Fascinating strategies of marine benthic organisms to cope with emerging pollutant: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

ABSTRACT

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) have numerous applications, and their demands have increased as an alternative for banned sunscreen filters. However, the underlying mechanisms of their toxicity, remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate the mechanism of TiO2 NP cytotoxicity and detoxification through time-course experiments (1, 6, and 24 h) based on cellular observations and single-cell transcriptome analyses in a marine benthic foraminifer strain, derived from a common unicellular eukaryotic organism worldwide. After exposure for 1 h, cells enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in acidic endosomes containing TiO2 NPs as well as in mitochondria. In acidic endosomes, ROS were produced through the Fenton reaction on the surface of charged TiO2 NPs. In mitochondria, ROS were associated with porphyrin synthesis that chelated metal ions. Glutathione peroxide and neutral lipids acted as a sink for free radicals, whereas lipid peroxides were excreted to prevent further radical chain reactions. By 24 h, aggregated TiO2 NPs were encapsulated in organic compounds, possibly ceramide, and excreted as mucus, thereby preventing their further uptake. Thus, we reveal that foraminifers can tolerate the toxicity of TiO2 NPs and even prevent their further phagocytosis and uptake by trapping TiO2 NPs inside mucus. This previously unknown strategy could be applied in bioremediation to sequester NPs from the marine environment and can guide management of TiO2 pollution.