The Desire for Being Liked and the Fear of Negative Evaluation in Rhinoplasty Patients.

OBJECTIVE: The study was conducted to determine patients' desire for being liked and the fear of negative evaluation before and after surgery. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study was conducted quasi-experimentally using a one-group pretest-posttest (sixth month) design. The study population consisted of rhinoplasty patients hospitalized in the ear, nose, and throat service. The study was completed with 60 people. Participant information form, the desire for being liked scale, and the brief fear of negative evaluation scale were used as data collection tools. The data of the study were collected face-to-face between November 15, 2021, and March 15, 2023. FINDINGS: It was determined that the mean scores of the desire for being liked were 19.43 ± 7.44 in the pretest and 12.15 ± 4.76 in the posttest, and the difference between the measurements was highly significant. Furthermore, it was determined that the mean score of fear of negative evaluation was 27.78 ± 9.81 in the pretest and 17.72 ± 6.91 in the posttest, and the difference between the measurements was highly significant. It was observed that there was a high, statistically significant, and positive relationship between the pretest and posttest fear of negative evaluation and desire for being liked scores. CONCLUSION: Patients' desire for being liked and fear of negative evaluation, which were high before surgery, decreased significantly six months after surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of contents or the online instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Early postnatal metabolic profile in neonates with critical CHDs.

BACKGROUND: Cyanotic CHD is a life-threatening condition that presents with low oxygen saturation in the newborn period. Hypoxemia might cause alterations in the metabolic pathways. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the early postnatal amino acid and carnitine/acylcarnitine profiles of newborn infants with cyanotic CHD. METHODS: A single centre case-control study was conducted. Twenty-seven patients with cyanotic CHD and 54 healthy newborn controls were enrolled. As part of the neonatal screening programme, results of amino acid and carnitine/acylcarnitine were recorded and compared between groups. RESULTS: Twenty-seven neonates with cyanotic CHD and 54 healthy newborns as controls were enrolled in the study. Cyanotic CHD neonates had higher levels of alanine, phenylalanine, leucine/isoleucine, citrulline, ornithine, C5, C5-OH; but lower levels of C3, C10, C12, C14, C14:1, C16, C16.1, C18, C5-DC, C6-DC, C16-OH, C16:1-OH when compared with the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: This study showed that there are differences between patients with cyanotic CHD and healthy controls in terms of postnatal amino acid and carnitine/acylcarnitine profiles.

Does a prenatal diagnosis affect mortality and morbidity for neonatal arterial switch operation.

BACKGROUND: The effect of prenatal diagnosis on prognosis in patients with transposition of the great arteries is not clear. In this study, we compared the outcomes after arterial switch operation. METHODS: Outcome of 112 patients who had arterial switch operation in the neonatal period were analysed. The patients were divided into two groups: those who had prenatal diagnosis (Group 1; n = 34) and those who did not (Group 2; n = 78). The patients were also classified based on their diagnosis: simple transposition, transposition with ventricular septal defect and/or aortic arch hypoplasia, and Taussig-Bing anomaly. RESULTS: In Group 1, the C-section delivery rate was higher (82% vs. 44%; p = 0.004), and it was observed that patients in Group 1 were more often intubated upon admission to the neonatal ICU (38% vs. 9%; p = 0.005). No differences were found between the two groups in terms of operation time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, post-operative invasive respiratory support duration, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. It was observed that those who had Taussig-Bing anomaly had a higher mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Timely treatment have a positive effect on neonatal mortality and morbidity. That's why all families with prenatal diagnosis of critical CHD should be recommended to have the delivery in a tertiary care hospital. Although it could not be demonstrated in this study, prenatal diagnosis has a potential to improve surgical results especially in countries or cities, which does not have enough resources for transfer and surgical units. Further efforts are needed to improve prenatal screening programmes.

Evaluation of neonatal acute kidney injury after critical congenital heart disease surgery.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) after cardiac surgery. This study aimed to define the frequency and critical course, risk factors and short-term outcomes of AKI in postoperative CHD neonates. METHODS: Postoperatively followed term CHD newborn infants were enrolled in the study. Infants with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract and other major congenital anomalies were excluded. Neonatal modified KDIGO criteria were used to assess AKI. RESULTS: A total of 199 postoperatively followed newborn infants were included in the study. Acute kidney injury was detected in 71 (35.6%) patients. Of these patients, 24 (33.8%) were in stage 1, 14 (19.7%) in stage 2, and 33 (46.5%) in stage 3. Acute kidney injury occurred within the first week (median 1 day [IQR 1-2 days]) of cardiac surgery in 93% of the patients. The duration of invasive respiratory support and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and mortality were significantly higher in stage 3 patients. Higher vasoactive-inotropic score (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.0-1.04; p = 0.008) and receiving ECMO (OR, 7.9; 95% CI, 2.6-24.4; p = 0.001) were associated with risk for the development of AKI. The mortality rate was 52.1% in the AKI (+) patients, and having AKI (OR 7.1; 95% CI, 3.5-14.18) was significantly associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: Acute kidney injury, a common early complication after critical neonatal CHD cardiac surgery, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Stage 3 AKI is associated with significantly higher mortality rates.

Evaluation of Neonatal Brain Parenchyma Using 2-Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the stiffness of the neonatal brain using 2-dimensional shear wave elastography in term and preterm neonates and to investigate possible stiffness differences between groups. METHODS: A total of 83 neonates, including 44 term and 39 preterm, were included in the study. Shear wave elastographic measurements of the thalamus and occipital periventricular white matter were conducted via the anterior fontanel. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between the birth week and stiffness values of the thalamus and periventricular white matter. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was applied to determine the power of the stiffness of the thalamus and periventricular white matter in predicting a significant preterm classification. P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The brain parenchymal stiffness values measured from both the thalamus and periventricular white matter were found to be significantly lower in the preterm group compared with the term group. The periventricular white matter stiffness values were found to be lower than thalamus stiffness values in both groups. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve, the optimal cutoff values for determining prematurity were defined to be less than 8.28 kPa for the mean thalamus stiffness and less than 6.59 kPa for the periventricular white matter. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that differences between brain stiffness values in preterm and term neonates can be shown by using 2-dimensional shear wave elastography, and the results may be reference points for evaluating neonatal brain stiffness in research on patients with various illnesses.

Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings in seminal vesicle pathologies.

PURPOSE: Congenital and acquired pathologies of the seminal vesicles (SV) are rare diseases. The diagnosis of SV anomalies is frequently delayed or wrong due to the rarity of these diseases and the lack of adequate evaluation of SV pathology. For this reason, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate SV pathologies and accompanying genitourinary system abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2012 and December 2015, 1455 male patients with different provisional diagnosis underwent MRI. Congenital and acquired pathology of the SV was identified in 42 of these patients. The patients were categorized according to their SV pathologies. The patients were analyzed in terms of genitourinary system findings associated with SV pathologies. RESULTS: SV pathologies were accompanied by other genitourinary system findings. Congenital SV pathologies were bilateral or predominantly in the left SV. Patients with bilateral SV hypoplasia were diagnosed at an earlier age compared to patients with unilateral SV agenesis. There was a significant association between abnormal signal intensity in the SV and benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) and patient age. CONCLUSION: SV pathologies are rare diseases of the genitourinary system. The association between seminal vesicle pathology and other genitourinary system diseases requires complete genitourinary system evaluation that includes the seminal vesicles.

Is hemorrhage the reason in crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever patients with neurological signs and symptomsa.

PURPOSE: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease can result in mortality varying from 3.0% to 50.0%. In this study, we wished to discuss computed tomography (CT) findings together with clinical and laboratory findings in patients who had disease-related neurological signs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included patients who were diagnosed with CCHF. Seventeen patients that had neurological signs were enrolled as the patient group. As a control group, 40 patients diagnosed with CCHF and did not have neurological signs were enrolled. Patients who had neurological signs were examined with brain CT. Radiological and clinical findings of both groups were compared. RESULTS: There were pathological findings in three patients while brain CT's of 14 patients were evaluated as normal. Blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, total bilirubin, neutrophil, activated partial thromboplastin time, and C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the group with neurological signs whereas platelet count and calcium levels were significantly lower in this group. Six of 57 patients died during the follow-up period. Six patients who died were in the group, in which central nervous system (CNS) imaging study was performed. CONCLUSION: As the presence of CNS signs is a bad prognostic indicator in CCHF, they should be investigated carefully.

A Comparison of Ultrasonography, Computerised Tomography, and Conventional MRI Findings for Splenic Nodules Associated with Type 1 Gaucher's Disease with Diffusion-Weighted MRI Findings.

A 26-year-old female patient with Type 1 Gaucher's disease (GD) was admitted to our clinic with complaints of stomachache and signs of anemia. The patient underwent ultrasonography (US), computerised tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Imaging studies revealed massive hepatosplenomegaly, choledocolithiasis, and six nodules in the spleen with a mean size of 14 mm. The nodules appeared hyperechoic, hypoechoic, and of mixed echogenicity on the US and hypodense on the CT. While the nodules were observed to be iso-hypointense in T1-weighted (T1WI) images, they appeared to be hyperintense in the T2-weighted (T2WI) images. There were no diffusion restrictions in these nodules that appeared on the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI). A nodule located at the lower pole was observed to be hypointense in the T2WI images. The nodule located at the lower pole, which appeared hypointense in T2WI series, had restricted diffusion upon DWI. In this study, we aimed to present the properties of splenic GD nodules using US, CT, and conventional MRI, together with DWI. This case report is the first to apply US, CT, and conventional MRI, together with DWI, to the splenic nodules associated with Gaucher's disease.

Evaluation of cisterna chyli diameter with MRI in patients with chronic kidney disease.

PURPOSE: To evaluate cisterna chyli (CC) diameter with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 71 patients with CKD and 68 healthy controls. In both groups, the largest transverse diameter of CC was measured in axial heavily T2 -weighted images using a 1.5T MRI. The diameter of the CC in the CKD patients and control group were compared, and the correlations between the CKD, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and stage of CKD were investigated. The CC diameters were compared between/among groups with independent sample t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for CC diameter to determine the effectiveness of various cutoff points for the presence of CKD. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine correlation between CC diameter and GFR. Multivariate logistic regression models were implemented in order to examine to determine relation among selected variables and study group. RESULTS: The average CC diameter was 5.68 ± 2.55 mm in the CKD group, and 3.18 ± 2.24 mm in control group (P < 0.001). The CC diameter showed an increase with more severe stages of the disease (P < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between CC diameter and GFR (r -0.447, P < 0.001). Based on multivariate analysis, it was determined that the only factor associated with severity of disease was CC diameter (odds ratio: 1.636, 95% confidence interval: 1.314-2.037, P < 0.0001). Based on ROC analysis, the optimal CC diameter cutoff value for detecting CKD was 4.5 mm, with sensitivity and specificity values of 0.704 and 0.824, respectively. CONCLUSION: CC diameter is observed to be larger in patients with CKD than in the normal population. Additionally, CC diameter increased with more severe stages of CKD. According to our results, CC diameter might be used as an MRI marker to indicate the presence and severity of CKD. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:890-896.

Goodbyes without farewells under the rubble: A phenomenological study of earthquake victim's methods of coping with ambiguous loss.

INTRODUCTION: Ambiguous loss refers to the lack of clear information about the fate of a missing person or object. AIM: This study aims to examine in-depth the experiences of earthquake victims regarding the methods of coping with the uncertain losses they experienced after the Kahramanmaras-based earthquake disaster on February 6, 2023. METHODS: In this qualitative study conducted using phenomenological research design, the snowball sampling method, one of the purposive sampling methods, was used. Face-to-face, in-depth interviews of approximately 30 to 40 minutes were conducted with 20 earthquake victims reached by this method. Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis method was used to analyze the data obtained. Data were collected by COREQ criteria. RESULTS: According to the results of the analysis, three main categories (inner journey and emotional transformation, bridges of solidarity built on destruction, and change and growth in life perspectives) and nine themes (whispers coming from under the rubble, the reaction of facing ambiguity, mental labyrinths in the search for meaning, hearts united amid destruction, the search for meaning in ambiguity and ways out of spiritual wreckage, growth among the rubble, and the value of transience and new horizons rising from the ruins) emerged. DISCUSSION: The research reveals that the coping methods adopted by earthquake victims in the face of personal and objective ambiguous losses range from spirituality to social support mechanisms. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: In line with the results obtained from the findings, it is suggested that the coping strategies of earthquake victims should be strengthened, and new methods should be developed.

The power of virtual connections: A randomized controlled trial of online positive psychotherapy training on effective communication skills of nursing students.

AIM: This research aimed to assess the impact of the online "Positive Psychotherapy- Based Key Model of Courtesy and Integrity" (KMCI)" program on the effective communication skills of nursing students. BACKGROUND: With the growing integration of virtual platforms in psychotherapy education, there is a burgeoning interest in understanding their influence on nursing student's communication abilities. Recognizing how online positive psychotherapy education shapes these skills is pivotal for enriching nursing education and practice. DESIGN: The study adopted a pre-test-post-test randomized controlled design and involved 64 undergraduate nursing students from a state university's nursing department during the 2021-2022 academic year, all enrolled in psychiatric nursing courses. METHODS: Students were divided into experimental and control groups through simple randomization. Pre-tests, encompassing a "Personal Information Form" and an "Effective Communication Skills Scale," were administered to both groups. Subsequently, the experimental group received the "Positive Psychotherapy- Based Key Model of Courtesy and Integrity" program online for five weeks, while no intervention was provided to the control group during this period. Post-tests were then conducted for both groups after five weeks. RESULTS: The findings revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the total scores of sub-dimensions, including "Ego-Enhancing Language, Active Listening, Self-Disclosure and Recognition, Empathy and Self-Language Scale" in the experimental group in both intra-group and inter-group comparisons. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the "Positive Psychotherapy- Based Key Model of Courtesy and Integrity" program effectively enhances practical communication skills among nursing students. Equipping students with the ability to integrate courtesy and integrity isn't effective.

ITGB4-Related pyloric atresia without epidermolysis in two siblings.

Pyloric atresia is a rare gastrointestinal anomaly with an incidence of 1/100,000 in live births. It is usually seen as an isolated condition or in combination with other congenital or hereditary anomalies. Autosomal recessive inherited either fatal or non-fatal variants of pyloric atresia with epidermolysis bullosa are known due to mutations in ITGA6, ITGB4, and PLEC genes. ITGB4 gene mutation was recently identified in 5 siblings in 2 families associated with familial isolated pyloric atresia. Herein, we present two siblings who had pyloric atresia together with a homozygous variant in the ITGB4 gene and without epidermolysis bullosa. The development of isolated familial pyloric atresia without epidermolysis bullosa may occur due to homozygous variants of the ITGB4 gene. Detection of more variants in this gene may help to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation and may suggest the ITGB4 gene in patients who have pyloric atresia without epidermolysis bullosa.

Social media use and social capital: Social media usage habits and perceptions of school administrators.

Social media allows people to spend time together online and interact and connect. The relationship between well-being and social media usage is being studied more and more because it affects many areas and is discussed from different aspects. In this study, a complete count was made, and an online questionnaire was applied to all 1282 school administrators working at Antalya Provincial National Education public schools. Results reveal how the social media usage habits and social media perceptions of school administrators are, and accordingly how social media may help fertilize their social capital and establishing a healthy work environment. In light of the findings, social media usage habits are gathered under four dimensions: research/information, entertainment, recognition, and development. These gratified needs are the key elements of building one's social capital.

Evaluation of Liver and Spleen With Shear Wave Elastography in Adult Patients With Familial Mediterranean Fever.

ABSTRACT: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory disease and an important health problem in countries bordering the eastern Mediterranean, including Turkey. In this study, we aimed to evaluate possible tissue stiffness changes that may develop in the liver and spleen in adult FMF patients with shear wave elastography (SWE), and its usability as an auxiliary imaging method that will be able to provide additional advantage in clinical follow-up. Seventy-five adult FMF patients and 73 adult volunteer were included in the study. Examination was performed through an intercostal space where the liver and spleen were clearly visible. The parenchymal stiffness degrees of the liver and spleen were quantified by shear modulus values in kilopascals. Differences in stiffness values of the liver and spleen between the 2 groups were examined. Liver stiffness value (LSV) was found to be statistically significantly higher in the FMF group. Although the spleen stiffness value (SSV) was found higher in the FMF group, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Increased LSVs in patients with FMF can be quantitatively demonstrated by the 2-dimensional SWE method, and SWE may be useful as an auxiliary imaging method in the follow-up of patients with FMF for this purpose. The LSV and SSV obtained in this study may be useful as reference stiffness values for both healthy individuals and those with FMF.

Diagnostic Efficacy of Renal 2-D Shear Wave Elastography in Familial Mediterranean Fever Disease.

ABSTRACT: The aims of this study were to evaluate the kidneys of patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) noninvasively and quantitatively using 2-D shear wave elastography (SWE) and to reveal the diagnostic efficacy of SWE in FMF-induced renal involvement. Healthy controls, FMF patients, and FMF patients with proteinuria were included in the study, and differences in renal stiffness values between the groups were examined. In addition, a relationship between age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, glomerular filtration rate, and renal stiffness values was evaluated. A total of 120 subjects, including 60 controls, 41 FMF patients without proteinuria, and 19 FMF patients with proteinuria, were enrolled in the study. Renal stiffness values were found to be significantly higher in the group with FMF compared with the control group. In addition, the values in the proteinuria group were higher than both the control group and FMF patients without proteinuria ( P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between the renal stiffness value and C-reactive protein. According to receiver operating characteristic analysis, the mean renal stiffness value was 7.905 kPa or greater to determine FMF-induced proteinuria. The current study shows that renal stiffness values were higher in FMF patients compared with the normal population and the values showed further increase in the presence of proteinuria, which indicates a more advanced stage of renal involvement of the disease. These findings reveal that SWE can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic tool in the diagnosis, follow-up, and evaluating the severity of FMF.

An investigation of internalized stigma and recovery levels of patients registered in a Community Mental Health Center.

AIM: This study was carried out to investigate the internalized stigma and recovery levels of patients registered in a Community Mental Health Center (CMHC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This descriptive study was completed with 230 psychiatric patients to a registered Community Mental Health Center is located in Turkey. Data were collected using a sociodemographic characteristics' form, the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), and the Maryland Assessment of Recovery in Serious Mental Illness (MARS). RESULTS: A statistically significant negative relationship was found between total ISMI and MARS scores (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The internalized stigma and recovery levels of individuals diagnosed with mental illness registered at the CMHC were found to be normal.

Liver Abscess in a Cyanotic Newborn.

Umbilical venous catheterisation is a common bedside procedure in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Complications including thrombus formation, thromboembolism, vessel perforation, haemorrhage, and central line-associated bloodstream infection can be seen after the procedure. Pyogenic liver abscess is a rare but life-threatening complication of umbilical venous catheterisation. A male infant with cyanotic congenital heart disease was admitted to NICU. An umbilical venous catheter (UVC) was inserted. Abdominal X-ray showed an improperly positioned UVC, it was removed and replaced with a newer one. On the seventh day, the infant had abdominal distension and his clinical condition deteriorated. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) revealed a hepatic abscess. US-guided percutaneous abscess drainage was performed. Empiric antibiotic treatment was initiated and culture revealed Staphylococcus. The patient was followed by serial US and the lesion was completely resolved after three weeks. In conclusion, clinical worsening associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in a cyanotic infant with UVC should raise suspicion for liver abscess. Key Words: Neonate, Hepatic abscess, Umbilical venous catheter, Cyanotic heart disease.

The effectiveness of topical 1% lidocaine with systemic oral analgesics for ear pain with acute otitis media.

BACKGROUND: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common childhood infections. Ear pain, the main symptom of AOM, results in parents frequently seeking medical assistance for their children. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of topical 1% lidocaine ear drops administered with oral analgesics with that of oral analgesics alone. METHODS: This multicenter randomized, open-labeled study was conducted at 15 centers with 184 pediatric AOM patients with bilateral ear pain (aged 1-5 years) between May 1, 2016, and June 31, 2018. All patients received oral paracetamol or ibuprofen and topical 1% lidocaine, which was administered to each ear according to the randomization list. The ear pain score was evaluated within 48 h using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale, and the patients were followed up for 10 days. RESULTS: The median age was 31.8 months (min-max, 12-84.2 months). Of those patients enrolled, 22.3% received paracetamol, and 24.5% received paracetamol with lidocaine ear drops; 23.4% received ibuprofen, and 29.9% received ibuprofen with lidocaine ear drops. Lower pain scores were significantly measured at baseline and 10th minutes by a reduction 25% (RR 13.64, 95% CI 4.47-41.63, p = 0.001, RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.06-0.35, p = 0.001) and 50% (RR 4.76, 95% CI 1.63-13.87, p = 0.004, RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.05-0.4, p = 0.001) in the paracetamol and lidocaine versus paracetamol groups and the ibuprofen and lidocaine versus ibuprofen groups, respectively. No serious side effects were evident during follow-up. CONCLUSION: This randomized study suggests that topical 1% lidocaine ear drops with paracetamol or ibuprofen seems to provide effective and rapid relief for children presenting with ear pain attributed to AOM.

Neonatal Problems and Infancy Growth of Term SGA Infants: Does "SGA" Definition Need to Be Re-evaluated?

Introduction: The exact definition of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant is still controversial among clinicians. In this study, we aimed to understand which definition is better in terms of establishing both early postnatal problems and growth. In this way, we compared early neonatal problems and infancy growth of term infants with birth weight (BW) < -2 SDS and with BW between 10th percentile (-1.28 SDS) and -2 SDS. Methods: A single center retrospective cohort study was conducted. Preterm infants, multiple gestations and newborns with any congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. Study group was defined as Group 1 (n = 37), infants BW < -2.00 SDS; Group 2 (n = 129), between -1.28 and -2.00 SDS; and Group 3 (n = 137), randomly selected newborns with optimal-for-gestational-age (BW between -0.67 and +0.67 SDS) as a control group. Results: The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was highest in Group 1 (%10.8) and Group 2 and 3 had similar rates of severe hypoglycemia (0.8 and 0.7%, respectively). The incidence of polycythemia was 5.4% in Group 1 and was significantly higher than Group 3 (0.0%) while it was 2.3% in Group 2. Short stature (length < -2 SDS) ratio at the age of 1 and 2 years were similar in each group. Overweight/obesity ratio at the age of 1 were 9.5, 20.8 and 16.7% in each group, respectively (p = 0.509). Conclusion: This study was planned as a pilot study to determine potential differences in the problems of hypoglycemia, polycythemia, and growth according to the differences in definition. Short term disturbances such as hypoglycemia and polycythemia are found to be higher in infants with a BW SDS below -2. From this point of view, of course, it will not be possible to change the routine applications immediately, however this study will be an initiative for discussions by making long-term studies.