Identification, functional and structural characterization of novel aminoglycoside phosphotransferase APH(3″)-Id from Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus ATCC 10970.

In this study, we identified a new gene (aph(3″)-Id) coding for a streptomycin phosphotransferase by using phylogenetic comparative analysis of the genome of the oxytetracycline-producing strain Streptomyces rimosus ATCC 10970. Cloning the aph(3″)-Id gene in E.coli and inducing its expression led to an increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration of the recombinant E.coli strain to streptomycin reaching 350 µg/ml. To evaluate the phosphotransferase activity of the recombinant protein APH(3″)-Id we carried out thin-layer chromatography of the putative 32P-labeled streptomycin phosphate. We also performed a spectrophotometric analysis to determine the production of ADP coupled to NADH oxidation. Here are the kinetic parameters of the streptomycin phosphotransferase APH(3″)-Id: Km 80.4 µM, Vmax 6.45 µmol/min/mg and kcat 1.73 s-1. We demonstrated for the first time the ability of the aminoglycoside phototransferase (APH(3″)-Id) to undergo autophosphorylation in vitro. The 3D structures of APH(3″)-Id in its unliganded state and in ternary complex with streptomycin and ADP were obtained. The structure of the ternary complex is the first example of this class of enzymes with bound streptomycin. Comparison of the obtained structures with those of other aminoglycoside phosphotransferases revealed peculiar structure of the substrate-binding pocket reflecting its specificity to a particular antibiotic.

Structural characterization of the novel aminoglycoside phosphotransferase AphVIII from Streptomyces rimosus with enzymatic activity modulated by phosphorylation.

Aminoglycoside phosphotransferases represent a broad class of enzymes that promote bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics via the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups in the latter. Here we report the spatial structure of the 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase of novel VIII class (AphVIII) solved by X-ray diffraction method with a resolution of 2.15 Å. Deep analysis of APHVIII structure and its comparison with known structures of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases of various types reveals that AphVIII has a typical two-domain fold and, however, possesses some unique characteristics that distinguish the enzyme from its known homologues. The most important difference is the presence of the activation loop with unique Ser146 residue. We demonstrate that in the apo-state of the enzyme the activation loop does not interact with other parts of the enzyme and seems to adopt catalytically competent state only after substrate binding.

A set of simple methods for detection and extraction of laminarinase.

A carefully designed ammonium sulfate precipitation will simplify extraction of proteins and is considered to be a gold standard among various precipitation methods. Therefore, optimization of ammonium sulfate precipitation can be an important functional step in protein purification. The presence of high amounts of ammonium sulphate precludes direct detection of many enzymatically active proteins including reducing sugar assays (e.g. Nelson-Somogyi, Reissig and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid methods) for assessing carbohydrases (e.g. laminarinase (ß (1-3)-glucanohydrolase), cellulases and chitinases). In this study, a simple method was developed using laminarin infused agarose plate for the direct analysis of the ammonium sulphate precipitates from Streptomyces rimosus AFM-1. The developed method is simple and convenient that can give accurate results even in presence of ammonium sulfate in the crude precipitates. Laminarin is a translucent substrate requiring the use of a stain to visualize the zones of hydrolysis in a plate assay. A very low-cost and locally available fluorescent optical fabric brightener Tinopal CBS-X has been used as a stain to detect the zones of hydrolysis. We also report simple methods to prepare colloidal chitin and cell free supernatant in this manuscript.

Response Surface Methodology-Genetic Algorithm Based Medium Optimization, Purification, and Characterization of Cholesterol Oxidase from Streptomyces rimosus.

The applicability of the statistical tools coupled with artificial intelligence techniques was tested to optimize the critical medium components for the production of extracellular cholesterol oxidase (COD; an enzyme of commercial interest) from Streptomyces rimosus MTCC 10792. The initial medium component screening was performed using Placket-Burman design with yeast extract, dextrose, starch and ammonium carbonate as significant factors. Response surface methodology (RSM) was attempted to develop a statistical model with a significant coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.89847), followed by model optimization using Genetic Algorithm (GA). RSM-GA based optimization approach predicted that the combination of yeast extract, dextrose, starch and ammonium carbonate at concentrations 0.99, 0.8, 0.1, and 0.05 g/100 ml respectively, has resulted in 3.6 folds increase in COD production (5.41 U/ml) in comparison with the un-optimized medium (1.5 U/ml). COD was purified 10.34 folds having specific activity of 12.37 U/mg with molecular mass of 54 kDa. The enzyme was stable at pH 7.0 and 40 °C temperature. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax values of COD were 0.043 mM and 2.21 µmol/min/mg, respectively. This is the first communication reporting RSM-GA based medium optimization, purification and characterization of COD by S. rimosus isolated from the forest soil of eastern India.

Catalytic Dyad in the SGNH Hydrolase Superfamily: In-depth Insight into Structural Parameters Tuning the Catalytic Process of Extracellular Lipase from Streptomyces rimosus.

SrLip is an extracellular enzyme from Streptomyces rimosus (Q93MW7) exhibiting lipase, phospholipase, esterase, thioesterase, and tweenase activities. The structure of SrLip is one of a very few lipases, among the 3D-structures of the SGNH superfamily of hydrolases, structurally characterized by synchrotron diffraction data at 1.75 Å resolution (PDB: 5MAL ). Its crystal structure was determined by molecular replacement using a homology model based on the crystal structure of phospholipase A1 from Streptomyces albidoflavus (PDB: 4HYQ ). The structure reveals the Rossmann-like 3-layer αßα sandwich fold typical of the SGNH superfamily stabilized by three disulfide bonds. The active site shows a catalytic dyad involving Ser10 and His216 with Ser10-OγH···NεHis216, His216-NδH···O═C-Ser214, and Gly54-NH···Oγ-Ser10 hydrogen bonds essential for the catalysis; the carbonyl oxygen of the Ser214 main chain acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor ensuring the orientation of the His216 imidazole ring suitable for a proton transfer. Molecular dynamics simulations of the apoenzyme and its complex with p-nitrophenyl caprylate were used to probe the positioning of the substrate ester group within the active site and its aliphatic chain within the binding site. Quantum-mechanical calculations at the DFT level revealed the precise molecular mechanism of the SrLip catalytic activity, demonstrating that the overall hydrolysis is a two-step process with acylation as the rate-limiting step associated with the activation free energy of ΔG⧧ENZ = 17.9 kcal mol-1, being in reasonable agreement with the experimental value of 14.5 kcal mol-1, thus providing strong support in favor of the proposed catalytic mechanism based on a dyad.