Addressing pediatric intoeing in primary care.

Primary care providers frequently encounter children with an intoed gait. Intoeing is most often a normal variation of development that resolves without treatment. The well-informed primary care NP can identify the small subset who need referral through child and/or family history, physical exam, and identification of red flags.

Practical primary pediatric orthopedics.

Pediatric orthopedic problems often puzzle the primary health provider and worry families. A thorough orthopedic history and examination by the primary care provider is all that is necessary to determine whether a problem requires further evaluation and referral. This article addresses a practical approach to common orthopedic problems, assessment, and management strategies from the specialist perspective. A general description of developmental dysplasia of the hip, foot misalignments, tibial torsion, toe-walking, genu varum (bowlegs), growing pains, sprains and fractures, and the child with a limp is provided. Management strategies before and after orthopedic referral are presented.