Effect of Usnea longissima ethyl acetate extract on acute oxidative and inflammatory lung damage from Staphylococcus aureus infection in rats.

The role of oxidants and proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been demonstrated. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of ethyl acetate extract (EtOAc) obtained from Usnea longissima (UL) against acute oxidative and inflammatory lung damage due to S. aureus infection in rats. Albino Wistar-type male rats were divided into three groups: Healthy (HG), S. aureus inoculated (SaG), and S. aureus inoculated + ULEtOAc administered (SUL). SaG (n = 6) and SUL (n = 6) group rats' left nostrils (excluding HG) were inoculated with 0.1 ml bacterial mixture. After 24 hours, ULEtOAc (50 mg/kg) was administered orally to the SUL group, and the same volume of normal saline was administered orally to the HG (n = 6) and SaG groups. This procedure was performed once a day for seven days. Levels of oxidant and antioxidant parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total glutathione (tGSH), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine levels such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-one beta (IL-1ß), were measured in removed lung tissues. Tissues were also examined histopathologically. Biochemical results showed that ULEtOAc significantly suppressed the increase of MDA, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1ß levels and the decrease of tGSH caused by S. aureus in lung tissue. S. aureus inoculation caused severe mononuclear cell infiltration in interstitial areas, severe lymphoid hyperplasia in bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue and severe alveolar edema, histopathologically. Treatment with ULEtOAc had an attenuating effect on these histopathological findings. Experimental results from this study suggest that ULEtOAc may be beneficial in treating S. aureus-induced oxidative and inflammatory lung damage.

Is taste and smell impairment irreversible in COVID-19 patients?

OBJECTIVE: It is known that the COVID-19 disease, which has affected the whole world, causes symptoms, such as cough, fever, shortness of breath, muscle pain, fatigue, diarrhea, headache and sore throat, in addition to various clinical findings, such as loss of smell and taste. In this study, we aimed to reveal the loss of sense of taste and smell in COVID-19 patients and to investigate whether these sensory losses are permanent in the healing process of the disease. METHOD: This prospective study included 94 COVID-19 patients. Smell and taste tests were applied to all patients. Ten days after the first test, a second test was applied to the patients with an impaired sense of smell to compare the results. RESULTS: Of the 94 patients, 55.3% were male, and the mean age was 53 ± 19.6 (21-90) years. There were 67 patients with smell and taste impairment, of whom 34 (50.7%) had smell impairment only, 3 (4.4%) had taste impairment only, and 30 (44.7%) had both smell and taste impairment. It was found that the smell scores of 55 patients with smell and taste impairment in the first evaluation were significantly higher at the second measurement; and their tasting period was significantly shortened compared to the first measurement (p˂0.001). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 patients may present to medical centers with a broad variety signs and symptoms. This study shows that impairment in the senses of smell and taste is common in this disease and strongly associated with COVID-19 infection. However, smell and taste impairment is mostly temporary and improves during the recovery period.

[In-vitro Activity of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam in Combination with Various Antibiotics Against Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Intensive Care Patients]. / Yogun Bakim Hastalarindan Izole Edilen Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençli Acinetobacter baumannii Izolatlarinda Seftolozan-Tazobaktamin Çesitli Antibiyotik Kombinasyonlari ile In Vitro Etkinliginin Arastirilmasi.

Acinetobacter species lead to nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients hospitalized in intensive care units or services. Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterium that is difficult to treat because it is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics and can develop resistance afterwards. This situation limits the use of existing antibiotics and directs the clinician to new agents, different treatment options and the use of various antibiotic combinations. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivities of doripenem (DOR), tigecycline (TGC), minocycline (MIN), amikacin (AK) and a newly developed agent ceftolozane-tazobactam (CT) in multidrug resistant A.baumannii strains which were isolated from inpatients in intensive care units and to investigate the in vitro interactions of CT/DOR, CT/TGC, CT/MIN and CT/AK combinations by using antibiotic gradient test method. Thirty-five A.baumannii strains isolated from various clinical specimens (blood, urine, sputum, tracheal aspirate, wound, abscess and catheter) between January 2017 and July 2017 were included in the study. Strains isolated from inpatients in intensive care units and resistant to at least three antibiotic classes were selected. The identification of A.baumannii isolates and the determination of routine antibiotic susceptibility profile were performed according to EUCAST 2017 criteria by the use of BD Phoenix 100 (Becton Dickinson, USA) automated system. Minimum inhibitor concentration values of CT, DOR, TGC, MIN, AK and combinations of CT with four other antibiotics (CT/DOR, CT/TGC, CT/MIN and CT/AK) were determined by antibiotic gradient test method. Fractional inhibitor concentration index (FICI) was used to determine the interactions of the combinations in vitro. According to the data obtained; the FICI was evaluated as synergy if FICI ≤ 0.5, additive if 0.5 > FICI ≤ 1, indifferent (unidentified interaction) if 1

The best anti-HCV S/Co values for reflecting HCV infection in a university hospital in the eastern part of Turkey.

INTRODUCTION: The measurement of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA is a test that requires high cost, advanced technique, and qualified personnel. Diagnosis and treatment of patients may be delayed due to the high rate of false-positive results. This study aims to predict true antibody positivity and viremia by determining the most appropriate anti-HCV signal-to-cutoff (S/Co) value reflecting HCV infection. METHODOLOGY: The presence of anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA levels were examined in 72341 people who applied to the Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital between January 2018 and December 2020. The anti-HCV levels were determined by using the Abbot Architect i2000 SR device (Abbot Diagnostics, Chicago, IL, USA). The levels of HCV RNA were determined in the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS, TaqMan 48 (Roche, Diagnostics, Pleasanton, USA) devices using serum samples from patients. Our study is a retrospective and methodological study. RESULTS: Of the 150 patients with anti-HCV antibodies, 50 (33.3%) were HCV RNA positive, and 100 (66.7%) were HCV RNA negative. Anti-HCV levels of HCV RNA-positive patients were statistically higher than HCV RNA-negative patients. The most appropriate anti-HCV S/Co value for diagnosing hepatitis C patients was 15.4. The sensitivity of this value was 72%, specificity 88%, positive predictive value (PPV) 73.5%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 86.1%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was significantly higher than 0.5 (95% confidence interval 0.938-0.827). CONCLUSIONS: Correct approaches can be applied in the diagnosis of HCV infection using the anti-HCV S/Co value found in our study.

Delftia acidovorans pneumonia with lung cavities formation.

CASE DESCRIPTION: A 52-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic with complaints of cough, sputum, fever and fatigue. The patient has been receiving immunosuppressive therapy for thrombocytopenic purpura for 5 years. CLINICAL FINDING: Inspiratory crackles were heard on both hemithorax. Oxygen saturation measured with the pulse oximeter was 97%. Chest X-ray showed diffuse reticular opacities that were more prominent in the upper zones of both lungs. WBC counts were 17,600 mm3 and Platelet counts were 29,000 mm3. Thorax CT showed that there were many thin-walled cavities and millimetric nodules accompanied by ground-glass infiltrates in the upper and middle lobes. Gram staining of bronchial fluid, taken by bronchoscopy, revealed Gram-negative bacilli and intense polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The bacteria were defined as Delftia acidovorans by BD Phoenix automated system. TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: The patient was hospitalized with suspicion of opportunistic pulmonary infections and cavitary lung disease. After the empirical treatment of intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam and oral clarithromycin, her clinical and radiological findings significantly regressed, and she was discharged with outpatient follow-up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This is the first example of cavitary pneumonia due to Delftia acidovorans in an immunocompromised patient. We would like to emphasize that Delftia pneumonia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary cavitary involvement in such patients.

DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: Una mujer de 52 años llegó a la clínica con tos, esputo, fiebre y fatiga. El paciente estuvo recibiendo terapia inmunosupresora durante 5 años para el tratamiento de la púrpura trombocitopénica. HALLAZGO CLÍNICO: se escucharon crepitaciones inspiratorias en ambos hemitórax. La saturación de oxígeno fue del 97%. La radiografía de tórax mostró opacidades reticulares difusas que eran más prominentes en las zonas superiores de ambos pulmones. Los recuentos de leucocitos fueron de 17,600 mm3 y los recuentos de plaquetas fueron de 29,000 mm3. La TC de tórax mostró muchas cavidades de pared delgada y nódulos milimétricos acompañados de infiltrados vitrales en los lóbulos superior y medio. La tinción de Gram del líquido bronquial reveló bacilos gramnegativos y leucocitos polimorfonucleares. Las bacterias fueron identificadas como Delftia acidovorans. TRATAMIENTO Y RESULTADOS: La paciente fue hospitalizado con una sospecha de infección oportunista pulmonar y enfermedad pulmonar cavitaria. Después del tratamiento empírico de piperacilina-tazobactam intravenosa y claritromicina oral, los síntomas y signos retrocedieron significativamente, y fue dada de alta con seguimiento ambulatorio. RELEVANCIA CLÍNICA: este es el primer registro de neumonía cavitaria causado por Delftia acidovorans en una paciente inmunocomprometida. Enfatizamos que la neumonía por Delftia debe considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de la afectación de la cavidad pulmonar en tales pacientes.

Delftia acidovorans pneumonia with lung cavities formation / Neumonia con formación de cavidades pulmonares causada por Delftia acidovorans

Abstract Case Description: A 52-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic with complaints of cough, sputum, fever and fatigue. The patient has been receiving immunosuppressive therapy for thrombocytopenic purpura for 5 years. Clinical Finding: Inspiratory crackles were heard on both hemithorax. Oxygen saturation measured with the pulse oximeter was 97%. Chest X-ray showed diffuse reticular opacities that were more prominent in the upper zones of both lungs. WBC counts were 17,600 mm3 and Platelet counts were 29,000 mm3. Thorax CT showed that there were many thin-walled cavities and millimetric nodules accompanied by ground-glass infiltrates in the upper and middle lobes. Gram staining of bronchial fluid, taken by bronchoscopy, revealed Gram-negative bacilli and intense polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The bacteria were defined as Delftia acidovorans by BD Phoenix automated system. Treatment and outcomes: The patient was hospitalized with suspicion of opportunistic pulmonary infections and cavitary lung disease. After the empirical treatment of intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam and oral clarithromycin, her clinical and radiological findings significantly regressed, and she was discharged with outpatient follow-up. Clinical Relevance: This is the first example of cavitary pneumonia due to Delftia acidovorans in an immunocompromised patient. We would like to emphasize that Delftia pneumonia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary cavitary involvement in such patients.

Resumen Descripción del caso: Una mujer de 52 años llegó a la clínica con tos, esputo, fiebre y fatiga. El paciente estuvo recibiendo terapia inmunosupresora durante 5 años para el tratamiento de la púrpura trombocitopénica. Hallazgo clínico: se escucharon crepitaciones inspiratorias en ambos hemitórax. La saturación de oxígeno fue del 97%. La radiografía de tórax mostró opacidades reticulares difusas que eran más prominentes en las zonas superiores de ambos pulmones. Los recuentos de leucocitos fueron de 17,600 mm3 y los recuentos de plaquetas fueron de 29,000 mm3. La TC de tórax mostró muchas cavidades de pared delgada y nódulos milimétricos acompañados de infiltrados vitrales en los lóbulos superior y medio. La tinción de Gram del líquido bronquial reveló bacilos gramnegativos y leucocitos polimorfonucleares. Las bacterias fueron identificadas como Delftia acidovorans. Tratamiento y resultados: La paciente fue hospitalizado con una sospecha de infección oportunista pulmonar y enfermedad pulmonar cavitaria. Después del tratamiento empírico de piperacilina-tazobactam intravenosa y claritromicina oral, los síntomas y signos retrocedieron significativamente, y fue dada de alta con seguimiento ambulatorio. Relevancia clínica: este es el primer registro de neumonía cavitaria causado por Delftia acidovorans en una paciente inmunocomprometida. Enfatizamos que la neumonía por Delftia debe considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de la afectación de la cavidad pulmonar en tales pacientes.