Rehabilitation Is the Main Topic in Virtual and Augmented Reality and Physical Activity Research: A Bibliometric Analysis.

Researchers' interest in finding practical applications for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies has increased as new devices have become cheaper and more accessible, being used in entertainment, healthcare, and rehabilitation fields, among others. This study aims to provide an overview of the current state of scientific literature related to VR, AR, and physical activity (PA). A bibliometric analysis of studies published between 1994 and 2022 was conducted using The Web of Science (WoS), applying the traditional bibliometric laws and using the VOSviewer software for data and metadata processing. The results revealed an exponential increase in scientific production between 2009 and 2021 (R2 = 94%). The United States (USA) was the country/region with the most relevant co-authorship networks (72 papers); the most prolific author was Kerstin Witte, and the most prominent was Richard Kulpa. The most productive journal's core was composed of high-impact and open access journals. A great thematic diversity was found according to the most used keywords by the co-authors, highlighting concepts such as rehabilitation, cognition, training, and obesity. Then, the research related to this topic is in an exponential development phase, with great interest in the rehabilitation and sports sciences fields.

Influence of Body Composition on Physical Fitness in Adolescents.

Background and objectives: Childhood obesity is one of the main public health issues facing advanced societies. The Spanish population presents 28.6% overweight or obese adolescents, and Extremadura, 22.3%. Physical fitness is considered one of the most important health markers and a common predictor of morbidity and mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases. Thus, fitness tests are needed for health monitoring, especially in overweight and obese adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between body composition and physical fitness in adolescents and to analyse if there are differences in physical condition and body composition between the sexes, as well as to compare the different body mass index (BMI) categories to each other. This project also tried to find regression equations to predict the physical fitness test results. Materials and Methods: A total of 225 adolescents were recruited. Weight status was classified according to WHO 2007 standards. Body composition variables (i.e., BMI, fat mass (FM), FM percentage (FM%), and fat-free mass (FFM)) and physical fitness (standing long jump (SLJ), speed-agility (SA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CF), and handgrip strength (HS)) were assessed. Results: Significant differences were found between the sexes in body composition (FM%, FM, and FFM) and physical fitness (SLJ, SA, CF, and HS) (p < 0.001) in favour of males. Significant differences were also found in speed (p = 0.002), CF (p < 0.001), and SLJ (p = 0.004) in favour of normal-weight adolescents compared to overweight and obese adolescents. Contrarily, the outcomes revealed a significantly greater HS (p = 0.014) in favour of overweight and obese participants compared to normal-weight adolescents. Moreover, the results showed that CF and SLJ correlated inversely with BMI, FM%, and total FM. There was also a direct relationship between SA and FM percentage, as well as between HS and FFM. Finally, four fitness test predictive models are proposed based on body composition, age, sex, and BMI. Conclusions: Overweight and obese adolescents have lower levels of physical fitness than their normal-weight peers, regardless of their sex. Normal-ranged body composition values are related to a greater physical fitness in adolescents. Furthermore, this study presents several equations that can help to predict the performance of different fitness tests in adolescents.

Physical Strength Perception of Older Caregivers in Rural Areas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In an aging population, it is increasingly common for older adults to take care of other older adults. Caregiving tasks may be conditioned by the aging process. This study aims to analyze the perceived physical strength of older caregivers and its impact on the functional capacity to engage in caregiving activities. METHODS: A discretionary sampling of caregivers (N = 107), ≥65 years old, in the rural health area of Badajoz (Spain) participated in this cross-sectional study. Measurements included questions about the caregiver's role (experience, years, hours, difficulties, demands) and their perceived physical strength, ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), need for help or difficulty for caring. RESULTS: Older caregivers from rural areas perceived a lack of physical strength (71%). These caregivers need more help, have more difficulties, and show less ability to perform ADL. Furthermore, around 80% of the people who had a lack of strength were caring for people with severe or total dependence. There is a direct correlation between the perceived lack of physical strength and the ability to perform basic (r = 0.382, p < 0.01) and instrumental (r = 0.370, p < 0.01) activities. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the perception of strength and the characteristics of the cared for person may be crucial variables to successfully conduct caregiving tasks.

Effects of Exergames on Quality of Life, Pain, and Disease Effect in Women With Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of an exergame-based intervention on a population sample of women with fibromyalgia. DESIGN: Single-blinded, randomized controlled trial with 8-week intervention. SETTING: Fibromyalgia center. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (all women) (N=83) were divided into 2 groups: an exercise group (n=42; mean age ± SD, 52.52±9.73y) and a nonexercise group (n=41; mean age ± SD, 52.47±8.75y). INTERVENTIONS: Women in the exercise group completed an 8-week exergame-based training program, which was focused on postural control and coordination of the upper and lower limbs, aerobic conditioning, strength, and mobility. Women (groups of 3) were encouraged to exercise for 120 minutes (over 2 sessions) per week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Main outcome measures included pain and disease effect, which were assessed with the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), a specific measure for fibromyalgia. Secondary outcome measure included quality of life, which was assessed with the EuroQoL-5 Dimensions-5 Levels (EQ-5D-5L) generic instrument. RESULTS: The results showed that 97.62% of participants in the exercise group completed the 8-week intervention. The exercise group showed a significant improvement (P<.05) in the EQ-5D-5L utility index, and in 3 of 5 dimensions. For the FIQ, significant improvements were observed in the dimensions of pain, stiffness, anxiety, and feel good. The FIQ score was also reduced. The mean between-group improvement was 8.25 (95% confidence interval, 2.85-13.65). CONCLUSIONS: The results and levels of compliance/adherence suggest this exergame-based training program is an effective intervention for reducing pain and increasing health-related quality of life in women with fibromyalgia.

Validation and comparison of 15-D and EQ-5D-5L instruments in a Spanish Parkinson's disease population sample.

PURPOSE: To contribute to the ongoing discussion on the choice of a preference-based health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instrument to be used in cost-effectiveness analysis by studying and comparing the validity, sensitivity and relative efficiency of 15-D and EuroQol 5D 5L (EQ-5D-5L) in a Spanish Parkinson's disease (PD) population sample. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-three volunteers were asked to complete an interview using 15-D and EQ-5D-5L. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r) was used to test the convergent validity of these instruments with specific PD measures. Sensitivity and efficiency were compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and relative efficiency statistic, respectively. RESULTS: A strong correlation (r > 0.65; p < 0.001) was found between both 15-D and EQ-5D-5L utilities with the summary score of the PDQ-8, and a strong correlation (r > 0.50; p < 0.001) was found between 15-D and EQ-5D-5L utilities with the EQ-VAS. The areas under the ROC of both instruments all exceeded 0.5 (p < 0.001). The 15-D instrument was 4.1-29.8 % less efficient at detecting differences between patients with optimal HRQoL, while this instrument was 11 % more efficient at detecting differences between patients at mild and moderate to strong severity of the PD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: 15-D and EQ-5D-5L are showed to be valid and sensitivity generic HRQoL measures in Spanish PD patients with both instruments showing similar HRQoL dimension coverage and ceiling/floor effects. The 15-D has better efficiency and greater sensitivity to detect clinical changes in PD severity of the symptoms meanwhile the EQ-5D-5L is better to detect clinical HRQoL changes. Additionally, the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire requires less time than 15-D to be administered, and it might be more appropriate for studies conducted in Spain, since a country-specific "value set" is available for this instrument and not for the 15-D.

Associations between Physical Activity Frequency in Leisure Time and Subjective Cognitive Limitations in Middle-Aged Spanish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

There is a global ageing of the world's population. Ageing is associated with multiple pathologies, reductions in physical activity, and losses in cognitive function. This study aimed to analyse the associations between the frequency of leisure-time physical activity (PAF) in middle-aged Spaniards and subjective cognitive limitations (SCLs): self-reported problems for remembering or concentrating (data extracted from the 2017 National Health Survey and the 2020 European Health Survey in Spain). Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate risk factors that could be related to a higher probability of developing SCLs. This was a cross-sectional study with 15,866 middle-aged Spaniards. The associations between FAP and SCLs were analysed using chi-square. Also, the risk factors for SCLs were evaluated using binary multiple logistic regression. The median age of participants was 55 years, with 49% men and 51% women. Associations were found between PAF and SCLs (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of SCLs was found in physically inactive people and the lowest in very active people (13.7% vs. 5.8%, p < 0.05), and people with SCLs had a higher prevalence of inactivity than those without SCLs (47.2% vs. 33.8%, p < 0.05). Physical inactivity, low educational level, low social class, and being female were the main risk factors for SCLs. Among the actions to prevent cognitive limitations, as well as interventions in people with cognitive limitations, it would be advisable to include physical activity programmes, both as a preventive measure to delay cognitive limitations and to reduce the risk of other pathologies in people who already have them.

Influence of Educational Specialty on Perceptions towards Corporal Expression of Prospective Teachers.

Most educators overlook the importance of corporal expression, even though it has been shown to have various advantages for children of all ages. In the teaching-learning process, teacher views and beliefs are crucial because they have a significant impact on students. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the existing differences in the perceptions of future teachers towards corporal expression according to their gender and educational specialty. A total of 437 aspiring Spanish instructors participated in the sample, selected by the convenience sampling method, and answered the Questionnaire to Assess Perceptions of Corporal Expression in Future Spanish Teachers to gauge their understanding of and preparation for corporal expression via Google Forms. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to evaluate the possible differences between the diverse items and factors according to gender and educational specialty. The results displayed good perceptions of corporal expression throughout the sample, finding significant differences in most items and all the dimensions when education specialty is considered. Nevertheless, gender variables did not seem to mediate those perceptions. Therefore, university degrees oriented to education must include the same amount of content related to corporal expression to ensure adequate initial training regardless of the stage of education at which the teachers develop their academic activity.

Bullying and Self-Concept, Factors Affecting the Mental Health of School Adolescents.

Bullying is an aggressive and repetitive behavior, where one person or several people physically, socially, or emotionally harm a vulnerable person and provokean imbalance of power in a school setting. Several factors such as age, sex, school performance, psychological factors, and ethnicity have been associated with bullying and more are being sought. Thus, the objectives of this study were as follows: (1) analyze the differences in bullying (victimization and aggression) and self-concept (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical) with respect to sex, school location, and educational level among Spanish adolescents; (2) explore the associations of bullying and self-concept with these sociodemographic dimensions. A cross-sectional study was designed with a total of 1155 participants (between 12 and 18 years old); there were 48.8% boys and 51.2% girls, where 75.9% studied compulsory secondary education (CSE) and 24.1% Baccalaureate, and 31.9% were students from rural schools and 68.1% were from urban schools. Medium and inverse correlations were shown between victimization and self-concept at the general level, for both sexes, both types of school, and both educational stages. For the aggression dimension, the correlations with self-concept were inverse at the general level (low), in girls (low), in rural students (medium), and in compulsory secondary education students (medium). For academic self-concept and family self-concept, the associations were medium and inverse with bullying in all variables. For emotional self-concept the correlation with bullying was direct and medium in all variables; in physical self-concept, the correlations with bullying were inverse in almost all variables except in boys. Self-concept may be a protective factor for bullying and interventions should aim at adolescents building a positive multidimensional self-concept that prevents and protects them from bullying either as aggressor or victim.

Bibliometric Analysis of Nature-Based Therapy Research.

Unrestrained urbanisation and natural space loss are reducing contact with nature in today's society, producing negative consequences for people's mental and physical health and wellbeing. Nature-based therapies, such as physical activity in natural settings, forest bathing, therapeutic hiking, or experiential learning, reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms and improve the quality of life in both general and specific populations. A bibliometric analysis of research on nature-based therapies was performed by applying the traditional laws of bibliometrics (exponential growth law, Bradford's concentration law, Lotka's law, Zipf's law, etc.) to documents published in journals indexed in the Core Collection of the Web of Science (WoS). Graphical visualisation was performed using the VOSviewer software. Annual publications between 2006 and 2021 presented an exponential growth trend (R2 = 91%). The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (MDPI) and Urban Forestry & Urban Greening (Elsevier) were the most productive and cited journals. Ikei, Miyazaki, and Song are the most cited prolific authors. The USA and South Korea were the countries with the highest scientific production. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in adventure, nature, and forest therapies among researchers. Nature-based therapies have experienced a growing interest in recent years. Positive effects on mental, physical, and emotional health have been found in different populations and research lines, although more studies with different designs and populations are needed.

Children's Influence on Their Parents' Satisfaction with Physical Activity in Nature: An Exploratory Study.

Physical activity in nature has several benefits as it is important for good health, offering physical, social, psychological or even ecological benefits. Nevertheless, in order to maintain adherence to this practice, high levels of satisfaction with the practice are necessary. The objective of this study is to explore whether children's characteristics influence parental satisfaction with physical activity in nature, analyzing possible differences according to the gender and age of their children. Two hundred and eighty parents responded to two sociodemographic questions in addition to the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), which consists of 16 items. The normality of the data was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Subsequently, nonparametric tests were used to analyze the variables of gender and age in the items, dimensions and total scores of the questionnaire. Statistical differences were found in some of the positive items, which varied according to the age of the children. However, no significant differences were found in the items with respect to the children's gender or when examining the dimensions or total score of the questionnaire based on both variables. Likewise, age did not show significant correlations with the dimensions and the total score of the questionnaire. Consequently, this study indicates that a child's age may influence parents' positive perceptions of the enjoyment of physical activity in nature. Similarly, the gender of the child does not seem to influence these perceptions.

Fibromyalgia, Pain, and Physical Activity: A Bibliometric Analysis.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a rheumatic disease characterized by pain, fatigue, low-quality sleep, depression, anxiety, stiffness, fall risk, mood disturbance, cognitive impairment, poor physical condition, and other symptoms leading to a worse quality of life. Physical activity (PA) and exercise are effective methods to reduce FM symptoms, including pain. This study presents the first bibliometric study on FM, pain, and PA. An advanced search of the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database performed on this topic using was carried out traditional bibliometric laws. A total of 737 documents were found. Annual publications presented an exponentially growing trend (R2 = 85.3%). Rheumatology International, Kaisa Mannerkorpi, and the USA were the journal, co-author, and country most productive, respectively. The exponential growth of annual publications on FM, PA, and pain shows the high interest of researchers and publishers in this topic. The document "Fibromyalgia A Clinical Review" was the most cited. Moreover, Kaisa Mannerkorpi was the most prolific co-author, Rheumatology International was the most prolific journal, "Fibromyalgia: a clinical review" was the most highly cited document, and Daniel Clauw was the most cited co-author.

Effects of a Multicomponent Programme for Improving Physical and Psychological Health in Victims of Intimate Partner Violence: Study Protocol for a Randomised Control Trial.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem that psychologically and physically affects the women who suffer from it. In this article, we propose an intervention protocol based on therapeutic tourism through adventure physical activities and psychological therapy that could improve the psychological and physical health of women participants. We propose a randomized study where participants will be separated into two groups, control and experimental, and we will perform measurements including self-concept, self-image, depression, and perceived stress, combining these with physiological measurements of stress level by determining stress-related hormones (Cortisol and DHEA), as well as the overall cost-effectiveness of the program. All data collected at the end of the protocol will be statistically analysed. If the final data are positive and it is feasible, this protocol could be proposed as a measure for the treatment of the sequelae of victims of gender violence.

Attitudes of Non-Disabled Pupils towards Disabled Pupils to Promote Inclusion in the Physical Education Classroom.

Inclusive education for disabled people is becoming increasingly important globally. Improving the factors that support the inclusion of people with disabilities in education is one of the main objectives. In addition to teachers, another major factor is how the attitudes of students without disabilities affect those with disabilities, which should be considered in maintaining an inclusive classroom climate. The aim of the study was to analyse the attitudes of non-disabled students towards the inclusion disabled students in Physical Education (PE) and to investigate differences according to gender and school location. A total of 805 girls and boys participating in PE in public secondary schools (12-18 years old) in Extremadura were analysed through the AISDPE (Attitudes towards the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in PE) questionnaire. The results show students without disabilities have positive attitudes towards the inclusion of students with disabilities. The majority were female. No significant differences were found regarding the location of the school. There are positive attitudes towards the inclusion of students with disabilities in the PE classroom, but these could be improved, especially in aspects more related to cognitive factors. For this, it is necessary for teachers to provide their students with the necessary tools and knowledge to better understand the possibilities and difficulties presented to students with disabilities, thus promoting a more inclusive classroom.

Attitudes towards Peers with Disabilities among Schoolchildren in Physical Education Classes.

All children, including those living with disabilities, have the right to be provided with Inclusive Education (IE) together with appropriate support in scholarly settings. A key factor for educational inclusion is peers' attitudes towards disabilities, which impact disabled students' social participation and learning. Physical Education (PE) classes represent an opportunity for students with disabilities to get psychological, social, health, and educational benefits. This study aimed to assess Spanish students' attitudes regarding their peers with disabilities during PE lessons and to explore possible differences between gender, school location, and age group. The sample consisted of 1437 students from public schools in Extremadura (Spain) from the primary and secondary stages. Participants completed the Attitude towards Students with Disabilities in Physical Education (EAADEF-EP) Questionnaire. The Mann-Whitney U test was carried out to establish differences in scores according to sex, school location, age group, and correlations between age and item scores using the Spearman's Rho test. The results displayed significant differences in the total and item scores considering sex and centre location, with good reliability values (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86). The EAADEF-EP Questionnaire has proven to be a quick, easy, and inexpensive tool to assess attitudes. Girls and participants whose school was in a rural setting had better attitudes towards inclusion. This study's results highlight the importance of carrying out educational actions and programs to improve students' attitudes towards their peers with disabilities considering the influences of the studied variables.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Psychological and Adventure-based Multicomponent Therapeutic Program for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence: A Pilot Study.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health problem with different negative consequences for women's mental health. This pilot study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a multicomponent intervention for battered women using a comparison group design to analyze improvement in self-esteem, self-concept, self-efficacy, body dissatisfaction, and depression. The intervention consisted of an eight-session multicomponent intervention program based on the combination of group psychological therapy and adventure activities. The study sample originally consisted of 34 women IPV victims. Self-report psychological assessment was conducted during the pre-test and post-test while interviews were conducted during the post-test among the experimental group. The results of this pilot study suggest the efficacy of the cognitive-behavioral multicomponent intervention on self-esteem, self-efficacy, and depression in the IPV victims from the experimental group. We conclude that these findings support the efficacy of this psychological intervention program. Practical implications and suggestions are also discussed.

Analysis of the Attitude of Spanish Physical Education Teachers towards Students with Disabilities in Extremadura.

Inclusive education aims to eliminate barriers in the participation and performance of students, considering their diversity. In this sense, there is a regulation that governs the educational response, being different for each region. Therefore, this study aims to know the attitude of Physical Education teachers of different educational stages in Spain toward students with disabilities. A questionnaire was administered to 272 Physical Education teachers from public schools in a region of Spain. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the relationships between items and dimensions according to sex or center location, and Spearman's Rho was used to analyze the relationship between dimensions and years of experience. The main results showed that teachers do not feel prepared in terms of training, resources, and infrastructure, although they consider that the integration of students with disabilities in regular classes is beneficial for them.

Test-Retest Reliability of Isokinetic Strength Measurements in Lower Limbs in Elderly.

Strength is essential for carrying out the usual activities of daily life. As there is a loss of strength in elderly, many treatments are based on delaying the loss of strength or maintaining it. Isokinetic dynamometry is the gold standard for assessing strength. It is essential that studies are conducted to allow us to identify the reliability of isokinetic strength assessments in older people. This study aimed to test the absolute and relative intra-session reliability of peak torque and work of a concentric knee extension-flexion performed at 60°/s in elderly. Fifty-two elderly subjects performed three repetitions of bilateral concentric knee extension-flexion at 60°/s using an isokinetic dynamometer. The relative and absolute reliability were calculated between the second and third repetition. The intra-class correlation coefficient values were between 0.94 and 0.98 for peak torque and work in all measures, which is considered "excellent", except for left leg flexors in women, with values between 0.85 and 0.88, which is considered "good". The standard error of measurement (SEM) percentage oscillated from 3.9% to 10.5%, with a smallest real difference (SRD) percentage of 10.9% to 29.2% for peak torque. The relative reliability of peak torque and work were excellent for all measures except flexors in women, evidencing the utility of isokinetic dynamometry for monitoring lower limb maximal muscle strength and work of concentric knee extension-flexion at 60°/s/s in the elderly. In addition, an SRD > 19.9% in peak torque and an SRD > 23.1% in work is considered a true change.

Satisfaction with Physical Activity among Students in the Last Cycle of Primary Education in Extremadura.

Satisfaction with physical activity during Physical Education classes leads to improved health and adherence to future healthy lifestyle habits, in addition, higher levels of physical activity have also been widely associated with higher academic achievement in primary school. To find out how satisfied Extremadura students are with the physical activity they perform, a questionnaire was distributed with different items related to positive and negative feelings they may feel during the practice. The differences between the items of the questionnaire and the total median scores according to sex and center location were analyzed and found to be present in all the items that refer to positive feelings. Additionally, the relationship between age and the mean score obtained through the questionnaire was evaluated, without discovering any significant correlations. The results showed that students are generally satisfied with the physical activity they practice in their classes and that this has benefited their academic performance.

Physical exercises for preventing injuries among adult male football players: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Football is the most practised sport in the world and is associated with the risk of injuries in the players. Some studies have been published that identify injury prevention programs, but there is no review of the full body of evidence on injury prevention programs for use by football coaches. The aim of this article was to carry out a systematic review of published studies on injury prevention programs for adult male footballers, identify points of common understanding and establish recommendations that should be considered in the design of injury prevention strategies. METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE databases were used to identify relevant published articles using the following keywords: "soccer" AND "injury" AND "prevention". RESULTS: A total of 2512 studies were identified initially, but only 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, and their outcomes are presented. Results revealed that injury prevention programs in football have focused on strength training, proprioceptive training, multicomponent programs (balance, core stability, and functional strength and mobility), and warm-up programs. CONCLUSION: Based on results from the studies analyzed, football players can lower the incidence of match and training injuries by participating in dynamic warm-up programs that include preventive exercises before games or during training sessions, and by adding strength, balance, and mobility training to the training sessions.

Preliminary Study of the Psychometric Properties of a Questionnaire to Assess Spanish Canoeists' Perceptions of the Sport System's Capacity for Talent Development in Women's Canoeing.

Given the importance of sport at a global level, the competitiveness of sport systems is a determining factor in attracting resources from different sectors. Competitiveness is largely measured by the athletes' level. Therefore, the production of competitive talent is an aspect that occupies the managers of different sports systems. This study analyzed the factor structure and reliability of a questionnaire for the evaluation of the perceptions of actors of a sport (canoeing) on the ability of the national system to produce talent in one of its modalities recently incorporated in the Olympic Games (OG) of Tokyo 2021. The sample consisted of 167 individuals linked to Spanish canoeing, who responded to the questionnaire "Evaluation of the current position in canoeing-sport with regard to talent" of the International Canoe Federation (ICF). Exploratory, confirmatory and reliability factor analyses were performed. The results showed a one-dimensional factor structure composed of seven items, with good and excellent goodness-of-fit values and high reliability (McDonald's Omega = 0.82). Thus, the ICF questionnaire can be considered a quick and easy to apply tool to analyze the perceptions about the development of talent in canoeing in order to take actions for the recruitment, promotion and development of talent.