Variations in Practice Among Cirrhotic Patients With Portal Vein Thrombosis and Esophageal Varices: A North American Survey Study.

INTRODUCTION: There exists variation regarding the approach to anticoagulation and variceal hemorrhage (VH) prophylaxis among patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis (PVT). METHODS: A survey was distributed to gastroenterology and hepatology providers to assess the approach to anticoagulation and VH prophylaxis among patients with PVT in cirrhotic patients. RESULTS: Providers were more likely to start anticoagulation if the patient was listed for liver transplantation, was symptomatic, or had superior mesenteric vein thrombosis. For prevention of first VH, many providers opt for combination therapy with both nonselective beta blockers and variceal ligation. DISCUSSION: Although providers agree on the clinical scenarios that merit initiation of anticoagulation, practice variation was identified in the means of preventing first VH.

Pediatric Rectosigmoid Atypical Juvenile Polyps Presenting With Rectal Prolapse and Acute Bleeding: A Case Report and a Comprehensive Literature Review.

Rectosigmoid solitary juvenile polyps are benign lesions, relatively frequent in childhood. The clinical debut of a pediatric polyp with bleeding is relatively frequent, but there are very few reports of rectal prolapse of polyps. We present the case of a 7-year-old female patient with no previous history who presented with rectal prolapse of a polyp with acute bleeding. An urgent endoscopic examination was performed and 2 rectosigmoid polypoid lesions were found and resected. The anatomopathological study showed that these were 2 hamartomatous polyps with mild dysplasia. The patient is asymptomatic and is being followed up. The literature concerning rectal prolapse of polyps in the pediatric population is scarce. In a pediatric patient with a rectal prolapse, this entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Bugs' eyes and black monsters: Ascitic fluid cytology in an elderly male with hematochezia.

Anorectal malignant melanomas are rare, accounting for less than 2% of all melanomas. Malignant effusions developing secondary to malignant melanoma are highly uncommon. Herein, we present the cytomorphological features of a metastatic anorectal malignant melanoma presenting with ascites at the initial clinical presentation.

Characterization of early-stage lesions and investigation on the role of mucosal trauma in hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle.

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is characterized by a dissecting intramucosal hematoma at the small bowel, causing obstruction and severe hemorrhage in dairy cattle. Recent investigation revealed the presence of early-stage lesions in cows affected by HBS. These are presumed to be the initial stage of the hematoma, as both share unique dissection of the lamina muscularis mucosae (LMM) as histological hallmark. Early-stage lesions of HBS have not been characterized in greater detail, and neither has the hypothesis of mucosal abrasion as etiology been explored. Therefore, the first objective of the present study was to characterize the morphology of early-stage lesions, by gross examination, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The second objective was to determine the effect of mucosal abrasion to the small intestine in an ex vivo model. A total of 86 early-stage lesions from 10 cows with HBS were characterized. No underlying alterations at the LMM were evident which could explain their occurrence. However, degeneration at the ultrastructural level of the LMM smooth muscle cells was present in 3 of 4 lesions, it is however unclear whether this is primary or secondary. Bacteriological examination did not reveal any association with a specific bacterium. Experimental-induced and early-stage lesions were gross and histologically evaluated and scored in three cows with HBS and seven controls. Experimentally induced lesions in both affected cows and controls, were histologically very similar to the naturally occurring early-stage lesions. Altogether, the results are suggestive for mucosal trauma to play a role in the pathogenesis of HBS.

Histopathological Outcome of Colonoscopic Biopsies in a Tertiary Hospital in Southwestern Nigeria: A 7-Year Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Colonoscopy with histopathological analysis of mucosal biopsy samples remains the gold standard procedure for diagnosing lower gastrointestinal disorders. This study aimed to determine the pattern of histopathological findings of mucosal biopsies obtained at colonoscopy over a 7-year period and to correlate the histological findings with the clinical profile of the patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted in a healthcare facility in southwestern Nigeria. The Histology reports from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2022, were retrieved from the histopathology department of the institution to obtain the following information for analysis: age, gender, year of the test, presenting complaint, provisional clinical diagnosis, colonoscopy diagnosis, and histological diagnosis. RESULTS: The data of a total number of 81 patients were analyzed; 51 males (63.0%) and 30 females (37.0%) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7-1. The age range of the patients was 30-86 years with a mean (±standard deviations) age of 59.87 ± 14.44. The most common indication for colonoscopy was hematochezia (23 (28.4%)) followed by change in bowel habit (16 [19.8%]), constipation (11 [13.6%]), and tenesmus (10 [12.3%]). Large bowel masses suggestive of cancers were the most common colonoscopy finding in the study subjects (36 [44.4%]). Colorectal cancer was the most common histologic abnormality in the study subjects (26 [32.1%]) followed by chronic nonspecific colitis (8 [9.9%]), polyps (7 [8.6%]), adenomas (5 [6.2%]) and acute on chronic colitis (5 [6.2%]). Twenty-two (27.2%) patients had normal histologic findings. Patients aged between 45 and 64 years had the highest prevalence of colorectal cancer (13 [50.0%]). CONCLUSION: Colorectal cancer was the most common histopathological finding in this study and the patients were mostly within the middle-age group. Early screening colonoscopy is therefore recommended and histopathological analysis of the mucosal specimens obtained is essential for early detection of premalignant lesions.

Résumé Contexte et Objectif:La coloscopie avec analyse histopathologique d'échantillons de biopsie muqueuse reste la procédure de référence pour diagnostiquer les troubles gastro-intestinaux inférieurs. Cette étude visait à déterminer le schéma des résultats histopathologiques des biopsies muqueuses obtenues à la coloscopie sur une période de sept ans et à corréler les résultats histologiques avec le profil clinique des patients.Méthodes:Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective menée dans un établissement de santé du sud-ouest du Nigeria. Les rapports d'histologie du 1er janvier 2016 au 31 décembre 2022 ont été récupérés auprès du service d'histopathologie de l'établissement afin d'obtenir les informations suivantes pour analyse : âge, sexe, année du test, plainte présentée, diagnostic clinique provisoire, diagnostic de coloscopie et diagnostic histologique.Résultats:Les données d'un nombre total de 81 patients ont été analysées; 51 hommes (63,0 %) et 30 femmes (37,0 %) avec un ratio hommes/femmes de 1,7 pour 1. La tranche d'âge des patients était de 30 à 86 ans avec un âge moyen (± ET) de 59,87 ± 14,44. L'indication la plus fréquente de la coloscopie était l'hématochézie (23 (28,4 %)), suivie de la modification du transit intestinal (16 (19,8 %)), de la constipation (11 (13,6 %)) et du ténesme (10 (12,3 %)). Les masses du gros intestin évocatrices de cancers étaient la constatation la plus fréquente de la coloscopie chez les sujets de l'étude (36 (44,4 %)). Le cancer colorectal était l'anomalie histologique la plus fréquente chez les sujets de l'étude (26 (32,1%)) suivi de la colite chronique non spécifique (8 (9,9%)), des polypes (7 (8,6%)), des adénomes (5 (6,2%)) et aigu sur la colite chronique (5 (6,2 %)). Vingt-deux (27,2 %) patients avaient des résultats histologiques normaux. Les patients âgés de 45 à 64 ans avaient la prévalence la plus élevée de cancer colorectal (13 (50,0 %)).Conclusion:Le cancer colorectal était la découverte histopathologique la plus courante dans cette étude et les patients appartenaient principalement au groupe d'âge moyen. Une coloscopie de dépistage précoce est donc recommandée et l'analyse histopathologique des échantillons de muqueuses obtenus est essentielle pour la détection précoce des lésions pré-malignes.

Obstrucción duodenal y hemorragia digestiva alta como presentación inicial de una tuberculosis duodenal aislada / Duodenal obstruction and upper gastrointestinal bleeding as the initial presentation of an isolated duodenal tuberculosis

Resumen La tuberculosis duodenal primaria es muy infrecuente, incluso en regiones endémicas. El diagnóstico plantea un gran reto, y requiere un alto índice de sospecha, apoyado en estudios de imágenes, microbiología, e histopatología obtenida por biopsia endoscópica o quirúrgica. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 31 años, sin infección por VIH ni antecedente de tuberculosis, que debutó con una obstrucción duodenal. Posterior a una laparatomía exploradora presentó una estenosis duodenal y una hemorragia digestiva alta. Luego de varias biopsias no concluyentes, sólo la última, realizada con la técnica "biopsia sobre biopsia", demostró la presencia de granulomas con bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes. El diagnóstico de tuberculosis fue confirmado por reacción de polimerasa en cadena de tejido duodenal. No se evidenció compromiso de otros órganos. La respuesta terapéutica fue excelente.

Primary duodenal tuberculosis is rare, even in endemic regions. The diagnosis poses a major challenge and requires a high index of suspicion, supported by imaging studies, microbiology, and histopatology obtained by endoscopic or surgical biopsy. We report the case of a 31-year-old man, without HIV infection or any previous history of tuberculosis, who presented with duodenal obstruction. After exploratory laparotomy, he presented a duodenal stenosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A total of four diagnostic procedures (one laparotomy and three endoscopies) were performed, all of which included biopsies. Only the last endoscopy made with the technique "biopsy upon biopsy" showed the presence of acid fast bacilli and granulomas. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in duodenal tissue. There was no evidence of involvement of other organs by tuberculosis. The patient had an excellent therapeutic response.

Gastric lethal hemorrhage due to Dieulafoy's disease

Gastric Dieulafoy's lesion (DL) is a potentially fatal entity that causes upper digestive hemorrhage as a consequence of the erosion of an abnormal large-caliber artery in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. We report the case of a 59-year-old female patient admitted to the emergency facility due to melena without any active sign of bleeding during the esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Unexpectedly, she progressed presenting a massive hematemesis followed by an irreversible cardiorespiratory arrest. The aim of this study is to draw attention to DL as a possible cause of massive and fatal digestive hemorrhage, and to describe the anatomical autopsy findings.

Escalas de predicción en el pronóstico del paciente con hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa / Predicting scales for prognosis of patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

La hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa constituye una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. Para su manejo se ha impuesto la necesidad de usar escalas pronósticas para definir la conducta a seguir con un empleo óptimo de los recursos médicos, de manera tal que se garantice una asistencia de calidad al paciente. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar un resumen de los aspectos positivos y negativos de las escalas, relacionar los parámetros que contemplan y las posibilidades de su aplicación en Cuba. Se efectuó una búsqueda en los registros bibliográficos existentes de las bases de datos de PUBMED y EBSCO. Se utilizaron las palabras claves, en idiomas español e inglés: hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa y escalas pronósticas. Se realizó una revisión de los diferentes modelos; se relacionaron a los autores principales de las escalas; se dividieron en preendoscópicas y endoscópicas y se caracterizaron las más utilizadas. La información recogida permitió obtener una visión general, al mostrar las diferentes variantes existentes y clasificar al paciente según el riesgo que presenta, de acuerdo con los índices pronósticos obtenidos después de la aplicación de la escala. Se concluye que las escalas pronósticas permiten evaluar la necesidad de intervención urgente, la probabilidad de sangrado, la necesidad de cirugía o la mortalidad aguda en la toma de decisiones médicas y su uso está en correspondencia con las particularidades de cada contexto.

The non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The need for prognostic scales to define the course of action regarding the optimal use of medical resources has imposed, so that patient care quality is guaranteed. The aim of this paper is to go over the positive and negative aspects of the scales, to relate the parameters included and the possibilities of its application in Cuba. A search was conducted on existing bibliographic records in PubMed and EBSCO databases. Keywords in Spanish and English were used, such as non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and prognostic scales. A review of different models was performed; the principal authors of the scales were related; scales were divided into pre-endoscopic and endoscopic and the most used were characterized. The information collected allowed for an overview, showing the various existing variants and classify patients according to risks, according to forecasts indices obtained after the scale application. It is concluded that the prognostic scales to assess the need for urgent intervention, the bleeding likelihood, surgery or acute mortality in medical decision making and their use is in line with each context particularities.

Características clínicas asociadas a colitis eosinofílica en lactantes con rectorragia persistente / Clinical features of Eosinophilic Colitis in infants with persistent rectal bleeding

The most common presentation of cow's milk protein allergy (CMP) in infants is known as eosinophilic colitis (EC). The aim of this study is to evaluate EC characteristics in infants evaluated with colonoscopy due to the presence of rectorrhagia. Patients and Methods: A retrospective case-control study. Left-sided colonoscopy records of infants with persistent rectal bleeding, conducted between January 2006 and March 2011, were reviewed. The cases corresponded to infants with rectal biopsy compatible with EC and controls with negative biopsy. Telephone questionnaires to parents were conducted, evaluating personal and family history. Results: Complete records were obtained in 61 (79%) of the 77 procedures. 33 (54%) of them were males. Examination average age was 6.3 ± 5.9 months. 25 (41%) patients had EC on their histology. Between cases and controls, no significant difference in gestational age, birth weight and gender, only regarding age at the time of rectal bleeding, were observed. There was also no difference in personal history regarding obstructive bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, family history of asthma, allergic rhinitis or other food allergies. Those who received artificial feeding did not presented greater risk of EC. The most common symptoms in the cases did not differ significantly from the controls. Conclusions: The prevalence of EC in the children studied was 40.9%. Our results show that there are groups of patients with persistent rectal bleeding in which there is no personal or family history that helps diagnosing EC. An endoscopic study could be considered in these patients to establish a correct diagnosis of this condition, avoid unnecessary diets and not to delay the detection of other diseases.

En lactantes, la forma de presentación más común de la alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca (PLV) es la colitis eosinofílica (CE). El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar características clínicas asociadas a CE en lactantes evaluados con colonoscopía por la presencia de rectorragia. Pacientes y Método: Estudio caso-control, retrospectivo. Se revisaron registros de colonoscopía izquierda de lactantes con rectorragia persistente, realizadas entre Enero 2006 y Marzo 2011. Casos fueron lactantes con rectorragia y biopsia compatible con CE y controles aquellos con biopsia negativa. Se realizó un cuestionario vía telefónica a los padres, evaluándose antecedentes personales y familiares. Resultados: En 61 (79%) de 77 procedimientos se obtuvo registros completos. 33 (54%) eran hombres. Edad promedio del examen fue 6,3 ± 5,9 meses. 25 (41%) pacientes presentaron CE en la histología. Sin diferencia significativa en edad gestacional, peso de nacimiento ni sexo, pero si en edad de presentación de la rectorragia, entre casos y controles. Tampoco hubo diferencia en antecedentes personales de bronquitis obstructivas, rinitis alérgica, ni antecedentes familiares de asma, rinitis alérgica u otras alergias alimentarias. Quienes recibieron lactancia artificial no tuvieron mayor riesgo de CE. Los síntomas más frecuentes en los casos no se diferenciaron significativamente de los controles. Conclusión: La prevalencia de CE en los niños estudiados fue de 40,9%. Nuestros resultados muestran que hay grupos de pacientes con rectorragia persistente en los cuales no existen antecedentes de la historia familiar ni personal que permitan establecer el diagnóstico de CE. Es en estos pacientes en los cuales podría considerarse el estudio endoscópico para establecer un correcto diagnóstico de esta patología, evitar dietas innecesarias y no retrasar la detección de otras enfermedades.

Experiencia en el uso de la cápsula endoscópica de intestino delgado en pacientes con sangrado gastrointestinal oscuro / Experience in use of capsule endoscopica of thin intestine in patients with bled dark gastrointestinal

La cápsula endoscópica es un método diagnóstico que evalúa el tracto gastrointestinal de forma no invasiva. La principal indicación del estudio es la determinación del origen del sangrado gastrointestinal oscuro. Dicha entidad clínica se define, como la hemorragia digestiva de causa desconocida, persistente y recurrente, después de una prueba negativa en el estudio endoscópico convencional. (Colonoscopia – endoscopia digestiva superior). Objetivo: Describir hallazgos de la cápsula endoscópica en pacientes con hemorragias digestivas de origen oscuro. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal. Se evaluaron 19 pacientes con hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro que acudieron al Servicio de Gastroenterología del centro de cuarto nivel durante el periodo de marzo 2009 – marzo 2010, excluyéndose a pacientes en estado crítico o terminal, y aquellos con clínica de obstrucción intestinal o fistulas. Utilizando plataforma Given Imaging® SB2. Resultados: Se estudiaron 19 pacientes, 14 (73,68%) sexo masculino, 5 (26,31%) sexo femenino, grupo etáreo comprendido entre 29-60 años edad promedio 39.5 años. Indicación: sangrado digestivo oculto: 6 casos (31.57%). Sangrado digestivo oscuro: 13 caso (68.42 %). Hallazgos en 16 pacientes (84.21%): sangrado activo profuso localizado de causa indeterminada (6.25%), úlceras y erosiones (37.5%), lesión de aspecto tumoral sangrante activo (12,5%), angiodisplasia (37.5%), pólipos (6.25%). Tres casos (15,78%) con evaluación limitada por mala preparación. Conclusión: La cápsula endoscópica se considera en la actualidad una herramienta útil para la detección de lesiones en intestino delgado, siendo la principal indicación en la hemorragia gastrointestinal de origen oscuro. Con un rendimiento diagnóstico de 84% en la evaluación de la Hemorragias Digestiva oscura oculta.

The endoscópica capsule is a method diagnosis that evaluates tracto gastrointestinal of noninvasive form. The main indication of the study is the determination of the origin of bled gastrointestinal dark. This clinical organization is defined, like the digestive hemorrhage of cause unknown, persistent and recurrent, after one proves refusal in the conventional endoscópico study. (Colonoscopia - superior digestive endoscopia). Objective: To describe findings of the endoscópica capsule in patients with digestive hemorrhages of dark origin. Patients and Methods: Descriptive study of trasversal cut. 19 patients with digestive hemorrhage of dark origin evaluated themselves that they went to the Service of Gastroenterology of the center of fourth level during the period of March 2009 - March 2010, excluding itself patients in critical or terminal state, and those with intestinal clinic of obstruction or fistulas. Using platform Given Imaging® SB2. Results: 19 patients studied, 14 (73.68%) masculine sex, 5 (26.31%) feminine sex, etáreo group included/understood between 29-60 years age average 39,5 years. Indication: bled digestive hidden: 6 cases (31,57%). Bled digestive dark: 13 case (68,42%). Findings in 16 patients (84,21%): bled active profuse located of indetermine cause (6,25%), ulcers and erosions (37,5%), injury of tumorlike aspect bleeding assets (12.5%), angiodisplasia (37,5%), polyps (6,25%). Three cases (15.78%) with evaluation limited by bad preparation. Conclusion: The endoscópica capsule considers at the present time a useful tool for the detection of injuries in thin intestine, being the main indication in the gastrointestinal he-morrhage of dark origin. With a yield diagnosis of 84% in the evaluation of the Hemorrhages Digestive dark hidden.

Resección mucosal endoscópica de recto: a propósito de un caso Hospital Universitario “Dr. Pedro Emilio Carrillo” Valera - Edo Trujillo / Endoscopic mucosal rectal resection: a case University Hospital

Los pólipos de colon son lesiones consideradas premalignas. El riesgo es mayor en lesiones de más de un centímetro de diámetro, con componente velloso y displasia avanzada (Pólipos avanzados). Su extracción disminuye la frecuencia de desarrollo de neoplasias malignas. Clínicamente pueden causar sangrado digestivo, pérdida de proteínas y en ocasiones constituir el motor de una invaginación. Pueden contener un carcinoma intramucoso y ser la resección endoscópica un procedimiento curativo. La resección endoscópica es una excelente alternativa a la cirugía convencional con menor morbimortalidad y menor costo. La frecuencia de neoplasia avanzada y los cambios displásicos es mayor en lesiones de 2 cm o más. Las complicaciones como sangrados se presentan con mayor frecuencia en lesiones pediculadas grandes y la perforación es mayor en las lesiones sésiles extendidas(1,2). En el último tiempo es posible abordar lesiones de gran tamaño, gracias a la inyección submucosa de sustancias que permiten elevar la lesión y su resección más segura (Mucosectomías o resección mucosa endoscópica). Se cuenta además con la posibilidad de usar endoloops, endoclips, además de la terapia local de APC (Argón Plasma Coagulator)(3, 4, 5)...

Colon polyps are considered premalignant lesions. The risk is higher in lesions larger than one centimeter in diameter, villous component and advanced dysplasia (advanced polyps).Extraction decreases the frequency of malignancies development. Clinically they can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, protein loss and, sometimes, be the engine of an intussusception. They may contain Carcinoma and endoscopic resection be a curative procedure.Endoscopic resection is an excellent alternative to conventional surgery with less morbidity and lower.cost The frequency of advanced neoplasia and dysplastic changes is greater in lesions 2 cm or more. Complications such as bleeding occur more frequently in large pedunculated lesions and perforation is higher in sessile lesions extended(1,2). In recent times it is possible to address large lesions, by submucosal injection of substances that can elevate the injury and safer resection (mucosectomy or endoscopic mucosal resection). It also has the ability to use endoloops, endoclips, in addition to local therapy of APC (Argon Plasma Coagulator)(3, 4, 5)...

8 años de cápsula endoscopica: progresos y retos / 8 years of capsule endoscopy: progresses and challenges

Desde su introducción en el año 2001, la cápsula endoscópica (CE) ha cambiado el diagnóstico y manejo de la patología del intestino delgado. Evaluar la utilidad clínica de la CE en pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad de intestino delgado. Pacientes a quienes se les realizó CE desde octubre 2001 hasta abril 2009 en dos centros médicos: La Policlínica Metropolitana y el Centro Médico de Caracas. Cápsulas utilizadas: M2A y PillCam SB (Given Imaging). Se registraron datos demográficos, indicaciones, vaciamiento gástrico y tránsito intestinal, hallazgos y complicaciones. 339 pacientes, 180 hombres-159 mujeres. Edad promedio: 56,04 años. Indicaciones: hemorragia digestiva oscura (n=217), diarrea crónica (n=22), enfermedad de Crohn (20), búsqueda de tumores (n=30), dolor abdominal (n=29), enfermedad celíaca (n=5), misceláneos (n=16). Se encontraron lesiones en 78,8% de los pacientes. Hallazgos: angiectasias 28,3%, erosiones 28,6%, úlceras 12,5%, sangrado activo 8% y tumores subepiteliales 4,2%. Al correlacionar los hallazgos con las indicaciones se encontró un porcentaje de concordancia significativo en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva oscura y enfermedad de Crohn. Complicaciones: obstrucción intestinal (n=1), retención (n=6). La CE es un método mínimamente invasivo, bien tolerado, con pocas complicaciones y porcentaje elevado de detección de lesiones, que parece posicionarse para guiar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de patologías como el sangrado digestivo oscuro y la enfermedad de Crohn. Pudimos adaptarnos a la plataforma tecnológica como usuarios y prepararnos para los nuevos avances que se avecinan, creemos que es el momento para dar inicio a un programa de entrenamiento en CE...

Since its introduction in 2001, the endoscopic capsule (EC) has changed the diagnosis and management of small bowel pathology. Objective: To evaluate the clinical benefi t of EC in patients with suspected small bowel disease. Patients who underwent EC from October 2001 to April 2009 at two medical centers, Policínica Metropolitana and Centro Médico de Caracas. Capsules used: M2A and PillCam SB (Given Imaging). Demographic data, indications, gastric emptying and intestinal transit, as well as, fi ndings and complications were recorded. 339 patients, 180 men, 159 women. Average age: 56.04 yearsold. Indications: obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 217), chronic diarrhea (n = 22), Crohn’s disease (n=20), tumor screening (n = 30), abdominal pain (n = 29), celiac disease (n = 5), miscellaneous (n = 16). Lesions were found in 78.8% of patients. Findings: angiectasias 28.3%, erosions 28.6%, ulcers 12.5%, active bleeding 8% and, subepithelial tumors 4.2%. By correlating the fi ndings with the indications we found a signifi cant percentage of concordance in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and Crohn’s disease. Complications: intestinal obstruction (n=1), retention (n=6). EC is a minimally invasive well tolerated method, with few complications and high percentage of lesions detection, which seems to be positioned to guide the diagnosis and therapy of disorders such as, obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and Crohn’s disease. We were able to adapt to the technological platform as users and prepare for new developments to come; we believe it is time to begin a training program in EC...

Lesiones gástricas premalignas en familiares en primer grado de pacientes con cáncer gástrico evaluados en la consulta de gastroenterología de dos hospitales universitarios de Caracas / Premalignant gastric lesions in first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients evaluated in the gastroenterology at two university hospitals in Caracas

Las alteraciones morfológicas de la mucosa gástrica que predisponen al desarrollo de cáncer gástrico son atrofia, metaplasia y displasia. Diversos factores etiológicos han sido estudiados, destacándose el parentesco en primer grado con una probabilidad de presentar cáncer gástrico 2 veces más que la población general. Diagnosticar lesiones gástricas premalignas en familiares de pacientes con cáncer gástrico, evaluados en las consultas de Gastroenterología del Hospital Vargas de Caracas y Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos Arvelo". Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal, desde Octubre 2008 a Mayo 2009. Se incluyeron 75 individuos con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 80 años, familiares en primer grado de pacientes con cáncer gástrico, a los cuales se les practicó endoscopia digestiva superior con toma de biopsia. En 51 pacientes femeninos (68%) y 24 (32%) masculinos, se encontraron los siguientes hallazgos endoscópicos: endoscopia normal 52%, gastropatía crónica 33%, úlcera gástrica 5,33%, pólipos gástricos 3,33% y úlcera duodenal 1,33%. El estudio histológico determinó que la atrofia estuvo presente en 25 pacientes (33,3%), metaplasia intestinal en 17 pacientes (22,67%), displasia en 4 pacientes (5,33%), la mitad de ellas de alto grado y 1 (1,33%) indefinido para displasia. Conclusión y recomendación: En el grupo estudiado se encontró un 42,6% de lesiones gástricas premalignas, de las cuales el 5,33% correspondió a displasia, ninguno de estos con lesiones endoscópicas de malignidad; lo que nos hace recomendar de rutina en todos los servicios de gastroenterología del país un programa de pesquisa en familiares en primer grado de pacientes de cáncer gástrico...

Morphological alterations of the gastric mucosa that predispose to the development of gastric cancer are atrophy, metaplasia and dysplasia. Various etiologic factors have been studied, especially in first degree relatives,with a probability of gastric cancer double than that of the general population. To diagnose premalignant gastric lesions in relatives of patients with gastric cancer evaluated in the Gastroenterology consultation of "Hospital Vargas de Caracas", and "Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos Arvelo". A descriptive, prospective, longitudinal study was made, from October 2008 to May 2009. We included 75 individuals aged 18 to 80 years in first degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy guided. We found 51 (68%) female and 24 (32%) male, with these endoscopic findings: normal in 52% of the patients, with chronic gastropathy 37, 33%, gastric ulcer in 5,3%, gastric polyps in 3,33% and duodenal ulcer in 1,33%. The histological study found that atrophy was present in 25 (33.3%) patients, intestinal metaplasia in 17 (22, 67%) and dysplasia in 4(5, 33%) and 1(1,33%) indefinite to dysplasia. In this group of patients it was found a 42.6% of premalignant gastric lesions, of which 5.33% corresponded to dysplasia. Neither one had endoscopic malignant lesions. We recommend as a routine in all Gastroenterology Divisions in the country a program of screening in first degree families of patients of gastric cancer...

Lesión de dieulafoy en colon: una causa inusual de hemorragia gastrointestinal en el paciente pediátrico / Colonic dieulafuy lesion: an unusual cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in children

La lesión de Dieulafoy es una causa importante pero infrecuente de hemorragia gastrointestinal. Se ha descrito a nivel gástrico y menos frecuente en duodeno, yeyuno y colon. Macroscópicamente es una malformación arterial, con tortuosidad y elongación del vaso, que aparece como un pequeño defecto de la mucosa e histológicamente son vasos largos que envuelven la submucosa y están por debajo de la mucosa. Tiene una incidencia del 0,3-1,5 por ciento como causa de sangrado gastrointestinal masivo. Pre-escolar masculino de cuatro años de edad quien ingresa por cuerpo extraño en vías aéreas (grano de maíz). Al estar hospitalizado presenta melenas con anemia e inestabilidad hemodinámica. Rectosigmoidoscopia con evidencia de sangrado descendente. Gammagrafía reporta zona de hipercaptación en ángulo esplénico de colon. En pabellón se realiza colonoscopia trans-operatoria, evidenciándose efusión sanguínea con puntillado hemorrágico en ángulo esplénico, por lo que se procede a realizar colectomía y anastomosis. Anatomía patológica reporta proliferación de vasos de mediano calibre en la submucosa, rodeados por estrona fibroso con infiltrado linfohistocitario, vasos congestivos en la serosa. Se plantea Lesión de Dieulafoy. Esta entidad clínica es infrecuente, el diagnóstico es difícil de realizar, cuando la ubicación es inusual. La gammagrafía es útil para el diagnóstico. Si el sangramiento digestivo compromete la vida del paciente el tratamiento definitivo es quirúrgico.

The Dieulafoy´s lesion is an infrequent but important cause of gastrointestinal haemorrhage. These lesions have been described at the gastric level and less frequently in the duodenum, jejune and colon. Macroscopically it is an arterial malformation, with tortuosity and elongation of the vessels that appear like a small defect in the mucosa and by histology as long vessels that surround the sub mucosa below the mucosa. It has an incidence of 0,3-1,5% as cause of massive gastrointestinal bleeding. 4 years old male that presents with a foreign body (corn seed) in the airway that required bronchoscophy. During admission presents frequent melena with anemia and hemodynamic instability. Rectosigmoidoscopy showed lower gastrointestinal bleeding without abnormal findings. Gammagram reported hypercaptant zone at the splenic angle of the colon. During surgery, trans-operating colonoscopy demonstrated hemorrhagic punctiform lesions with blood effusion at the splenic angle of the colon, and a segment of the colon was resected. Histopathology reported congestive blood vessels with proliferation of medium-caliber vessels, surrounded by fibrous stroma with linfohistiocitic infiltrate in the serosa, confirming the diagnose of Dieulafoy´s lesion. This is an infrequent cause of gastrointestinal bleeding that is difficult to diagnose when it presents in an inusual location. Gammagram is helpful for the diagnosis. If the gastrointestinal bleeding compromises the life of the patient, definite treatment should be surgical.

Nuevo sistema de puntaje de predicción de la hemorragia digestiva alta complicada en comparación con el sistema de puntaje de Rockall / New scoring system for prediction of complicated upper gastrointestinal bleeding in comparison with the Rockall risk scoring system

Objetivo. Desarrollar un nuevo sistema de predicción clínica para calificar la severidad de la hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) complicada y compararla con el sistema de puntaje de Rockall. Material y Métodos. Se incluyeron prospectivamente a pacientes ingresados a la emergencia del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue de Lima con diagnóstico de HDA. Se definió como HDA complicada a la asociada a muerte, resangrado o necesidad de cirugía. Se consignaron variables clínicas y de laboratorio. Se realizó un análisis univariado y multivariado utilizando un modelo de regresión logística múltiple. El modelo final fue posteriormente simplificado mediante una transformación lineal. Se compararon el área bajo la curva (ABC) ROC del puntaje desarrollado vs. el puntaje de Rockall pre y postendoscópico. Resultados. Se incluyó a 98 pacientes durante el período de enero del 2005 a junio del 2006. La mortalidad fue del 9,1 por ciento y la proporción de pacientes con HDA complicada fue del 27,5 por ciento. El sistema de puntaje desarrollado fue el siguiente: probabilidad de HDA complicada = edad (años) /2 + 30 (en presencia de ictericia) + 25 (en presencia de trombocitopenia) - 8. El ABC ROC fue de 0,78 (IC95 por ciento 0,67-0,88) mientras que para el puntaje de Rockall preendoscópico fue de 0,73 (IC95 por ciento 0,61-0, 86) y para el puntaje de Rockall postendoscópico fue de 0,81 (IC95 por ciento 0,70- 0,92). Conclusiones. El sistema de puntaje desarrollado en nuestro estudio constituye una herramienta útil, económica y fácilmente aplicable para la evaluación inicial del paciente con HDA comparado con el sistema de puntaje de Rockall.

Reaparición de formas graves de tifoidea: a propósito de un caso de sangrado masivo gastrointestinal / Reappearance of serious forms of typhoid: about a case of gastrointestinal massive bled

Reportamos el caso de un paciente que fue admitido por presentar un cuadro de enterorragia masiva luego de 10 días de evolución, caracterizado por fiebre persistente, cefalea global y dolor abdominal, el cual no respondió al tratamiento médico con antibióticos, transfusiones y resucitación con fluidos, requiriendo intervención quirúrgica de emergencia. Se realizó una resección intestinal con anastomosis primaria, controlando así el sangrado. Se documentó la infección con S. tiphy en los hemocultivos y en la histopatología. En América Latina esta complicación de fiebre tifoidea fue común hasta inicios de la década del 90, antes de la epidemia del cólera. Este tipo de complicación ha sido raramente vista en los últimos 15 años.

A case of a patient is reported who was admitted with massive intestinal haemorrhaging after 10 days of medical discomfort, characterized by persistent fever, headache and abdominal pain. The patient did not respond to medical treatment: antibiotics, blood transfusions and fluid replacement and required emergency surgical intervention. Intestinal resection with primary anastomosis was performed, controlling the bleeding. Following the testing of blood cultures and histopathological study infection by theS.tiphy bacteria was recorded by testing. In Latin America this strain of typhoid fever was common until the beginning of the 90´s, before the cholera epidemic and has rarely been seen in the past 15 years.

Tratamento endoscópico das varizes esofágicas utilizando alças pré-atadas confeccionadas com fio de poliamida / Endoscopic treatment of esophageal varices, using pretied loop made with polyamide thread

BACKGROUD: The elastic band ligation is the method of choice for treatment of esophageal varices. The action mechanism is a mechanical varices compression with thromboses. Based on this concept we developed a ligature method using pretied loop made with polyamide thread for the treatment of esophageal varices. OBJECTIVE: The present study describes and evaluates the feasibility of the treatment of esophageal varices by the ligature method using pretied loop made with polyamide thread and analyzes the local changes of the ligations and the results, concerning safety, efficiency and complications of this procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between March, 1998 and May, 2000, 58 patients with esophageal varices were treated with pretied loop, made with polyamide thread (26 patients with schistosomiasis, 11 with alcoholic cirrhosis, 9 with hepatitis C, 5 with hepatitis B, 4 of unknown etiology, 2 with hepatitis B and C, and one with Budd-Chiari syndrome/ 42 men and 16 women/ average age of 47,67 ± 13,12 years, range 16-74). A plastic tube was attached to the endoscope tip featured as an accessory working channel, allowing the pretied loop made with polyamide thread to be conducted to the esophagus facilitated by a flexible metallic tube, to perform the esophageal varices ligature. A total of 506 ligatures were done, distributed in 223 sections (average of 2,26 ± 1,08 ligature, varying from 1 to 6 per section). The sessions were perform with the interval of 15 days, until the complete eradication of the esophageal varices. The ecoendoscopy was used as a complementary method to evaluate the varices eradication RESULTS: The esophageal varices were treated successfully in all patients. The complete eradication of varices was achieved in 47 (81,03%) patients. In 37 (63,79%) patients the ligatures resulted in pseudopolyps. It was not identified systemic complications or obits. The ecoendoscopy showed thrombosis in the pseudopolyps...

RACIONAL: A ligadura com bandas elásticas tem se tornado o tratamento de escolha das varizes esofágicas, devido aos bons resultados e as menores taxas de complicações quando comparada à esclerose. Seu mecanismo de ação baseia-se na compressão mecânica do cordão varicoso com interrupção do fluxo sangüíneo e posterior trombose. Tendo como base este mecanismo de ação, desenvolveu-se um método alternativo no qual o cordão varicoso é ligado com uma alça confeccionada com fio de poliamida OBJETIVO: Avaliar a viabilidade do tratamento das varizes esofágicas por método de ligaduras com alças pré-atadas confeccionadas com fio de poliamida, analisando as alterações locais, a segurança, a eficácia e as complicações deste método de tratamento. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODOS: Entre março de 1998 e maio de 2000, 58 pacientes com varizes de esôfago foram tratados com ligaduras com alças pré-atadas, confeccionadas com fio de poliamida (26 esquistossomóticos, 11 com cirrose alcoólica, 9 com hepatite C, 5 com hepatite B, 4 de causa não esclarecida, 2 com hepatite B e C e 1 com síndrome de Budd-Chiari; 42 pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 16 do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 47,67 ± 13,12 anos). Confeccionou-se artesanalmente um canal acessório que acoplado à extremidade do endoscópio, permitia que alças pré-atadas feitas com fio de poliamida fossem conduzidas ao esôfago com auxílio de tubo metálico flexível para se proceder às ligaduras das varizes esofágicas. No total, 506 ligaduras foram realizadas, distribuídas por 223 sessões (média 2,26 ± 1,08 ligaduras por sessão). As sessões foram realizadas com intervalos de 15 dias até a completa erradicação das varizes esofágicas. A ecoendoscopia foi utilizada como método complementar para avaliar a erradicação das varizes em 10 doentes RESULTADOS: O procedimento foi realizado com sucesso em todos os pacientes. A completa erradicação das varizes foi obtida em 47 (81,03%) doentes. Em 37 (63,79%) as...