No association of anti-osteoporosis drugs with COVID-19-related outcomes in women: a nationwide cohort study.

This study was performed to evaluate whether the use of drugs in the treatment of osteoporosis in women is associated with COVID-19 outcomes. The results showed that the risk of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and mortality was not altered in individuals taking anti-osteoporosis drugs, suggesting no safety issues during a COVID-19 infection. INTRODUCTION: Whether patients with COVID-19 receiving anti-osteoporosis drugs have lower risk of worse outcomes has not been reported yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of anti-osteoporosis drug use with COVID-19 outcomes in women. METHODS: Data obtained from a nationwide, multicenter, retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from March 11th to May 30th, 2020 was retrieved from the Turkish Ministry of Health Database. Women 50 years or older with confirmed COVID-19 who were receiving anti-osteoporosis drugs were compared with a 1:1 propensity score-matched COVID-19 positive women who were not receiving these drugs. The primary outcomes were hospitalization, ICU (intensive care unit) admission, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1997 women on anti-osteoporosis drugs and 1997 control patients were analyzed. In the treatment group, 1787 (89.5%) women were receiving bisphosphonates, 197 (9.9%) denosumab, and 17 (0.9%) teriparatide for the last 12 months. Hospitalization and mortality rates were similar between the treatment and control groups. ICU admission rate was lower in the treatment group (23.0% vs 27.0%, p = 0.013). However, multivariate analysis showed that anti-osteoporosis drug use was not an independent associate of any outcome. Hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality rates were similar among bisphosphonate, denosumab, or teriparatide users. CONCLUSION: Results of this nationwide study showed that preexisting use of anti-osteoporosis drugs in women did not alter the COVID-19-related risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality. These results do not suggest discontinuation of these drugs during a COVID-19 infection.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios in pregnant women with familial mediterranean fever.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between maternal serum neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (NLRs) and pregnancy outcomes in women with familial mediterranean fever (FMF). BACKGROUND: FMF exists worldwide, it primarily affects Mediterranean countries METHODS: We retrospectively analysed data from 269 pregnant women, who underwent a routine prenatal follow-up and delivery in our hospital from 2016 to 2020. Clinical and demographic data, including age, gravida, parity, abortus, proteinuria in the first trimester, NLR, obstetrical complications, gestational age at delivery, birthweight were retrieved from the patients' medical records. Data from 67 pregnant women with FMF and 202 healthy pregnant women were compared. RESULTS: Patients with FMF showed higher rates of preeclampsia and primary caesarean delivery; however, there were no differences between the groups in terms of other obstetric complications or adverse neonatal outcomes. In both the FMF and control groups, NLRs in the third trimester were significantly higher than those in the first trimester. Additionally, patients in the FMF group demonstrated higher NLRs than patients in the control group in the third trimester. CONCLUSIONS: The NLRs are a haematological parameter that can be used to predict subclinical inflammation and the effects of ongoing subclinical inflammation on the pregnancy outcomes in women with FMF (Tab. 4, Ref. 39).

Prevalence and predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nationwide multicentre prospective study.

AIM: Prevalence rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) show considerable variation among different countries and regions of the world. The primary aim of this study was to determine the nationwide prevalence and predictors of GDM in Turkey. METHODS: We conducted prospective nationwide screening among pregnant women. Between August 2016 and November 2017, a total of 2643 pregnant women from 51 centres in 12 different regions were enrolled. A two-step screening method and Carpenter and Coustan criteria were used in the diagnosis of GDM. Clinical and biochemical data were obtained using electronic database software. RESULTS: The national prevalence of GDM was found to be 16.2% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 15.0% to 17.4%] without a significant difference between urban and rural regions. Women with GDM were older (mean age: 32 ± 5 vs. 28 ± 5 years, P < 0.001) and heavier (mean BMI: 27.2 ± 5.1 vs. 24.7 ± 4.7 kg/m2 , P < 0.001) than their counterparts without GDM. The prevalence of GDM tended to increase with age (< 25 years, 6.9%; 26-35 years, 15.6%; and 36-45 years, 32.7%; P < 0.001). Maternal age, maternal BMI, history of previous GDM and family history of diabetes mellitus were independent predictors of developing GDM (P < 0.05 for all). Low-risk women (age < 25 years, BMI < 25 kg/m2 , no family history of diabetes) comprised 10.7% of the total population and the prevalence of GDM in these women was 4.5% (95% CI 2.4% to 7.8%). CONCLUSION: The results of this nationwide study indicate that GDM is very common, affecting one in seven pregnancies in Turkey. Implementation of international guidelines on screening and management of this public health problem is required.

Irisin immunostaining characteristics of breast and ovarian cancer cells.

To determine expression pattern of irisin in tissues obtained from human ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and cervix cancer. Tissue samples obtained from subjects with breast cancer, ovarian cancer cervix cancer, simple endometrial hyperplasia, complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia. At least five sections from each subject were immunohistochemically stained with irisin antibody, and H-score method was used to evaluate irisin intensity. Tissues obtained from healthy breast tissues, proliferative phase endometrium adenomyosis and benign ovarian tumors were accepted as control. Irisin activity was not detected in control breast tissues significantly increased irisin staining was detected in invasive lobular, intraductal papillary, invasive ductal, invasive papillary, and mucinous carcinomas compared to control tissues. Also, significantly increased irisin immunoreactivity was detected in both ovarian endometriosis and mucinous carcinomas compared to benign tumors. However irisin staining was not observed at the papillary carcinoma of the ovary while sections obtained from simple and complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and cervix carcinoma demonstrated irisin immunoreactivity. Increased irisin immunoreactivity in tissues obtained from breast, ovary, cervix carcinomas, and endometrial hyperplasia suggest critical role of this peptide during carcinogenesis.

The effects of electromagnetic radiation (2450 MHz wireless devices) on the heart and blood tissue: role of melatonin.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the effects of 2450 MHz EMR on the heart and blood in rat and possible ameliorating effects of melatonin. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Thirty-two female Wistar Albino rats were randomly grouped (by eight in each group) as follows:  Group I: cage-control group (dimethysulfoxide (DMSO), 10mg/kg/day i.p. without stress and EMR. Group II: sham-control rats stayed in restrainer without EMR and DMSO (10mg/kg/day i.p.). Group III: rats exposed to 2450 MHz EMR. Group IV: treated group rats exposed to 2450 MHz EMR+melatonin (MLT) (10mg/kg/day i.p.). RESULTS: In the blood tissue, there was no significant difference between the groups in respect of erythrocytes GSH, GSH-Px activity, plasma LP level and vitamin A concentration (p > 0.05). However, in the Group IV, erythrocytes' LP levels (p < 0.05) were observed to be significantly decreased while plasma vitamin C, and vitamin E concentrations (p < 0.05) were found to be increased when compared to Group III. In the heart tissues, MDA and NO levels significantly increased in group III compared with groups I and II (p < 0.05). Contrary to these oxidant levels, CAT and SOD enzyme activities decreased significantly in group III compared with groups I and II (p 0.05). Besides, MLT treatment lowered the MDA and NO levels compared with group III. DISCUSSION: In conclusion, these results demonstrated that contrary to its effect on the heart, the wireless (2450 MHz) devices cause slight oxidative-antioxidative changes in the blood of rats, and a moderate melatonin supplementation may play an important role in the antioxidant system (plasma vitamin C and vitamin E). However, further investigations are required to clarify the mechanism of action of the applied 2450 MHz EMR exposure (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 49).

IODINE DEFICIENCY IN PREGNANT WOMEN LIVING IN WESTERN TURKEY (EDIRNE).

OBJECTIVE: Data about iodine status in pregnant women in Turkey is not sufficient. We aimed to determine the iodine status, goiter prevalence, iodized salt consumption among first trimester pregnant women living in Edirne. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study was performed on pregnant women living in Edirne. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 275 pregnant women in their first trimester were examined regarding iodized salt use, median urinary iodine concentration (UIC), presence or absence of goitre and thyroid function. Goitre status was determined by palpation. Participants filled out a questionnaire, which included questions regarding sociodemographic features, iodized salt consumption, knowledge, and behavior regarding iodine deficiency. UIC was measured using colorimetric method based on Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Thyroid hormones and TSH were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassays. RESULTS: While the proportion of iodized salt use was 96.6%, UIC was below 150 µg/L in 88.4 % of the women. The median UIC was 77 µg/L, indicating insufficient iodine intake. Total goitre rate was 19.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that iodine deficiency is a serious problem among pregnant women in Edirne. We suggest that pregnant women living in Edirne should be supplemented by iodine-containing preparations in addition to iodized salt.

A limit on the variation of the speed of light arising from quantum gravity effects.

A cornerstone of Einstein's special relativity is Lorentz invariance-the postulate that all observers measure exactly the same speed of light in vacuum, independent of photon-energy. While special relativity assumes that there is no fundamental length-scale associated with such invariance, there is a fundamental scale (the Planck scale, l(Planck) approximately 1.62 x 10(-33) cm or E(Planck) = M(Planck)c(2) approximately 1.22 x 10(19) GeV), at which quantum effects are expected to strongly affect the nature of space-time. There is great interest in the (not yet validated) idea that Lorentz invariance might break near the Planck scale. A key test of such violation of Lorentz invariance is a possible variation of photon speed with energy. Even a tiny variation in photon speed, when accumulated over cosmological light-travel times, may be revealed by observing sharp features in gamma-ray burst (GRB) light-curves. Here we report the detection of emission up to approximately 31 GeV from the distant and short GRB 090510. We find no evidence for the violation of Lorentz invariance, and place a lower limit of 1.2E(Planck) on the scale of a linear energy dependence (or an inverse wavelength dependence), subject to reasonable assumptions about the emission (equivalently we have an upper limit of l(Planck)/1.2 on the length scale of the effect). Our results disfavour quantum-gravity theories in which the quantum nature of space-time on a very small scale linearly alters the speed of light.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of salt-tolerant tobacco mutants generated by gamma radiation.

Salinity is one of the major problems limiting the yield of agricultural products. Radiation mutagenesis is used to improve salt-tolerant mutant plants. In this study, we aimed to improve salt-tolerant mutants of two oriental tobacco varieties. One thousand seeds of each variety (M0) were irradiated with 100, 200, 300, and 400 Gy gamma rays by Cs-137 gamma. In the M1 generation, 2999 single plants were harvested. The next season, these seeds were bulked and planted to obtain M2 progeny. The seeds of 1900 M2 plants were picked separately. Salinity tolerance was tested in the M3 generation. Among M3 plantlets, 10 salt-tolerant tobacco mutants were selected. According to the results of the selection studies, 100- and 200-Gy gamma radiation doses were the effective doses to obtain the desired mutants. Glutathione reductase enzyme activities of salt-tolerant tobacco mutants were determined biochemically as a stress-tolerance marker. The differences between control and salt-tolerant mutants belonging to the Akhisar 97 and Izmir Özbas tobacco varieties were evaluated by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. The total polymorphism rate was 73.91%.

Single dose ivabradine versus intravenous metoprolol for heart rate reduction before coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in patients receiving long-term calcium channel-blocker therapy.

BACKGROUND: In patients with contraindication for beta-blockers who are also under long-term calcium channel-blocker therapy for any reason, ivabradine may be used as an alternative treatment to achieve the target heart rate. PURPOSE: To assess whether single dose oral ivabradine in patients referred for coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is safe and can significantly decrease heart rate compared to intravenous (i.v.) metoprolol in patients receiving long-term calcium channel-blocker therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One-hundred and twenty patients who were under calcium channel-blocker therapy referred for CCTA were randomized to premedication with single dose (15 mg) ivabradine (n = 63) or i.v. metoprolol (5-10 mg) (n = 62). Hearth rate (HR) was assessed at admission (HR1), prescan (HR2), and during CCTA scan (HR3) for all patients. Blood pressure (BP) was measured before medication (BP1) and immediately before CCTA scan (BP2). RESULTS: Although the HR averages of two groups were not significantly different before medication (HRIv1 = 80 ± 7 bpm vs. HRß1 = 81 ± 7 bpm; P = 0.42), significant HR reduction was observed in the ivabradine group (HRIv3 = 62 ± 7 bpm) when compared to the metoprolol group (HRß3 = 66 ± 6 bpm; P = 0.001). Decreases in HR forivabradine (18 ± 6 bpm) was significantly higher than for metoprolol (15 ± 4 bpm; P = 0.003) without relevant side-effects. Ivabradine showed no significant effect on either systolic BP or diastolic BP (siBPIv1, 139 ± 10; siBPIv2, 138 ± 10; P = 0.260; diBPIv1, 81 ± 7; diBPIv2, 81 ± 6; P = 0.59). Nevertheless, metoprolol group demonstrated significant reduction in both SiBP and DiBP (siBPß1, 136 ± 11; siBPß2 130 ± 11; P < 0.001; diBPß1, 81 ± 6; diBPß2, 78 ± 6; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Single dose ivabradine is safe and significantly more effective than i.v. metoprolol in decreasing HR in patients under calcium channel-blocker therapy.

High BNP level as risk factor for acute kidney injury and predictor of all-cause mortality in STEMI patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and 6-month all-cause mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a modest-risk population. BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of BNP has been well documented in patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, its value in development of AKI and 6-month all-cause mortality in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI remains unclear. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 424 consecutive STEMI patients (mean age 53.6 ± 12.1 years) undergoing primary PCI. The population was divided into two groups: a high (n = 110) and a low (n = 314) admission BNP group according to the cut-off value (> 88.7 pg/ml) determined by ROC analysis to have the best predictive accuracy for 6-month all-cause mortality. The clinical characteristics as well as the in-hospital and 6-month outcomes of patients undergoing primary PCI were analyzed. RESULTS: Cox multivariate analysis showed that a high-admission BNP value (> 88.7 pg/ml) was an independent predictor of AKI development (odds ratio, 1.002; 95 % confidence interval, 1.000­1.003; p = 0.02) and 6-month all-cause mortality (odds ratio, 1.003; 95 % confidence interval; 1.001­1.004; p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a high-admission BNP level is associated with an increased risk of AKI development and 6-month all-cause mortality in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.

Right-sided Bochdalek hernia with intrathoracic ectopic kidney in an advanced-age adult: a case report.

Ectopic intrathoracic kidney is an extremely rare congenital anomaly and it is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on chest radiography. Although congenital thoracic kidney is mostly seen in infants, it can be diagnosed in neonatal age and adults as well. Herein, we present a 72-year-old woman who had a right-sided Bochdalek hernia with intrathoracic ectopic kidney. In contrast to the usually young patients with thoracic hernia, the presented case was the oldest female patient having thoracic kidney accompanied with Bochdalek hernia with clinical symptoms among those reported in the literature.

Adropin: a key component and potential gatekeeper of metabolic disturbances in policystic ovarian syndrome.

PURPOSE: The aim of the current study was to evaluate potential relationships between serum adropin levels and metabolic parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty women with PCOS and 20 healthy, age and body mass index (BMI) matched controls were included in the study. All subjects underwent venous blood drawing on the early follicular phase after an overnight fasting. Serum adropin levels were measured with enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA). The relationships between serum adropin levels and metabolic parameters were also assessed. RESULTS: Serum adropin levels were found to be significantly lower in women with PCOS when compared to control group (p < 0.001). Serum adropin level was correlated negatively with fasting serum insulin levels, homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and serum lipid markers including cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides (TG) in PCOS patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of current study suggest that women with PCOS have low serum adropin levels that may contribute to the underlying pathogenesis of metabolic disturbances in PCOS.

Investigation of the protective effect of chitosan against arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney tissue.

Arsenic is an important metalloid that can cause poisoning in humans and domestic animals. Exposure to arsenic causes cell damage, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained by deacetylation of chitin with antioxidant and metal ion chelating properties. In this study, the protective effect of chitosan on arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage was investigated. 32 male Wistar-albino rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each as control group (C), chitosan group (CS group), arsenic group (AS group), and arsenic+chitosan group (AS+CS group). The C group was given distilled water by oral gavage, the AS group was given 100 ppm/day Na-arsenite ad libitum with drinking water, the CS group was given 200 mg/kg/day chitosan dissolved in saline by oral gavage, the AS+CS group was given 100 ppm/day Na-arsenite ad libitum with drinking water and 200 mg/kg/day chitosan dissolved in saline by oral gavage for 30 days. At the end of the 30-day experimental period, 90 mg/kg ketamine was administered intraperitoneally to all rats, and blood samples and kidney tissues were collected. Urea, uric acid, creatinine, P, Mg, K, Ca, Na, Cystatin C (CYS-C), Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM-1) levels were measured in serum samples. Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the supernatant obtained from kidney tissue were analyzed by ELISA method. Compared with AS group, uric acid and creatinine levels of the AS+CS group were significantly decreased (p<0.001), urea, KIM-1, CYS-C, NGAL, and MDA levels were numerically decreased and CAT, GSH, and SOD levels were numerically increased (p>0.05). In conclusion, based on both biochemical and histopathological-immunohistochemical- immunofluorescence findings, it can be concluded that chitosan attenuates kidney injury and protects the kidney.

Early predictive factors and risk assessment for anastomotic leakage in patients undergoing low anterior resection for rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Anastomotic leakage is a complication that creates significant concern in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery. This study aimed to identify variables for detecting anastomotic leakage in those who had open, laparoscopic, or robotic low anterior resection for cancer and to explore their relationships. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 283 patients who were diagnosed with rectal cancer and underwent low anterior resection were divided into two groups: those with and without anastomotic leakage. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed. Anastomotic leakage was detected in 23 of 283 patients who underwent low anterior resection. RESULTS: The postoperative analysis of the biochemical data of the patients showed statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of C-reactive protein (Crp), albumin, lymphocytes, leukocytes, neutrophils, and their ratio. The performance of these parameters in predicting anastomotic leakage was statistically analyzed in the patient group with anastomotic leakage, and nomogram results were acquired. Immune system components and biomarkers were statistically tested, and nomogram results were obtained in rectal cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: These parameters can be used together as a potential marker in anastomotic leakage. Further development of these variables has the potential to facilitate the timely detection and treatment of anastomotic leakage.

First detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma ovis in Rhipicephalus bursa ticks collected from sheep, Turkey.

Anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are important tick-borne rickettsial diseases of medical and veterinary importance that cause economic losses in livestock. In this study, the prevalence of Anaplasma ovis, Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia chaffeensis was investigated in ticks collected from sheep in various farms in Van province, which is located in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. The ticks used in this study were collected by random sampling in 26 family farm business in 13 districts of Van province. A total of 688 ticks were collected from 88 sheep and 88 tick pools were created. All ticks identified morphologically as Rhipicephalus bursa. Phylogenetic analysis of Chaperonin and 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed A. ovis, E. canis and E. chaffeensis in this study. Of the 88 tick pools tested, 28.41% (25/88) were positive for at least one pathogen. Anaplasma DNA was detected in five of the 88 pools (5.68%), E. canis DNA was detected in 19 of the 88 pools (21.59%), and E. chaffeensis DNA was detected in one of the 88 pools (1.14%) of R. bursa ticks. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of A. ovis, E. canis, and E. chaffeensis in R. bursa ticks collected from sheep in Turkey. Further studies are needed to investigate other co-infections in sheep in Turkey.

Quality of life in female patients with acromegaly.

AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life and depression status in female patients with acromegaly. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven female patients with acromegaly (21 inactive, 36 active) who were being followed-up at the Cerrahpasa Medical School, Endocrinology and Metabolism out-patient clinic, were included in the study. Depression status and quality of life of the patients were evaluated according to disease activity using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Acromegaly Quality of Life (AcroQoL) Questionnaire. Prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), total and free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-SO4), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, free thyroxin (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH), cortisol, GH and IGF-I were studied in the groups. RESULTS: The AcroQoL total score in female patients with controlled acromegaly and uncontrolled acromegaly were 45.5 [Interquartile range (IQR)= 32.9-57.4], 47.7 [(IQR)= 38.6-63.3], respectively (p=0.53). There was no difference in BDI scores in acromegalic patients according to disease activity (p=0.41). In the correlation analysis, a strong negative correlation was found between AcroQoL total score and BDI score (r=-0.72, p<0.0001), OSAS (r=-0.32, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: This study showed that QoL was impaired in female patients with acromegaly even if they were in remission. Depressive mood and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) could affect QoL in female patients with acromegaly.

Factors influencing the stability of freeze-dried stress-resilient and stress-sensitive strains of bifidobacteria.

Freeze-drying is a common method for preservation of probiotics, including bifidobacteria, for further industrial applications. However, the stability of freeze-dried bifidobacteria varies depending on the freeze-drying method and subsequent storage conditions. The primary goals of this study were to develop an optimized freeze-drying procedure and to determine the effects of temperature, water activity, and atmosphere on survival of freeze-dried bifidobacteria. To address these goals, a commercially used bifidobacteria strain that is resilient to stress, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12, and a characterized intestinal strain that is more sensitive to stress conditions, Bifidobacterium longum DJO10A, were used. A freeze-drying protocol was developed using trehalose as the cryoprotectant, which resulted in almost no loss of viability during freeze-drying. Resuscitation medium, temperature, and time did not significantly influence recovery rates when this cryoprotectant was used. The effects of temperature (-80 to 45°C), water activity (0.02 to 0.92), and atmosphere (air, vacuum, and nitrogen) were evaluated for the stability of the freeze-dried powders during storage. Freeze-dried B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb-12 was found to survive under all conditions tested, with optimum survival at temperatures up to 21°C, water activities up to 0.44, and all 3 atmospheres tested. The intestinal-adapted strain B. longum DJO10A was much more sensitive to the different storage conditions, but could be adequately maintained using optimum conditions. These optimum storage conditions included frozen storage, replacement of oxygen with nitrogen, and water activities between 0.11 and 0.22. These results indicated that an optimized storage environment is required to maintain viability of stress-sensitive bifidobacteria strains, whereas stress-resilient bifidobacteria strains can maintain viability over a wide range of storage conditions, which is practical in countries where controlled cold storage conditions may not be readily available.

N-acetyl cysteine attenuates diazinon exposure-induced oxidative stress in rat testis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the gonadotoxic effects of diazinon and its mechanism of action with special reference to its possible reactive oxygen species generating potential in rat testis and the protective effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) on the exposure of diazinon. The vehicle was given orally to the control group and NAC, diazinon, combination of NAC and diazinon were given to three treatment groups for 4 weeks. Testis lipid peroxidation levels were higher in diazinon group than in control although lipid peroxidation levels were lower in diazinon + NAC group than in diazinon group. The reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were lower in diazinon group than in control and NAC group although its levels were higher in diazinon + NAC group than in diazinon group. Vitamin C, Vitamin E and ß-carotene concentrations were also lower in diazinon group than in control and NAC groups. Vitamin E and ß-carotene concentrations were higher in diazinon + NAC group than diazinon group. Glutathione peroxidase activity and vitamin A concentrations in the testis did not show any difference between the four groups. In conclusion, we observed that NAC treatment modulated diazinon-induced oxidative injury in the rat testis. These findings suggest that NAC supplementation can be useful in testis oxidative injury caused by the organophosphate insecticides.

Appropriateness of aspirin use among diabetic patients in primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: an analysis of the ASSOS study.

OBJECTIVE: Aspirin is an essential drug in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). It is ultimately indicated in a patient with ASCVD. However, its role is debated in primary prevention. We aimed to investigate the appropriateness of aspirin use in diabetic patients according to recommendations of recent guidelines. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ASSOS was a multicenter observational study investigating aspirin use in cardiology outpatient clinics. We evaluated aspirin use in diabetic patients in primary prevention from the ASSOS study. We also assessed the appropriate use of aspirin according to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), American Diabetes Association (ADA), Consensus Statement of Endocrinology, Cardiology, and Nephrology (ENCARNE), and the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPTF). RESULTS: A total of 5,007 patients of whom 1,537 had type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were included in the study. 1,132 of the total participants used aspirin for primary prevention; 313 of them had type 2 DM. Only 248 (76.7%), 132 (40.8%), and 128 (39.6%) diabetic patients indicated aspirin use according to the ESC/INCARNE, ACC/AHA, and ADA/USPTF guidelines, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate aspirin use was common among diabetic patients, according to clinical practice guideline recommendations. In addition, the differences between the indications for the use of aspirin in diabetic patients according to the guidelines were remarkable. Guidelines that minimize these differences are needed for clinicians, and compliance with these guidelines in clinical practice could reduce inappropriate aspirin use.

Diagnostic performance of two ultrasound techniques for the detection of cleft palate without cleft lip: axial-transverse and equal sign.

OBJECTIVE: There is no study that compares the diagnostic performance of ATV and ESV techniques in detecting cleft palate. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of two ultrasound techniques: axial-transverse (ATV) and "equal sign" view (ESV), in detecting fetal cleft palate without cleft lip. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted from March 2019 to January 2022 in a tertiary referral hospital. Secondary palates were assessed with ATV and ESV by two experienced fetal medicine specialists who were blinded to each other's ultrasound findings. Final diagnosis was done according to postnatal physical examination. The sensitivity and specificity of the two techniques were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 311 pregnancies which met the study criteria were evaluated. Postnatal physical examination showed that 13 (0.4%) neonates had cleft palate only (CPO). According to final diagnosis the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for ATV were 100%, 98.7%, 76.4%, 100% and 100% for ESV were 76.9%, 97.8%, 58.9% and 99%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: ATV in 2D ultrasound provides higher sensitivity and specificity than ESV in detecting CPO.