Endoscopic management of intraprocedural bleeding during endoscopic interventions.

ABSTRACT

Endoscopic resection techniques have evolved over time, allowing effective and safe resection of the majority of pre-malignant and early cancerous lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Bleeding is one of the most commonly encountered complications during endoscopic resection, which can interfere with the procedure and result in serious adverse events. Intraprocedural bleeding is relatively common during endoscopic resection and, in most cases, is a mild and self-limiting event. However, it can interfere with the completion of the resection and may result in negative patient-related outcomes in severe cases, including the need for hospitalization and blood transfusion as well as the requirement for radiological or surgical interventions. Appropriate management of intraprocedural bleeding can improve the safety and efficacy of endoscopic resection, and it can be readily achieved with the use of several endoscopic hemostatic tools. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the approach to intraprocedural bleeding complicating endoscopic resection, with a focus on the various endoscopic hemostatic tools available to manage such events safely and effectively.