Emerging immunotherapies for glioblastoma.
Expert Opin Emerg Drugs
; 21(2): 133-45, 2016 Jun.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-27223671
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION:
Immunotherapy for brain cancer has evolved dramatically over the past decade, owed in part to our improved understanding of how the immune system interacts with tumors residing within the central nervous system (CNS). Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, carries a poor prognosis (<15 months) and only few advances have been made since the FDA's approval of temozolomide (TMZ) in 2005. Importantly, several immunotherapies have now entered patient trials based on promising preclinical data, and recent studies have shed light on how GBM employs a slew of immunosuppressive mechanisms that may be targeted for therapeutic gain. Altogether, accumulating evidence suggests immunotherapy may soon earn its keep as a mainstay of clinical management for GBM. AREAS COVERED Here, we review cancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T-cell immunotherapy, and oncolytic virotherapy. EXPERT OPINION Checkpoint blockade induces antitumor activity by preventing negative regulation of T-cell activation. This platform, however, depends on an existing frequency of tumor-reactive T cells. GBM tumors are exceptionally equipped to prevent this, occupying low levels of antigen expression and elaborate mechanisms of immunosuppression. Therefore, checkpoint blockade may be most effective when used in combination with a DC vaccine or adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells generated ex vivo. Both approaches have been shown to induce endogenous immune responses against tumor antigens, providing a rationale for use with checkpoint blockade where both primary and secondary responses may be potentiated.Palavras-chave
Texto completo:
1
Coleções:
01-internacional
Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
Neoplasias Encefálicas
/
Glioblastoma
/
Imunoterapia
Tipo de estudo:
Prognostic_studies
Limite:
Adult
/
Animals
/
Humans
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Expert Opin Emerg Drugs
Assunto da revista:
TERAPIA POR MEDICAMENTOS
Ano de publicação:
2016
Tipo de documento:
Article
País de afiliação:
Estados Unidos