Effectiveness of the guava leaf extracts against lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and immune responses in Cyprinus carpio.

ABSTRACT

The anti-inflammatory activity of the guava leaf extracts (GLE) against LPS-induced inflammatory responses in fish macrophage cell lines is well documented. Here, we evaluated the effects of dietary GLE on LPS-induced oxidative stress, immune responses, and glucocorticoid receptor-related gene expression in Cyprinus carpio. Basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 100, 150, 200, or 250 mg kg-1 GLE for eight weeks. Highest (p < 0.05) weight gain rate was obtained in fish group supplemented with 200 mg kg-1 of GLE. The results showed that superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, lysozyme, and complement C3 decreased, while malondialdehyde level increased in the liver and spleen upon LPS-challenge. Dietary GLE supplementation (especially 200 or 250 mg kg-1) alleviated LPS-induced changes. Similarly, GLE (150-250 mg kg-1) reversed LPS-induced alteration of serum biochemical parameters such as alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and myeloperoxidase. LPS treatment markedly induced increased the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and NF-κB p65 in both the liver and kidney tissues; however, GLE pre-treatment attenuated LPS-induced elicitation of TNF-α, IL-ß, and NF-κB p65. Moreover, dietary GLE supplementation significantly increased the expression of HSP70 and HSP90, and glucocorticoid receptor in the liver and kidney after LPS challenge. Thus, GLE attenuated LPS-induced inflammation response by up-regulating glucocorticoid receptor-related gene expression in carp. Finally, GLE supplementation reduced carp mortality after LPS-challenge. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with 200 mg kg-1 GLE is adequate for effectively attenuating LPS-induced oxidative stress and immune-suppressive effects in C. carpio.