Diagnosis of nutritional status, dyslipidemia and associated risk factors in indigenous Yaqui schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a global problem that affects schoolchildren and can increase the risk of diseases in adulthood. Adult members of the Yaqui Indigenous group have been shown to have serious health problems, and Yaqui schoolchildren could therefore find themselves in a similar situation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status, lipid profile and associated factors in a sample of Yaqui schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 109 Yaqui schoolchildren who lived in their localities of origin were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were carried out, a venous blood sample was extracted in fasting conditions, and several questionnaires were applied. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 38.5%, with no cases of chronic malnutrition being recorded; 38.6% of the children had dyslipidemia. Fiber consumption was a protective factor against overweight/obesity, while fat intake was a risk factor. The physical activity score was found to be a protective factor against dyslipidemia, and the risk factors were BMI-for-age Z-scores, waist circumference, family history of dyslipidemia, educational level, and permanent employment. CONCLUSIONS: Yaqui schoolchildren equally suffer from a high proportion of overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia. The associated factors may be useful for the design of contextualized interventions for this population.

ANTECEDENTES: La malnutrición es un problema mundial que afecta a niños escolares, capaz de incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades en la edad adulta. Adultos yaquis han presentado graves problemas de salud, por lo que los escolares podrían encontrarse en una situación similar. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el estado nutricional, el perfil lipídico y los factores asociados en una muestra de escolares yaquis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 109 escolares habitantes de los pueblos originarios, en quienes se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, se extrajo una muestra de sangre venosa en condición de ayuno y se aplicaron cuestionarios. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad fue de 38.5 %, sin que se registraran casos de desnutrición crónica; 38.6 % de los escolares presentó dislipidemia. El consumo de fibra resultó ser un factor protector contra sobrepeso/obesidad y el consumo de grasa constituyó un factor de riesgo. La puntuación de actividad física resultó ser un factor protector contra dislipidemia y los factores de riesgo fueron puntuaciones Z del índice de masa corporal/edad, circunferencia de cintura, historia familiar de dislipidemias, nivel educativo y empleo permanente. CONCLUSIONES: Los escolares yaquis padecen por igual alta proporción de sobrepeso/obesidad y dislipidemia. Los factores asociados pueden resultar útiles para el diseño de intervenciones contextualizadas para esta población.

Greater male variability in daily energy expenditure develops through puberty.

There is considerably greater variation in metabolic rates between men than between women, in terms of basal, activity and total (daily) energy expenditure (EE). One possible explanation is that EE is associated with male sexual characteristics (which are known to vary more than other traits) such as musculature and athletic capacity. Such traits might be predicted to be most prominent during periods of adolescence and young adulthood, when sexual behaviour develops and peaks. We tested this hypothesis on a large dataset by comparing the amount of male variation and female variation in total EE, activity EE and basal EE, at different life stages, along with several morphological traits: height, fat free mass and fat mass. Total EE, and to some degree also activity EE, exhibit considerable greater male variation (GMV) in young adults, and then a decreasing GMV in progressively older individuals. Arguably, basal EE, and also morphometrics, do not exhibit this pattern. These findings suggest that single male sexual characteristics may not exhibit peak GMV in young adulthood, however total and perhaps also activity EE, associated with many morphological and physiological traits combined, do exhibit GMV most prominently during the reproductive life stages.

Determination of Fat-Free Mass Density and its Components in Older Hispanic Adults by In Vivo Methods.

The densitometry method estimates body composition based on cadaver reference values, mainly the fat-free mass density value of 1.100 g/cm3. However, several changes in fat-free mass components by aging, ethnicity, and excess adiposity could influence their density and affect body composition estimations. The present study aimed to compare the mean fat-free mass component values in older Hispanic adults to cadaver reference values. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 420 subjects aged ≥60 yr from northern Mexico. Fat-free mass was determined by the four-compartment model using air displacement plethysmography, the deuterium dilution technique, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body density, aqueous and mineral fractions of body weight, respectively. A 1-sample t test was used to compare the fat-free mass density and aqueous, mineral, and residue fractions of fat-free mass from subjects in the study to the assumed cadaver reference values. The mean fat-free mass density value for the total sample of older Hispanic adults (1.096 ± 0.011 g/cm3) was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than the assumed value of 1.100 g/cm3, except in obese older men. The mean aqueous fraction of fat-free mass (74.8 ± 3.3%) was higher than the assumed value of 73.8%, and the mean residue fraction of fat-free mass value was lower (18.3 ± 3.4%) than the reference value of 19.4%. Indeed, only the mean mineral fraction of fat-free mass value (6.8 ± 0.8%) was similar to the reference value. In the total sample, all characteristic mean fat-free mass values in these older Hispanic adults differed from cadaver reference values, except the mineral fraction of fat-free mass value.

Prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity and factors associated with BMI in indigenous yaqui people: a probabilistic cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: The Yaquis are an Indigenous group who inhabit in the state of Sonora in northwestern Mexico. This group has experienced changes in their lifestyle, moving from a traditional lifestyle to a more modern one, resulting in an increase of obesity and its comorbidities. However, few studies have been done in this group. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity and to identify the factors associated with body mass index (BMI) in a representative sample of Indigenous Yaqui people from Sonora, Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey with multistage sampling was conducted among adults (N = 351) with residence in Yaqui traditional villages (Vícam, Pótam, Loma de Guamúchil, Loma de Bácum, Tórim, Ráhum, Huiribis or Belem). Anthropometric measurements were taken to diagnose overweight, obesity and central obesity. Food frequency and physical activity (PA) questionnaires designed for the Yaqui population were applied, as well as sociodemographic and clinical history questionnaires. The factors associated with BMI were assessed using multiple linear regression considering the complex design of the sampling. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in the population were 36.5%, 35.0% and 76.0%, respectively. Having higher values of the modernization index (ß = 0.20, p = 0.049) was associated with a higher BMI, while having a higher consumption of a "prudent" dietary pattern (traditional dishes, fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy) (ß = -0.58, p = 0.009) and performing a greater number of hours per week of vigorous PA (ß = -0.14, p = 0.017) were associated with a lower BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of the studied abnormalities is high. The evidence presented in this study suggests that interventions are needed and more research is required to determine the appropriate components of such interventions, in order to meet the needs of the Yaqui people.

Association Between Interleukin 6 and C-Reactive Protein Serum Levels and Body Composition Compartments and Components in Breast Cancer Survivors.

Obesity is highly prevalent in breast cancer (BC) survivors. Adipose tissue promotes inflammation, affecting recurrence, morbidity, and quality of life. This study aimed to determine the relationship of body composition parameters with the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in female BC survivors. Additionally, we evaluated the association of log-transformed serum concentrations of CRP and IL-6 with the appendicular skeletal lean mass index (ASMI). The results showed that CRP was positively associated with body fat percentage (BFP; ß adjusted = .08, 95% CI: .02-.14) in all participants, and with fat mass index (FMI; ß = .24, 95% CI: .08-.40) only in premenopausal women. IL-6 was positively associated with FMI (ß adjusted = .16, 95% CI: .03-.29), while ASMI decreased as CRP levels increased (ß adjusted = -.30, 95% CI: -.53 to -.06). Interventions to improve body composition in BC survivors should also consider the role of inflammatory markers in changes in body composition to avoid sarcopenic obesity (SO) and the risk of BC recurrence.

Association between the risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia at 4.2 years of follow-up in community-dwelling older adults.

Introduction: Currently, there is only scarce evidence of a causal association between risk of malnutrition (RM) by the mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) and the incidence of sarcopenia. This study was designed to assess such an association at 4.2 years of follow-up in community-dwelling subjects over 60 years old. Methods: The data used were from the FraDySMex cohort study. The exposition variables were RM diagnosed by the long forma of the MNA (MNA-LF) and short form (MNA-SF). The last one included the body mass index and calf circumference at baseline, while sarcopenia was diagnosed by the EWGSOP2 at follow-up and taken as the response variable. Several covariates involved in the association were also considered. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association. Results: At baseline, 27.0 and 37.9% of subjects had RM by the MNA-LF and MNA-SF, respectively. The incidence of sarcopenia was 13.7%. The fat mass variable significantly modified the association, so it was tested in each stratum. Two independent models showed that subjects with RM by the MNA-LF in the normal fat mass stratum were at a higher risk for developing sarcopenia at follow-up than those without RM (OR 9.28; IC 95% 1.57-54.76) after adjusting for age, sex, and waist circumference. No association was found for the excess fat mass stratum subjects. Subjects with RM by the MNA-SF in the excess fat mass stratum were more likely to develop sarcopenia at follow-up than those without RM by the MNA-SF (OR 3.67; IC 95% 1.29-10.43). This association was not found in the subjects in the normal fat mass stratum. Conclusion: The association was dependent on the variable fat mass. The two forms of the MNA should not be applied indistinctly with older adults. Based on these results, it is clear that the risk of malnutrition precedes the onset of sarcopenia.

Incidence of the Risk of Malnutrition and Excess Fat Mass, and Gait Speed as Independent Associated Factors in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Only one cohort study exists on the incidence of the risk of malnutrition (RM) in older adults, though numerous cross-sectional reports, identified several risk factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of this condition. However, alterations in body composition and impaired physical performance as exposition variables of RM have not been explored. This study assessed the incidence of RM and determined its association with excess fat mass, low total lean tissue, gait speed, and handgrip strength as exposition variables for RM in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of older adults (≥60 years) derived from the study "Frailty, dynapenia, and sarcopenia in Mexican adults (FraDySMex)", a prospective cohort project conducted from 2014 to 2019 in Mexico City. At baseline, volunteers underwent body composition analysis and physical performance tests. Several covariates were identified through comprehensive geriatric assessment. At baseline and follow-up, RM was assessed using the long form of the mini nutritional assessment (MNA-LF) scale. Associations between the exposition variables and RM were assessed by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The cohort included 241 subjects. The average age was 75.6 ± 7.8 years, and 83.4% were women. The mean follow-up period was 4.1 years, during which 28.6% of subjects developed RM. This condition was less likely to occur in those with an excess fat mass, even after adjusting for several covariates. Regarding total lean tissue, the unadjusted model showed that RM was more likely to occur in men and women with a low TLT by the TLTI classification, compared to the normal group. However, after adjusting for several covariates (models 1 and 2), the association lost significance. Results on the association between gait speed and RM showed that this condition was also more likely to occur in subjects with low gait speed, according to both the unadjusted and adjusted models. Similar results were found for RM in relation to low handgrip strength; however, after adjusting for the associated covariates, models 1 and 2 no longer reached the level of significance. CONCLUSIONS: RM diagnosed by MNA-LF was significantly less likely to occur among subjects with excess fat mass, and a significant association emerged between low gait speed and RM after 4.1 years of follow-up in these community-dwelling older adults. These results confirm the association between some alterations of body composition and impaired physical performance with the risk of malnutrition and highlight that excess fat mass and low gait speed precede the risk of malnutrition, not vice versa.

Effectiveness of a Lifestyle Change Program on Insulin Resistance in Yaquis Indigenous Populations in Sonora, Mexico: PREVISY.

To evaluate the effectiveness of the healthy lifestyle promotion program for Yaquis (PREVISY) on insulin resistance in the short- and medium-term periods in adults who are overweight/obese and have an increased risk for diabetes. Using a translational research design, an intervention program was implemented in a sample of 93 Yaqui adult subjects. The effectiveness of PREVISY was evaluated by comparing the levels of Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and the Triglycerides-Glucose Index (TyG index) at 6 and 12 months using a paired t-test. Results: In the subjects who completed the program, a decrease in the HOMA-IR index (∆ = -0.91 and ∆ = -1.29, p ≤ 0.05) and the TyG index (∆ = -0.24 y ∆ = -0.20, p ≤ 0.05) was observed in the short- and medium-term period, respectively. Subjects with body weight loss ≥ 10% showed decreased levels of HOMA-IR (∆ = -3.32 and ∆ = -4.89, p ≤ 0.05) and the TyG index (∆ = -0.80 and ∆ = -0.60, p ≤ 0.05) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. A stronger benefit of the program was found in subjects with obesity (vs. overweight) and with high and very high risk of diabetes (vs. moderate risk) in IR markers (p ≤ 0.05). The PREVISY program demonstrated its effectiveness in the improvement of some markers of insulin resistance in Yaqui adults at risk of diabetes.

Predictive equations for fat mass in older Hispanic adults with excess adiposity using the 4-compartment model as a reference method.

BACKGROUND: Predictive equations are the best option for assessing fat mass in clinical practice due to their low cost and practicality. However, several factors, such as age, excess adiposity, and ethnicity can compromise the accuracy of the equations reported to date in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate two predictive equations for estimating fat mass: one based exclusively on anthropometric variables, the other combining anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance variables using the 4C model as the reference method. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that included 386 Hispanic subjects aged ≥60 with excess adiposity. Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured by the 4C model as predictive variables. Age, sex, and certain anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance data were considered as potential predictor variables. To develop and to validate the equations, the multiple linear regression analysis, and cross-validation protocol were applied. RESULTS: Equation 1 included weight, sex, and BMI as predictor variables, while equation 2 considered sex, weight, height squared/resistance, and resistance as predictor variables. R2 and RMSE values were ≥0.79 and ≤3.45, respectively, in both equations. The differences in estimates of fat mass by equations 1 and 2 were 0.34 kg and -0.25 kg, respectively, compared to the 4C model. This bias was not significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The new predictive equations are reliable for estimating body composition and are interchangeable with the 4C model. Thus, they can be used in epidemiological and clinical studies, as well as in clinical practice, to estimate body composition in older Hispanic adults with excess adiposity.

External validation of BIA equations to estimate appendicular skeletal muscle mass in older adults: Importance of the bias analysis and derivation of correction factors to achieve agreement.

There are several equations based on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate with high precision appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). However, most of the external validation studies have reported that these equations are inaccurate or biased when applied to different populations. Furthermore, none of the published studies has derived correction factors (CFs) in samples of community-dwelling older adults, and none of the published studies have assessed the influence of the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) model on the validation process. This study assessed the agreement between six BIA equations and DXA to estimate ASM in non-Caucasian older adults considering the DXA model and proposed a CF for three of them. This analysis included 547 non-institutionalized subjects over 60 years old from the northwest of Mexico who were physically independent and without cognitive impairment: 192 subjects were measured using DXA Hologic, while 355 were measured by DXA Lunar. The agreement between each of the equations and DXA was tested considering the DXA model used as a reference method for the design of each equation, using the Bland and Altman procedure, a paired t test, and simple linear regression as objective tests. This process was supported by the differences reported in the literature and confirmed in a subsample of 70 subjects measured with both models. Only six published BIA equations were included. The results showed that four equations overestimated ASMDXA, and two underestimated it (p < 0.001, 95% CI for Kim's equation:-5.86--5.45, Toselli's:-0.51--0.15, Kyle's: 1.43-1.84, Rangel-Peniche's: 0.32-0.74, Sergi's: 0.83-1.23, and Yoshida's: 4.16-4.63 kg). However, Toselli's, Kyle's and Rangel-Peniche's equations were the only ones that complied with having a homogeneous bias. This finding allowed the derivation of CFs, which consisted of subtracting or adding the mean of the differences from the original equation. After estimating ASM applying the respective CF, the new ASM estimations showed no significant bias and its distribution remained homogeneously distributed. Therefore, agreement with DXA in the sample of non-Caucasian was achieved. Adding valid CFs to some BIA equations allowed to reduce the bias of some equations, making them valid to estimate the mean values of ASM at group level.

A new doubly labelled water anthropometry-based equation for prediction of total daily energy expenditure in older people from low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: For community-living older people, the ability to estimate total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) with validated predictive equations based on anthropometry is limited. To our knowledge no studies exist for non-Caucasian populations OBJECTIVE: To design and validate an anthropometry-based equation to estimate TDEE using doubly-labelled water (DLW) as the criterion measure, and to assess the performance of three other published equations in community-living older people from rural and urban areas of Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Senegal, Cuba, and Mexico METHODS: This cross-sectional study measured anthropometry and TDEE using DLW in 69 men and 43 women aged 60-89 years. TDEE was also estimated with an anthropometry-based equation derived from the sub-sample of Mexico (n = 38) and with three other published equations. Predictive accuracy of the equations was tested by an external validation procedure RESULTS: TDEE by DLW in the six country sample was 2411 ± 41 kcal/day (mean ± SE) in men and 1939 ± 51 kcal/day in women. The best new Mexican equation was TDEE, kcal/d = [223.4 + (27.9 × weight, kg) + (239.7 × sex)]; where sex: Man = 1 and Woman = 0; having high precision; R2 = 0.89, lowest RMSE = 149.2, and Cp value of 2.0. This new Mexican equation estimated TDEE accurately in the five country sample and at country level after correction for Guatemalan older men, while the published equations performed poorly CONCLUSIONS: The Mexican equation performed better that other published equations and is recommended to accurately estimate energy requirements for community-living older people in five Latin American and one African country.

An individualized food-based nutrition intervention reduces visceral and total body fat while preserving skeletal muscle mass in breast cancer patients under antineoplastic treatment.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Breast cancer patients (BCP) during treatment often experience an increase in body weight and fat mass, and a decrease in muscle mass known as sarcopenic obesity, affecting their prognosis and quality of life. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a 6-month individualized food-based nutrition intervention program in nonmetastatic BCP body composition during treatment. METHODS: This is a pre-post study in recently diagnosed women with invasive ductal/lobular breast carcinoma (clinical stage I-III). The individualized nutrition intervention was based on the dynamic macronutrient meal equivalent menu method (MEM). Dietary plans were developed according to WCRF/AICR guidelines, BCP total energy expenditure, 1.2-1.5 g/kgBW/d of protein intake, 5-9 servings/day of fruits and vegetables, and a caloric restriction (500-1000 kcal/d) when applicable (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Follow-up was every 2-weeks and a different diet menu was provided in each session during 6 months. Baseline and final measurements included the assessment of anthropometry, body composition, and physical activity. RESULTS: Twenty-two participants completed the study and at diagnosis 68% were overweighed or obese. After the 6-month nutrition intervention program, BCP lost 3.1 kg (p < 0.01) of body weight, 2.7 kg (p < 0.01) of fat-mass, 400 g (p < 0.01) of abdominal fat, 118 g (p < 0.05) of visceral fat, 1.2 kg/m2 of body mass index and 1.1 kg/m2 of fat mass index (p < 0.01). During the period, no changes were observed in bone mineral density (p = 0.3), fat-free mass (p = 0.1) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.2). Menopausal status in BCP did not modify the effect of the nutrition intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The individualized food-based nutrition intervention program empowered BCP to make informed healthy food choices within their personal preferences, socioeconomic and cultural background. With this type of intervention, nonmetastatic BCP reduced body weight, fat-mass, fat mass index, visceral and abdominal fat, while preserving skeletal muscle mass, during antineoplastic treatment. ClinicalTrials.govNCT03625635.

Agreement between laboratory methods and the 4-compartment model in assessing fat mass in obese older Hispanic-American adults.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Densitometry (Siri's and Brozek's equations), hydrometry (by the deuterium dilution technique), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are three methods for estimating body composition. However, because they are all based on certain assumptions, they may not be applicable to aged and obese subjects due to changes in their body composition. Hence, the validity of these "laboratory methods" could be affected in obese older people. The main aim was to assess the agreement between densitometry, hydrometry, and DXA with the 4-compartment (4C) model to estimate fat mass (FM) in obese older Hispanic-American adults. As secondary goals, we explored whether the bias in densitometry and hydrometry results could be improved by modifying the assumptions regarding fat-free mass (FFM) density and hydration factor (HF) values, respectively. In the case of DXA, we explored the factors that contribute to bias. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study based on a sample of 171 obese subjects aged ≥60 years from 3 regions of northern Mexico. Body composition was assessed by the 4C model as the reference method and by all three laboratory methods. Agreement of the latter with the 4C model was probed by Bland and Altman analysis, a paired sample t-test, and simple linear regression analyses. In addition, the mean FFM density estimated in this sample, and HF values (published previously) of 0.737 and 0.753 for obese older Hispanic-American men and women, respectively, were considered as ethnic- and gender-specific values. These values were used to modify the densitometric and hydrometric equations in order to improve their bias. Finally, we tested whether the hydration status and indirect markers of adiposity are contributing factors to the bias of DXA using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Siri's equation overestimated FM by 0.57 kg (p < 0.01), while Brozek's equation, hydrometry, and DXA underestimated it by 1.24 kg, 0.89 kg, and 0.79 kg (p < 0.01), respectively, compared to the 4C model. The bias in the densitometry and hydrometry results was eliminated by substituting the ethnic- and gender-specific values into the equations. Finally, we found that hip circumference contributes to the bias in DXA. CONCLUSION: The densitometry, hydrometry, and DXA methods are not interchangeable with the 4C model for assessing fat mass in obese, older Hispanic-American adults. The lack of agreement could indicate that the assumptions of each method do not apply to this population.

[Estimation of body fat by DXA and the four compartment model in Mexican youth]. / Estimación de la masa grasa por DXA y el modelo de cuatro compartimentos en púiberes mexicanos de 9 a 14 años.

The objective of this study was to validate the estimation of body fat (%BF) by DXA (Dual-Energy X-Ray AbsorciomDPX-MD) against the four compartment model (4C) of body composition in 32 Mexican pubertal girls and boys (aged 9-14 y; F=16). The mean of the difference between DXA and 4C model was -3.5 %BF (p=0.171). The limits of agreement (95% = 2 SD) were +5% to -12%BF. The precision of estimated limits of y the confidence intervals were -1.9% to -5.1%BF (P = 0.050). The concordance correlation coefficient was p = 0.85. The test of accuracy for coincidence of slop intercepts between DXA and the 4C model showed no coincidence (p < 0.05). The precision by R2 explained 83% of the variance (SEE, 4.1%). The individual accuracy assess by the total error was 5.6%. The group mean accuracy by two way analysis of variance of body fat did not show interaction between method (DXA-4C model) and separate analysis of gender and overweight. However, there was an effect of method (p = 0.043) in the presence of overweight (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the estimation of percent of body fat by DXA was not precise and accurate in a group of Mexican children. However, results do not limit the utility of DXA for the measurements of body composition and its relation with health outcomes, especially in follow up studies.

Sarcopenia: Influence of Regional Skeletal Muscle Cutoff Points and Fat-Free Mass in Older Mexican People-A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia is related to the skeletal muscle index cutoff points applied. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the recruitment process for testing different sarcopenia definitions (ASMI cutoffs) in older Mexican adults. It explored whether the prevalence of sarcopenia decreased by applying ethnic- and gender-specific, DXA-derived appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI)-cutoff points in the definitions, as well as some associated factors in a sample of community-dwelling older Mexican people. METHODS: This is a pilot feasibility study that included a convenience sample of 217 community-dwelling older adults. Volunteers underwent DXA measurements and an assessment of functional status based on hand grip strength and physical performance. Six definitions were formed based on the 2010 EWGSOP criteria, but using different cutoff points for each of the three components, including regional cutoff points for ASMI derived from young Mexican adults. Several risk factors for sarcopenia were also assessed. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia varied according to the different definitions applied. The lowest level was found with the definition that applied regional ASMI-cutoff points (p < 0.01). The sarcopenic older adults had significant lower body weight, fat mass, and fat-free mass (FFM) than the nonsarcopenic subjects. The risk of sarcopenia increased with age and low FFM (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the feasibility of the main study, and our data support the notion that using regional ASMI cutoff points resulted in a low prevalence of sarcopenia. Therefore, it is preferable to estimate the prevalence of this condition using ethnic- and gender-specific cutoff points and to explore associated factors such as low FFM.

Effectiveness of the Healthy Lifestyle Promotion Program for Yaquis with Obesity and Risk of Diabetes in the Short and Medium Term: A Translational Study.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a public health problem worldwide, and the main risk factor for its development is obesity. The Yaqui ethnic group of Sonora has serious obesity problems, resulting in an increased risk of T2D in its inhabitants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a health promotion program on obesity parameters and cardiovascular risk factors in short- (6 months) and medium-term periods (12 months) in indigenous Yaquis of Sonora. The design is a translational clinical study of a single cohort with prepost intervention measurements in a sample of 93 subjects. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated by comparing obesity parameters, metabolic markers, and physical activity 6 and 12 months with those measured under basal conditions using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The short-term retention percentage was 58.0%. There was a decrease in body weight (Δ = -3.9 kg, p ≤ 0.05) and other obesity parameters, and an increase in physical activity and improvements in metabolic markers (p ≤ 0.05) was observed. Similar findings were obtained for the medium-term period; body weight loss was also -3.9 kg (p ≤ 0.05). The short and medium-term results of the program showed improvements in the obesity parameters and other cardiovascular risk factors of the participants. These results support the effectiveness of the program and its translation in this ethnic group.

Four-compartment model and validation of deuterium dilution technique to estimate fat-free mass in Mexican youth.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the measurement of fat-free mass (FFM) with the deuterium oxide (D(2)O) dilution technique (2C) against the four-compartment (4C) model in Mexican children. METHODS: This was designed as a cross-sectional, non-probabilistic study. Sixty subjects (30 male and 30 female) 6-14 y of age were recruited and completed the study during 5 mo. Total body water was measured using the D(2)O dilution technique and FFM was calculated using Fomon's (6-10 y) and Lohman's (11-14 y) hydration constants. Body composition using the 4C model was calculated with Lohman's equation. RESULTS: Group mean accuracy showed no differences in FFM determined by D(2)O dilution and the 4C model (1.24 kg, P > 0.4), by gender (2.1 kg, P > 0.2), or by method-by-gender interaction (P > 0.7). FFMs were 26.9 and 25.7 kg by the 4C and 2C models, respectively. The test for coincidence of slopes and intercepts between the 2C and 4C models and the line of identity were not different (P > 0.05). Precision by R(2) explained 98% of the variance (standard error of the estimate 1.2 kg). Bias for the difference in FFM was not significant (-1.27, 95% confidence interval -1.5 to -0.9) and no association between the mean of the differences and the magnitude of the measurements was found (P > 0.05). Mean bias was -1.27 kg for FFM (P > 0.05), and limits of agreement were -3.1 to 0.8 kg. CONCLUSION: The D(2)O dilution technique used with these hydration constants was accurate, precise, and free of bias in Mexican children and adolescents compared with the 4C model.

The fat mass index, not the fat-free mass index, is associated with impaired physical performance in older adult subjects: Evidence from a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Impaired physical performance (IPP) and physical disability (PD) are two serious public health problems in older adult populations worldwide. While studies show that changes in body composition are important risk factors for developing these conditions, there is little evidence that the fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) indices (FFMI and FMI, respectively) are associated with IPP in older men and women. This study assessed the association among FFMI, FMI, and IPP using Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) in Mexican men and women aged over 60 years. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 217 older people (men 34.6%, women 65.4%; 60-92 years). FFM and FM were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry, assuming a two-compartment model. FFM and FM were adjusted by height squared and the indices were obtained. After assessment of physical performance by SPPB, subjects with scores ≤6 were classified as having IPP. Associations were tested by multiple logistic regression analysis in separated models. RESULTS: IPP prevalence was 14.3%. Women were affected more than men. Regression analysis showed no significant association between FFMI and IPP, but FMI was strongly-associated, as for each unit increase in FMI, the risk of IPP rose significantly (OR: 1.14), and this result remained significant after adjusting for age, comorbidity, polypharmacy, and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (OR: 1.23; p ≤ 0.001). These results emphasize the importance of preventing increases in FM and avoiding overweight and obesity in older men and women.

High Hydration Factor in Older Hispanic-American Adults: Possible Implications for Accurate Body Composition Estimates.

Age- and obesity-related body composition changes could influence the hydration factor (HF) and, as a result, body composition estimates derived from hydrometry. The aim of the present study was to compare the HF in older Hispanic-American adults to some published values. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 412 subjects, men and women, aged ≥60 years from northern Mexico. HF values were calculated based on the ratio of total body water-using the deuterium dilution technique-to fat-free mass, derived from the four-compartment model. The mean HF value for the total sample (0.748 ± 0.034) was statistically (p ≤ 0.01) higher than the traditionally assumed value of 0.732 derived from chemical analysis, the "grand mean'' value of 0.725 derived from in vivo methods, and the 0.734 value calculated for older French adults via the three-compartment model. The HF of the older women did not differ across the fat mass index categories, but in men the obese group was lower than the normal and excess fat groups. The hydration factor calculated for the total sample of older Hispanic-American people is higher than the HF values reported in the literature. Therefore, the indiscriminate use of these assumed values could produce inaccurate body composition estimates in older Hispanic-American people.

Diagnóstico del estado nutricional, dislipidemia y factores de riesgo asociados en escolares indígenas yaquis / Diagnosis of nutritional status, dyslipidemia and associated risk factors in indigenous Yaqui schoolchildren

Resumen Antecedentes: La malnutrición es un problema mundial que afecta a niños escolares, capaz de incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades en la edad adulta. Adultos yaquis han presentado graves problemas de salud, por lo que los escolares podrían encontrarse en una situación similar. Objetivo: Evaluar el estado nutricional, el perfil lipídico y los factores asociados en una muestra de escolares yaquis. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 109 escolares habitantes de los pueblos originarios, en quienes se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, se extrajo una muestra de sangre venosa en condición de ayuno y se aplicaron cuestionarios. Resultados: La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad fue de 38.5 %, sin que se registraran casos de desnutrición crónica; 38.6 % de los escolares presentó dislipidemia. El consumo de fibra resultó ser un factor protector contra sobrepeso/obesidad y el consumo de grasa constituyó un factor de riesgo. La puntuación de actividad física resultó ser un factor protector contra dislipidemia y los factores de riesgo fueron puntuaciones Z del índice de masa corporal/edad, circunferencia de cintura, historia familiar de dislipidemias, nivel educativo y empleo permanente. Conclusiones: Los escolares yaquis padecen por igual alta proporción de sobrepeso/obesidad y dislipidemia. Los factores asociados pueden resultar útiles para el diseño de intervenciones contextualizadas para esta población.

Abstract Background: Malnutrition is a global problem that affects schoolchildren and can increase the risk of diseases in adulthood. Adult members of the Yaqui Indigenous group have been shown to have serious health problems, and Yaqui schoolchildren could therefore find themselves in a similar situation. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status, lipid profile and associated factors in a sample of Yaqui schoolchildren. Material and methods: A total of 109 Yaqui schoolchildren who lived in their localities of origin were recruited. Anthropometric measurements were carried out, a venous blood sample was extracted in fasting conditions, and several questionnaires were applied. Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 38.5%, with no cases of chronic malnutrition being recorded; 38.6% of the children had dyslipidemia. Fiber consumption was a protective factor against overweight/obesity, while fat intake was a risk factor. The physical activity score was found to be a protective factor against dyslipidemia, and the risk factors were BMI-for-age Z-scores, waist circumference, family history of dyslipidemia, educational level, and permanent employment. Conclusions: Yaqui schoolchildren equally suffer from a high proportion of overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia. The associated factors may be useful for the design of contextualized interventions for this population.