Clinical Manifestation of Nebulin-Associated Nemaline Myopathy.

Background and Objectives: Nemaline myopathy (NM) is a genetically heterogeneous inherited myopathy related with at least 12 genes, whereas pathogenic variants in NEB gene are the most common genetic cause. The clinical spectrum of NM caused by NEB pathogenic variants (NM-NEB) is very broad, ranging from mild to severe presentations manifesting with generalized weakness, as well as respiratory and bulbar involvement. There is currently not enough data regarding the progression of the disease. In this study, we present a genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of 33 patients with NM caused by NEB variants (NM-NEB) classified according to age groups and the use of ventilatory support. We focused on interventional support, genotype-phenotype correlation, and association between respiratory, bulbar, and motor systems in groups of patients stratified by age and by the use of ventilatory support (VS). Methods: Clinical and genetic data from patients with NM-NEB followed up in one specialized center were collected through regular consultations. Patients were evaluated regarding motor, bulbar, and respiratory functions. Results: Thirty-three patients with NM-NEB were evaluated consisting of 15 females and 18 males with an average age of 18 (±12) years and a median of 17 (±11) years. 32% of patients with NM-NEB used a G tube, 35% were not able to walk without support, and 55% needed VS. Scoliosis and dysphagia were more common among patients who used VS. Described for the first time, half of the patients presented tongue atrophy in a triple furrow pattern, and the presence of the atrophy was associated with dysphagia. Comparing the patients grouped by age, we found that, proportionally, older patients had more scoliosis and respiratory dysfunction than younger groups, suggesting the progression of the disease in these domains. In addition to that, we showed that VS use was associated with scoliosis and dysphagia. Discussion: NM-NEB is a very debilitating disease. There is an association between scoliosis and respiratory dysfunction while patients using VS have more often scoliosis than the no-VS group. Triple furrow tongue atrophy is a novel and frequent finding, which is directly associated with dysphagia. Grouping patients by age suggested disease stability in motor and swallow function, but a progression in respiratory dysfunction and skeletal deformities. All observations are relevant in the management care of patients with NM.

HHV-6 and hippocampal volume in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) on the hippocampal volume in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). BACKGROUND: HHV-6 may play an etiologic role in MTS. Previous studies found a possible association with febrile status epilepticus. Several investigators have reported a higher prevalence of HHV-6 in MTS resections compared to other epilepsy etiologies. DESIGN/METHODS: We used FreeSurfer to segment cortical structures and obtain whole hippocampal and subfield volumes in 41 patients with intractable epilepsy. In addition, an investigator blinded to other data traced hippocampi manually on each slice. The main study outcome measure was the asymmetry index (AI) between hippocampal volumes ipsilateral and contralateral to seizure foci compared between HHV-6 positive and negative patients. Viral DNA was isolated from fresh brain tissue obtained at temporal lobectomy. For 25 patients, viral detection was performed using quantitative real-time PCR specific for HHV-6A and HHV-6B. For 16 patients, viral DNA detection was performed using digital droplet PCR specific for HHV-6A and HHV-6B. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were positive (14 of 25 tested with real-time PCR, and 8 of 16 with digital droplet PCR), and 19 negatives for HHV-6. HHV-6 negative patients had significantly greater AI and lower total hippocampal volume ipsilateral to seizure foci than HHV-6 positive patients. Epilepsy duration and age of onset did not affect results. INTERPRETATION: Our data suggest multiple potential etiologies for MTS. HHV-6 may have a less severe effect on the hippocampus than other etiologies.

Estudo clínico, histológico e molecular da miopatia centronuclear / A clinical, histological and molecular study of centronuclear myopathy

Introdução: A miopatia centronuclear é uma doença muscular congênita com apresentação clínica heterogênea, caracterizada histologicamente pela proeminência de fibras musculares com núcleos centralizados. Três formas são reconhecidas: neonatal grave, com herança ligada ao X e envolvimento do gene MTM1; autossômica dominante, com início geralmente tardio e curso mais leve, associada a mutações no gene DNM2; e autossômica recessiva, com gravidade intermediária entre as outras formas e envolvimento dos genes BIN1, RYR1 ou TTN. Apesar da identificação dos principais genes responsáveis pela doença, os métodos usuais de diagnóstico genético não encontram mutações em cerca da metade dos casos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi a caracterização clínica, histológica e molecular de pacientes brasileiros portadores de miopatia centronuclear. Métodos: Laudos de dois bancos de biópsia muscular foram usados para identificar pacientes com diagnóstico de miopatia centronuclear nos últimos dez anos. As lâminas das biópsias foram revisadas e analisadas, e as famílias correspondentes convocadas para aplicação de protocolo clínico e coleta de sangue periférico para extração de DNA genômico. As famílias foram estudadas para os genes conhecidos por sequenciamento Sanger, MLPA, painel de genes implicados em doenças neuromusculares ou sequenciamento de exoma. Resultados: Foram convocados 24 pacientes provenientes de 21 famílias, em 16 das quais foi possível estabelecer o diagnóstico molecular. As 7 famílias com a forma neonatal grave constituíam um grupo homogêneo clínica e histologicamente, e mutações novas e conhecidas foram encontradas no gene MTM1 em 6 destas. Dois meninos deste grupo, com evolução estável, tiveram óbito súbito por choque hipovolêmico subsequente a rompimento de cisto hepático. O gene MTM1 também foi implicado em uma menina portadora manifestante, com quadro mais leve, na forma de uma macrodeleção em heterozigose, detectada por MPLA...

Introduction: Centronuclear myopathy is a heterogeneous congenital muscle disease, characterized by the prominence of centralized nuclei in muscle fibers. Three disease forms are recognized: a severe neonatal, X-linked form caused by mutations in the MTM1 gene; an autosomal dominant, late-onset milder form, associated to the DNM2 gene; and an autosomal recessive form, with intermediate severity, so far with the BIN1, RYR1 or TTN genes implicated. In spite of the identification of these genes, usual molecular diagnostic methods don't yield a molecular diagnosis in about half of cases. Objetives: The aim of this work was to study clinical, histological, and molecular aspects of centronuclear myopathy Brazilian patients. Methods: Reports taken from two muscle biopsy banks were used to identify centronuclear myopathy patients in the last ten years. Biopsy slides were reviewed and analyzed, and corresponding families recruited to apply a clinical protocol and to draw peripheral blood to extract genomic DNA. Families were studied for known genes via Sanger sequencing, MLPA, panel of genes implicated in neuromuscular diseases, or exome sequencing. Results: Twentyfour patients out of 21 families were recruited, and in 16 families molecular diagnosis was established. The 7 families with the severe neonatal form amounted to a clinically and histologically homogeneous group, and mutations, both known and novel, were found in the MTM1 gene in 6 of these. Two boys of this group, with a stable course, died suddenly of hypovolemic shock due to a hepatic cyst rupture. The MTM1 gene was also implicated in the case of a mild manifesting carrier girl with a heterozygous macrodeletion detected via MLPA...