinjiang. As a result, a new coumarin lactone caraganolide A (1) and 35 known components were characterized from the effective extract of C. turfanensis. Furthermore, their anti-neuroinflammatory effects were evaluated in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells using Griess assay to determine the release of nitric oxide (NO). Compounds 1, 2, 4-6, 9, 13-15, 20, 29 and 30 exhibited significant inhibitory activities and no obvious cytotoxicities were observed at their effective concentrations. It is noteworthy, the new compound caraganolide A (1) (IC50 1.01±1.57µM) and 3',7,8-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (5) (IC506.87±2.23µM) exhibited more excellent action than that of positive control minocycline (IC50 9.07±0.86µM).

Hypaphorine, an Indole Alkaloid Isolated from Caragana korshinskii Kom., Inhibites 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Vitro.

Obesity, a major health problem worldwide, is a complex multifactorial chronic disease that increases the risk for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. In this study, we assessed methods to isolate hypaphorine, a potent drug candidate for obesity and insulin resistance. Semi-preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography (semi-preparative RPLC) was established as a method to separate three compounds, adenosine, l-tryptophan, and hypaphorine, from the crude extracts of Caragana korshinskii Kom. Due to its specific chemical structure, the effect of hypaphorine on differentiation and dexamethasone (DXM) induced insulin resistance of 3T3-L1 cells was investigated. The structures of the three compounds were confirmed by UV, 1 H-NMR, and 13 C-NMR analysis and compared with published data. The activity results indicated that hypaphorine prevented the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes by down-regulating hormone-stimulated protein expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPα), and their downstream targets, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 c (SREBP1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Hypaphorine also alleviated DXM-induced insulin resistance in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes via increasing the phosphorylation level of Akt2, a key protein in the insulin signaling pathway. Taken together, we suggest that the method can be applied to large-scale extraction and large-quantity preparation of hypaphorine for treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.

Caragasinin C: a new oligostilbene from the roots of Caragana sinica.

A new oligostilbene, caragasinin C (1), and seven known compounds, betulinic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), (‒)-medicarpin (4), wistin (5), (2E,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid (6), pallidol (7), and (+)-α-viniferin (8), were isolated from the roots of Caragana sinica. The structure of caragasinin C was established on the basis of spectroscopic techniques, including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D-NMR.

[Chemical constituents from roots of Caragana stenophylla and their anti-tumor activities].

Fourteen compounds were isolated from the 80% ethanol extract of Caragana stenophylla root, by using a combination of various chromatographic approaches, including silica gel sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. On the basis of their physical and chemical properties and spectroscopic data, their structures were elucidated as 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy lphenyl)-3-methoxyl benzofuran-6-ol (1), mucodianin C (2), isopterofuran (3), formononetin (4), afromosin (5), calycosin (6), acacetin (7), 3-O-methylkaempferol (8), liquiritigenin (9), isoliquiritigenin (10), variabilin (11), resveratrol (12), zhebeiresinol (13), and 2, 3-dicarboxy-6, 7-dihydroxy-1-(3', 4'-dihydroxy)-phenyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalen (14). Compound 1 is a new benzofuran derivative, named as mucodianin S; compounds 2, 3, 11, 13, 14 were isolated from the genus Caragana for the first time, and compounds 4-10 were firstly isolated from Caragana stenophylla. MTT assay was used to determine their cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds against human tumor cell lines, and 2 showed cytotoxicity against human hepato cellular cancer (HepG2) and human cervical (HeLa) lines, with IC50 values of (16.18±0.95), (3.75±0.08) µmol•L ⁻¹, respectively.

[Screening of active fractions with antithrombotic effect from Caragana jubata].

The antithrombotic effect of Caragana jubata (Pall.)Poir.ethanolic extract (TE)was evaluated by inferior vena cava thrombosis in rats and acute pulmonary thrombosis in mice. To search for the bioactive fractions of TE, comparison on acute pulmonary thrombosis was made between the two main fractions of TE (TE-1 and TE-2). Besides, pharmacological effects of TE, TE-1 and TE-2 on bleeding time and clotting time were also studied. Reference substances combined with UPLC/DAD-q-TOF-MS were applied to identify the main six compounds and other chemical constituents of the TE. The results showed that TE could significantly reduce the rat thrombosis weight in all doses (P<0.01) and improve the protective rate to mice in medium and high doses (P<0.05). TE-2 showed a stronger effect on protecting the mice from paralysis or death and prolonging the bleeding time and clotting time than TE-1. Chemical constituents in TE mainly include isoflavones, pterocarpans and stilbenoids. Constituents in TE-2 were mainly isoflavones and pterocarpans, while those in TE-1 were mainly stilbenoids, which could be inferred that all of these three kinds of constituents may be responsible for the antithrombotic effects of Caragana jubata.

[Isoflavonoids from Caragana changduensis and their nitric oxideinhibitory activities].

Ten isoflavonoids were isolated from the heartwoods of Caragana changduensis Lion f. by means of various column chromatographic techniques. Based on the detailed spectral data analysis (MS and NMR), as well as comparison with the literatures, their chemical structures were determined as 7,2'-dihydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (1), 4'-hydroxy-7,3'-dimethoxyisoflavone (2), 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy-2',5'-dimethoxyisoflavone (3), prunetin (4), afrormosin (5), odoratin (6), genistein (7), texasin (8), pratensein (9), and 6,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (10). Among them, compounds 1-3 and 9-10 were isolated from the Caragana genus for the first time. All the compounds were obtained from this species for the first time. In the preliminary assays, compounds 1, 2, 6, and 7 possessed significant inhibitory effects on NO production, with IC50 values of 48.12, 25.32, 62.71, 43.59 µmol x L(-1), respectively.

Integrating kinetics with thermodynamics to study the alkaline extraction of protein from Caragana korshinskii Kom.

Extraction and recovery of protein from abundant plant biomass is one potential way to improve the economic feasibility of biorefineries. However, valorization of the protein fraction is challenging due to its low yield (kg protein extraction/kg biomass). In order to reveal the limiting operation parameters, the alkaline extraction process of protein from Caragana korshinskii Kom. was investigated by an integrative analysis of kinetics and thermodynamics. Both a two-site kinetic extraction model and a second-order model indicated that particle size is the most pivotal factor affecting protein extraction yield. In a two-site model, most proteins are extracted quickly from broken cells, while protein removal from the intact cells takes much longer; these are the faster and slower processes, respectively. A decrease of particle size from 20-40 to 60-80 mesh resulted in a decrease of C2 (protein yield in the slower process) from 14.02 to 7.32 mg g(-1), but a great increase of C1 (protein yield in the faster process) from 20.61 to 59.07 mg g(-1) . However, the protein yield was dominated by the faster process when the average particle size is under 80 mesh. The maximum initial extraction rate was 72.20 mg g(-1) min(-1) with the particle size of 60-80 mesh, almost ninefold of that with 20-40 mesh. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) in the protein extraction process were calculated as 21.08 kJ mol(-1) and 84.76 J K(-1), respectively. The standard free energy (ΔG) had a magnitude from -3.77 to -5.46, suggesting that the extraction process was spontaneous and physically feasible.

Kobophenol A inhibits sodium nitroprusside-induced cardiac H9c2 cell death through suppressing activation of JNK and preserving mitochondrial anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Mcl-1.

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) releases nitric oxide (NO), a powerful vasodilator, and thus widely used in intensive care unit for treating hypertension emergency. However, cardiac toxicity after SNP administration is a clinical problem. For finding a natural compound that suppressing SNP-induced cardiac toxicity, we tested the protective potential of kobophenol A (Kob A), purified from the root of Caragana sinica, against the toxic effects of SNP. The severe cardiac H9c2 cell death was induced by SNP (2 mM) treatment. Kob A ameliorated SNP-induced cardiac H9c2 cell death, and this protective effect of Kob A may be related to the inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation following SNP administration. In addition, the downregulation of cellular Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 levels by SNP exposure was strongly abrogated in the presence of Kob A. These biological properties of Kob A might provide insights into developing new cardioprotectant against SNP-induced cardiac cell death.

Caragana sinica (Buc'hoz) Rehd. (jin ji er) polysaccharide regulates the immune function and intestinal microbiota of cyclophosphamide (CTX) induced immunosuppressed mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Caragana sinica (Buc'hoz) Rehd. is a plant widely grown in Yunnan, China, for both medicinal and edible purposes. The "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine" describes its nature as "slightly temperate and sweet". Caragana sinica is usually medicated with whole herbs, the main function is to replenish the kidneys and stop bleeding. Caragana sinica was used in folk medicine in Chuxiong, Yunnan, to treat deficiency colds, fatigue, fever, cough, hypertension, and other diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: This article investigates the structural characteristics of Caragana sinica polysaccharide (CSP) and explores its immune-regulatory activity and molecular biological mechanisms in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice, as well as its effects on intestinal bacteria. METHODS: With the water-extraction and alcohol-precipitation method, Caragana sinica polysaccharide were extracted, obtaining CSP by purification. A variety of methods and techniques have been used to analyze the chemical properties and structural characteristics of CSP. Immunosuppressive mice model was established through intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX) to study the immune-regulatory effects and mechanisms of CSP. RESULTS: The data indicated that CSP is a neutral heteropolysaccharide mainly composed of arabinose and galactose. This article uses immunosuppressive mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) as the model. The results showed that CSP can promote the immune function of CTX treated immunosuppressed mice and regulate the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota. CSP can increase macrophage phagocytosis, NK cell killing activity, and lymphocyte proliferation activity. It can also repair the index and morphological damage of the thymus and spleen. And by binding to the TLR4 receptor, MyD88 was activated and interacted with TRAF6 to promote the transfer of NF-κB into the nucleus. Thereby promoting cytokine release and increasing the production of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IgA, and IgG in the serum. CSP also effectively alleviated the liver damage caused by CTX through antioxidant activity. Furthermore, CSP can dramatically affect the intestinal microbiota and the body's immunity by boosting the relative presence of Bacteroides and Verrucamicrobiota. CONCLUSIONS: Research results indicated that CSP can regulate the immune function of mice, providing a basis for developing CSP as a potential immune modulator and functional food.