[NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN THE EXPERIMENT WITH 105-DAY ISOLATION AS THE FIRST PHASE OF PROJECT MARS-500].

In a 105-day experiment simulating crew life in a space exploration vehicle, shifts in the nutritional status were assessed in 6 test subjects differing in the body mass index, basal metabolism, attitude to the diet, physical exercise and workload. Results of the investigation showed that because of the hard physical work the nutritional status of test subjects was described by more intensive basal metabolism, elevated metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and their increased mobilization from depots. Food ration, though it was sufficient to sustain health and fairly high performance, failed to meet fully individual taste preferences and energy needs for physical activities. The heavy workloads required mobilization of lipids from adipose depots, and a decrease of the hepatic detoxification and metabolic capacities. Self-limitation of eating protein-rich desserts led to a relative deficiency of protein intake. These faults of the diet were the reason why 4 out of 6 test subjects reduced their basal metabolism and lost body mass. Recovery of metabolism and slowdown of the body mass loss were achieved by supplementing meals with available protein-containing products.

[Role of space-frequency characteristics of vision organ in the human psychophysiological state and performance].

Light conditions and color scheme of closed environments should be favorable to human performance. Space station lighting system should ensure visual comfort during work and be appropriate for crew health and well-being. To be successful in solving these problems, it is important to have objective data about luminosity and chromaticity distribution in closed environments. Experiments aimed to investigate the vision color space-frequency characteristic (SFC) were performed using a set of psychophysiological sensors. Contrast sensitivity of pre-adapted operators was determined by thresholds of perceiving object's advent and disappearance, as well as by tracking time and adaptation and test luminosity. Analysis of the experimental data made it evident that color contrast sensitivity and, therefore, SFC of the organ of vision are valuable markers of the interdependence between the visual information processing and psychophysiological status of human. Color SFC illustrates deviations and also enables their quantification. Changes in psychophysiological parameters bring about commensurate deviations in color SFC; consequently, SFC can be implemented in neuroinformation technologies of health recovery and light-and-color control of environment.

[Experience of an adaptation-assisting agent of animal origin during prolonged isolation and confinement].

The utility of pantohematogen, an adaptation-assisting agent of animal origin for mental performance and functioning of the body systems was assessed in volunteered subjects exposed to prolonged isolation and confinement. Pantohematogen was shown to be favorable for successful implementation of control operations tests without any side effects on the main body systems and, therefore, can be recommended as a way to improve mental performance and to treat asthenoneurotic disorders in extreme conditions.

[Prebiotics--promising alimentary preventors of digestion dysfunctions caused by adverse environmental factors].

Prevention and treatment of digestive dysfunction due to hostile environments can be effected by prebiotics i.e. carbohydrates undigestible by the upper GI tract but favorable to selective stimulation of the growth and metabolizing activity of nonpathogenic commensal microflora. There are empiric evidence of the prebiotics positive action on GI cells and tissues, large intestine micro-ecology, mineral and lipid metabolism, and the immune status of humans and animals. Therefore, there is good reason to seek to develop brand new foods that would contain prebiotics, and recommendations on their use in common and extraordinary conditions.

[Development of a basic ration out of commercial foods for nutrition in ground-based simulation experiments].

Food rations composed of canned products were given the physiological and hygienic evaluation in the context of their fitness for human volunteers in experiments with head-down bedrest in isolation and confinement. As a result, the food rations were proven to contain the desired quantities of nutrients. Evaluation of food fitness for human subjects was made based on the data of clinical-physiological and biochemical investigations. The rations met the energy and anabolic metabolism demands of human subjects during extreme chamber experiments and were favorable to maintaining good level of vital processes.

Effect of vitamin and amino acid supplements on human performance during heavy mental and physical work.

This paper presents data describing the effects of vitamin and amino acid supplements on the health state and performance of men doing heavy mental and physical work. Experiments on seven test volunteers showed that a 20-d intake of a mixture of vitamins, amino acids, and mineral substances optimized the health state and increased the performance of test subjects doing heavy work.

[Analysis of the nutritional status of space crews]. / Analiz pishchevogo statusa chlenov kosmicheskikh ékipazhei.

Presented are the results of nutrition status analysis of the orbital "MIR" station crews. Investigations carried out both on the basis of subjective information concerning the state of crews members appetite, quantity of consumed food etc. as well as on the subjectives results of biochemical blood analysis reflecting the status of metabolic processes in human in zero-gravity conditions. The obtained data prove that jointly developed Russian-American food rations sustained the satisfactory level of working ability and health of cosmonauts and astronauts.

[Human body function indices in the long-term feeding of a low-calorie diet composed of canned products]. / Nekotorye pokazateli funktsional'nogo sostoianiia organizma cheloveka pri prodolzhitel'nom pitanii malokaloriinym ratsionom iz konservirovannykh produktov.

Five healthy trained men aged 27-46 with a body weight approximating an ideal one were kept on a diet containing 95.4 g protein, 552.6 g carbohydrates and 81.3 g fat for 3 days, whereupon they received 1/3 of the indicated diet for 20 days. Energy losses averaged 2913 kcal/day. As a result of receiving the low-caloric diet (LCD), the body weight of the examined dropped from 75.8 to 70 kg. central nervous system function and higher nervous activity remained the same as shown by the reflexometry data, digital and corrections tests; the heart rate was 8-12 beats per minute lower in all the examined throughout all the observation periods both at rest and during exercise as compared to the respective characteristics of the adaptation period. The PWC170 value increased by 12-17% on the average. According to subjective data body function of the examined did not change substantially as a result of being fed the LCD.

[Hygienic evaluation of a diet consisting of canned products containing milk and vegetable proteins]. / Gigienicheskaia otsenka ratsiona pitaniia, sostoiashchego iz konservirovannykh produktov s vkliucheniem molochnogo i rastitel'nogo belka.

An experiment was carried out on the volunteers who received during 3 weeks dinners composed of canned foods containing milk and vegetable proteins. Canned beef and mutton contained 33% of casein and 8% of soybean protein, 50% of casein and 14% of soybean protein were included into canned pork. During the whole period of the experiment the volunteers felt well and did accept the repeated dishes. The medical and physiological investigations showed no changes in their health and body function. No allergic reactions were recorded.

[Changes in body functional state of man receiving ready-to-use food concentrate bricks]. / Izmenenie funktsional'nogo sostoianiia organizma cheloveka pri pitanii gotovymi k upotrebleniiu pishchevymi briketirovannymi kontsentratami.

During 3 days 8 young volunteers received briquet food concentrates ready for use. The concentrates made up the pocket diet to be employed on an individualized basis. The mass of the diet was 600 g. It included 118.4 g protein, 39.9 g fat, and 370.8 g carbohydrates. The test subjects ate up their food appraising the gustatory qualities of the diet constituents. The loss of the body mass amounted to 0.77 kg during the first day, 0.22 kg during the second, and 0.19 kg during the third day of being kept on the diet. Medical and physiological studies did not reveal any substantial alterations in body function of the test subjects during the entire observation period. No allergic reactions were recorded.

[Medical observations in feeding rations consisting of food concentrates]. / Meditsinskie nabliudeniia pri pitanii ratsionami, sostavlennymi iz pishchevykh kontsentratov.

Ten therapeutic and surgical patients aged 19-30 received rations composed of food concentrates during 9 days, their state of health was satisfactory during the whole follow-up period. The palatability of the food was highly appreciated by all the patients at the initial period of their feeding with concentrates, and the food was eaten up completely, it was only on day 7-8 that the patients complained of the "monotony" of the dishes proposed to them, especially, of milk foods. The data of the medical follow-up and physiological examination of the patients revealed no functional changes in their body. No allergic reactions were recorded. The patients were discharged from the hospital in due time.

[Development of food rations for humans in extreme environments]. / Razrabotka ratsionov pitaniia cheloveka v ékstremal'nykh usloviiakh.

Adequacy of food rations to the human body demands was assessed in three series of investigations with 73 volunteers. The first series (n = 31) was arranged in various climatic-geographic areas (the Arctic, desert, high altitude, and the moderate climate of Russia). Each test continued for 12 days. Energy value of the food ration made up 3560 kilocalories. The second and third series (n = 12 and n = 30, respectively) were performed in a pressurized module with simulation of some extreme factors of space flight. Energy value of the food ration balanced in the content of staple nutrients varied between 2800 and 3500 kcal. Results of physical-hygienic studies suggest adequacy of the proposed food rations to volunteers' physiological demands for nutrients and energy in various extreme conditions.

[Ways of creating a nutrition system for a Martian expedition crew]. / Puti sozdaniia sistemy obespecheniia pitaniem ékipazha marsianskoi ékspeditsii.

Approaches to a more perfect system of food supply to a Martian crew have been outlined in view of the experience of providing food stuffs for orbiting crews. Considering the extended period of the autonomous interplanetary voyage during which the humans should stay healthy and effective, development of especially lavish menu and methods to maintain food quality throughout the mission become critical. These are the two conditions to be met in order to provide the crew with balanced diets and fully satisfy needs of their organism.

[Optimization of cosmonauts' nutrition during the period of acute adaptation and at the closing stage of the mission]. / Optimizatsiia pitaniia kosmonavtov v period ostroi adaptatsii i na zakliuchitel'nom étape poleta.

During 22 prime expeditions onboard orbital station "Mir" there obtained material allowing one to assess the nutritional status of cosmonauts in a period of acute adaptation and in the closing stage of mission. There formulated the food rations and additional assortments of food for the mentioned stages of mission. It is found that in the formulated food rations and in the additional assortments of the food there contain the optimal amount of indispensable food ingredients the use of which will allow one to realize the measures for normalizing the life activity and maintaining the adequate level of working capacity of the cosmonauts.

[Development of special food products for cosmonaut's nutrition during extravehicular activities]. / Razrabotka spetsial'nykh naborov productov dlia pitaniia kosmonavtov pri vnekorabel'noi deiatel'nosti.

On the analysis of the factual energy expenditure by cosmonauts during extravehicular activities two choices of special rations (SR) were developed. Hygienic testing showed that all nutritional components in these SRs were present in optimal quantities. Consumption of the SR foods during any basic meal will not misbalance the latter but satisfy the body demand of the main indispensable nutritional factors.

[Nutrition of crews of long-term missions on the International Space Station]. / Pitanie ékipazhei dlitel'nykh ékspeditsii na Mezhdunarodnoi kosmicheskoi stantsii.

The integrated Russian-US rations consumed by seven crews of the ISS long-term missions were subjected to hygienic and sufficiency evaluation. The rations were found to contain the necessary quantities of all nutrients. As concluded from the analysis of anthropometrical, physiological and biochemical investigations performed in flight, they supported crew energy and plasticity needs and were a contributing factor in the high level of performance.

[Hygienic evaluation of food rations in the experiments with long-term isolation]. / Gigienicheskaia otsenka ratsionov pitaniia v éksperimentakh s dlitel'noi izoliatsiei.

Hygienic evaluation of formulated food rations has been performed during 2 long-term studies (135 and 90 days) with participation of 6 male volunteers. The food rations provided for the energy and plastic demands of crewmembers, promoted the maintenance of working capacity and allowed to perform successfully the program of studies.

[The possibility of using the alimentary means to correct metabolism in man under stress]. / Vozmozhnost ispolzovaniia alimentarnykh sredstv dlia korrektsii metabolizma u cheloveka pri nervno-emotsionalnykh nagruzkakh.

In two studies in which 12 test subjects participated there has been investigated the possibility for alimentary correction of some metabolic changes developing in man as a result of different stress effects. It is indicated that the ration supplemented by alimentary means (phosphatic concentrate, vitamins, glucose, some mineral elements) produced corrective action on the studied parameters of the lipid and protein metabolism.