SARS CoV 2 infection in chronic myelogenous leukemia: Severe hematological presentation.

Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the cause of coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19), has caused a pandemic. Few data are available about the risk of COVID-19 infection in persons with hematological cancer, but controversy whether these persons have the same clinical signs and outcomes. We describe a case of life-threatening COVID-19 infection complicated by severe anemia in patients affected also by chronic myelogenous leukemia. The screening for RBC antibodies and the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) turned positive. The identification of the antibodies, showed the presence of an alloantibody with anti-Lewis b specificity, which was reactive at room temperature, in the anti-human globulin phase (AGH) and with papain-treated red blood cells. At the same time hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), on the basis of major laboratory findings including hyperferritnemia, increase of triglicerides levels and according to the HLH score was suspected. Patients received antiviral therapy, steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. Hemolysis resolved and ferritin dramatically decreased after administration of Ig and a Afull recovery was achieved after viral infection resolution.This case highlights the novel and multifaceted hematological findings during sever COVID 19 infection. COVID 19-related pneumonia is mediated by hyper activation of effector T cells and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1, interferon-gamma, and TNF. This inflammatory process called "cytokine storm" is a life-threatening complication of COVID 19 infection. In this case severe immunohematological consequences are reported for the first time and recognition of this complications are probably underestimated.

Four doses of unpegylated versus one dose of pegylated filgrastim as supportive therapy in R-CHOP-14 for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

The primary objective of this prospective, randomized study was to compare the efficacy of a reduced regimen of only four doses of unpegylated filgrastim from day +8 to +11 per cycle with a standard once per cycle administration of pegylated filgrastim to maintain dose-intensity of R-CHOP-14 (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone given every 14 d) in previously untreated elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We included 51 patients (median age 66 years, range 60-76). Median dose intensity did not differ between the group of 24 patients receiving four doses of unpegylated filgrastim of each cycle (87·5%) and the group of 27 patients receiving pegylated filgrastim once per cycle on day 2 (89·4%) (P = 0·9). There was also no difference in the frequency of adverse events, such as episodes of neutropenic fever and unplanned hospitalizations. Patient characteristics that negatively influenced dose intensity were reduced performance status, advanced stage disease and poor-risk International Prognostic Index, with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥2 being the most significant factor. In conclusion, a limited support with 4 d of filgrastim appears to be equivalent to pegylated filgrastim administered once per cycle, and appears to be sufficient to maintain dose-intensity of the R-CHOP-14 regimen in elderly patients with DLBCL without risk factors.

Novel Targets and Advanced Therapies in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas.

Since the introduction of rituximab in the late 1990s, significant progress has been made in advancing targeted therapies for B cell lymphomas, improving patients' chance of being cured and clinicians' therapeutic armamentarium. A better understanding of disease biology and pathogenic pathways, coupled with refinements in immunophenotypic and molecular diagnostics, have been instrumental in these achievements. While traditional chemotherapy remains fundamental in most cases, concerns surrounding chemorefractoriness and cumulative toxicities, particularly the depletion of the hemopoietic reserve, underscore the imperative for personalized treatment approaches. Integrating targeted agents, notably monoclonal antibodies, alongside chemotherapy has yielded heightened response rates and prolonged survival. A notable paradigm shift is underway with innovative-targeted therapies replacing cytotoxic drugs, challenging conventional salvage strategies like stem cell transplantation. This review examines the landscape of emerging targets for lymphoma cells and explores innovative therapies for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). From Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T cells to more potent monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and small molecules targeting intracellular pathways, each modality offers promising avenues for therapeutic advancement. This review aims to furnish insights into their potential implications for the future of DLBCL treatment strategies.

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with hematologic diseases receiving tixagevimab/cilgavimab as pre-exposure prophylaxis in most recent Omicron sublineages era.

OBJECTIVES: Whether pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tixagevimab/cilgavimab 150 mg/150 mg (T/C) in individuals with hematologic disease (HD) may lead to a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection (BTI)/hospitalization, or death in the Omicron era remains to be established. METHODS: An observational study included participants with HD who received PrEP. BTIs were defined as SARS-CoV-2 positivity by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The incidence of BTIs (95% CI) and of BTIs/hospitalization/death was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and as the number of BTIs per 100 person-years of follow-up according to the circulating variant of concern (VoC). A Poisson regression model was used to evaluate the association between the rate of incidence and circulating VoCs after controlling for demographics and clinical factors. RESULTS: We included 550 HD patients: 71% initiated T/C PrEP when BA.5 was the most prevalent, followed by XBB/EG, BA.2, and BA.1 (19%, 7%, and 3%, respectively). Overall, the 1-year incidence estimate of BTIs/hospitalization/death was 24% (18.7-29.4%). A greater risk of incident infections was observed when BA.5 and XBB/EG sub-lineages circulated (aRR 5.05 [2.17, 11.77]; P < .001 and 3.82 [1.50, 9.7]; P = 0.005, compared to BA.1, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The 1-year incidence of SARS-CoV-2 BTIs/hospitalization/death was 24% which is in line with what was observed in other similar studies. The risk appeared to be higher when more recent Omicron sub-lineages were circulating suggesting a reduction of in vitro neutralization.

Enhancing lymphoma diagnosis on core needle biopsies: Integrating immunohistochemistry with flow cytometry.

Image-guided core needle biopsies (IG-CNB) represent a minimally invasive approach for obtaining tissue in patients with lymphadenopathy and suspected lymphoma. Despite their utility, diagnostic challenges persist, with lower efficacy compared with excisional biopsies. Our study aimed to evaluate the potential utility of incorporation of flow cytometry (FC) alongside immunohistochemistry (IHC) when performing IG-CNB for suspected lymphoproliferative diseases. Analyzing 170 consecutive cases, guided by ultrasound (n = 94) or computer tomography (n = 76), we employed a diagnostic algorithm, already established in our laboratory practice, utilizing three antibody cocktail-equipped tubes tailored for defining lymphomas, particularly those of B-cell origin. FC expedited the diagnostic process, yielding presumptive results in 87.6% of cases within 48 h, with a positive predictive value of 98%. Addition of FC to routine IHC enhanced the diagnostic rate from 91.2% to 95.3%, reducing IG-CNB failure rate by 45%, from 8.8% to 4.7%. This enhancement was particularly notable for deep-seated sites and in the setting of suspected disease recurrences. Consequently, FC emerges as a valuable adjunctive tool, allowing for the improvement of diagnostic performance, with a particular focus on the ability to quantify the expression of surface markers for targeted therapies, and holding the potential to diminish the necessity for repeat excisional biopsies subsequent to IG-CNB procedures.

Very long-lasting remission of refractory T-large granular lymphocytes leukemia and myeloma by lenalidomide treatment.

BACKGROUND: Large granular lymphocyte leukemias (LGLLs) represent a spectrum of biologically distinct lymphoproliferative diseases originating from either mature T cells (CD3+) or natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-). Both T-cell and NK-cell LGL leukemia can manifest as indolent or aggressive neoplasia. These rare lymphoproliferative disorders are often associated with autoimmune diseases and impaired hematopoiesis. Symptomatic patients are treated with immunosuppressive drugs. The co-association of T-LGLL with clonal B-cell disorders is reported in more than 10% of patients. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a 57-yr-old white male patient with no history of autoimmune disorders, with refractory T-LGLL and myeloma who was treated with bortezomib and subsequently with lenalidomide. After 30 months of on-going lenalidomide therapy, the patient is in partial remission from myeloma and in continuous complete hematological remission from T-LGLL. CONCLUSIONS: As far as we know, this is the first report of a patient with refractory T-LGLL treated with bortezomib and lenalidomide. As refractory T-LGLL is a challenging condition, we think that lenalidomide and bortezomib deserve further investigation.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Biopsy in the Diagnostic Work-Up of Deep-Seated Lymphadenopathies and Spleen Lesions: A Monocentric Experience.

EUS-FNB has been introduced in clinical practice as a less invasive diagnostic approach with respect to surgery. We performed a single-center retrospective study on the diagnostic efficacy of EUS-guided FNB, including 171 patients with lymph nodes, splenic, and extranodal lesions that underwent EUS for FNB at our institution. Excluding 12 patients who did not undergo FNB and 25 patients with a previous diagnosis of a solid tumor, we included 134 patients with clinical/radiological suspect of a lymphoproliferative disease, including 20 patients with a previous history of lymphoma. Out of the 134 biopsies, material of diagnostic quality was obtained in 111 procedures (84.3%). Histological examination of the EUS-FNB samples produced an actionable diagnosis in 100 cases (74.6%). Among the patients without an actionable diagnosis, a second, different diagnostic procedure produced a further eight diagnoses of lymphoma. Therefore, the sensitivity of EUS-FNB for diagnosing lymphomas was calculated to be 86.4% (51/59). Assignment of lymphomas to WHO classification subtypes was possible in 47/51 (92%) of the cases. In conclusion, EUS-FNB is an effective procedure for the histological characterization of lesions that are suspected to be lymphoproliferative disease, allowing for an actionable diagnosis in 75% of cases.

Multicolor flow cytometry on pericardial effusion for a prompt diagnosis and treatment of hematological malignancies with heart involvement.

Background: Malignancies represent 15-50% of total causes of pericardial effusions (PE). Routine analyses recommended to be performed on pericardial fluid include general chemistry, cytology, polymerase chain reaction, and microbiological cultures. Multicolor flow cytometry (FC) is a laboratory test that already proved to be useful in the detection of lymphoproliferative and metastatic malignancies in pleural and peritoneal effusions, but current guidelines do not mention its use on PE to reach a diagnosis. Methods: Our institutional protocol foresees to routinely perform a multicolor FC analysis on pericardial fluid samples obtained by pericardiocentesis, in addition to other guidelines-recommended analyses. A sample of 15-30 ml is analyzed using a lyse and wash staining method using combination panels of antibodies, allowing to detect specific cellular subpopulations, analyzing tens to hundreds of thousands of cells in few seconds. The present manuscript aims to report our single-center experience with this diagnostic tool in patients presenting with PE requiring pericardiocentesis. Results: Routine use of multicolor FC on pericardial fluid samples in our institution allowed to reach a definite diagnosis of cardiac lymphomas in two patients presenting with otherwise unexplained severe PE. This resulted in immediate start of combined immunotherapy, with patients' clinical improvement. At 6 months follow-up both patients are alive and presented a complete disease regression. Conclusion: Preliminary evidence from routine use of multicolor FC on PE support that this is a promising tool to reach a rapid diagnosis of hematological malignancies with heart involvement, leading to a prompt initiation of targeted therapies.

PD-L1 expression in peripheral blood granulocytes at diagnosis as prognostic factor in classical Hodgkin lymphoma.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a neoplastic disease in which the inflammatory microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis. Neutrophilia is a typical finding in HL at diagnosis and, in particular, in association with lymphocytopenia, is a negative prognostic factor. As the immune checkpoint Programmed Death (PD)-L1/PD-1 has become an important therapeutic target, we were interested in the expression of PD-L1 in peripheral blood (PB) leukocytes using flow cytometry and RT-PCR in patients with HL and healthy controls. Granulocytes were the major PB cell fraction expressing PD-L1. PD-L1 expression on granulocytes was higher in patients with HL than in controls and correlated with lower T-cell numbers in PB. We analyzed for associations between PD-L1 expression in PB granulocytes at the time of diagnosis with patient characteristics and outcome in 126 patients with HL treated with standard chemotherapy adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine. Increased PD-L1 expression in PB associated with advanced disease, systemic symptoms, positive interim positron emission tomography, and inferior progression-free survival (PFS). PFS at 4 years was 81% (95% C.I., 71-87%) in patients with normal PD-L1 expression and 56% (95% C.I., 35-72%) in patients with higher-than-normal PD-L1 expression (p = 0.002). In conclusion, PD-L1 expression in PB could become a potentially actionable prognostic factor in HL.

Expression of PD-L1 in peripheral blood reflects disease burden and predicts interim PET result and prognosis in classical HL.

The outcome of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and early relapse after autologous stem cell transplant has improved in recent years.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients who relapse after autologous-stem-cell- transplantation (auto-SCT) have traditionally had a poor prognosis. We analyzed 1781 adult HL patients who relapsed between 2006 and 2017 after a first auto-SCT. The 4-year overall survival (OS) after relapse continuously increased from 32% for patients relapsing in 2006-2008, to 63% for patients relapsing in 2015-2017 (p = 0.001). The improvement over time was predominantly noted in patients who had an early relapse (within 12 months) after auto-SCT (p = 0.01). On multivariate analysis, patients who relapsed in more recent years and those with a longer interval from transplant to relapse had a better OS, whereas increasing age, poor performance status, bulky disease, extranodal disease and presence of B symptoms at relapse were associated with a worse OS. Brentuximab vedotin (BV), checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) and second transplant (SCT2; 86% allogeneic) were used in 233, 91 and 330 patients respectively. The 4-year OS from BV, CPI, and SCT2 use was 55%, 48% and 55% respectively. In conclusion, the outcome after post-transplant relapse has improved significantly in recent years, particularly in the case of early relapse. These large-scale real-world data can serve as benchmark for future studies in this setting.

Sudden nasal bleeding and brodifacoum: A case of accidental exposure or attempted homicide?

A 50-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department with abrupt massive epistaxis. An accurate anamnesis and physical evaluation could not reveal any other anomalies, while coagulation tests showed potentially life threatening prolonged prothrombin time, with activated partial thromboplastin and thrombin time, with fibrinogen and antithrombin III within limits. Despite the prompt pharmacological and compressive local treatment, bleeding continued and the patient was therefore hospitalized. Highly specific coagulation and toxicological testing-among others high-performance liquid chromatography assessment on plasma-were performed, leading to the unexpected identification of brodifacoum. Police and criminal justice authorities revealed the source of exposure to brodifacoum after several months of investigation, residing in his everyday life. Brodifacoum is a long-lasting anticoagulant, acting as a vitamin K antagonist, and belongs to the family of superwarfarins. Brodifacoum use is authorized as rodenticide in many countries worldwide, but has been reported as cause of severe coagulopathies in humans, both intentional or involuntary, even consumed as a contaminant of herbal drugs, such as cannabis. The original contribution of this case to the knowledges of human brodifacoum intoxication resides in the multidisciplinary approach and the collaborative interplay of clinical and toxicology experts as well as judicial authorities.

Venous Thromboembolism in Lymphoma: Risk Stratification and Antithrombotic Prophylaxis.

Lymphoma is listed among the neoplasias with a high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Risk factors for VTE appear to differ from risk factors in solid tumors. We review the literature of the last 20 years for reports identifying these risk factors in cohorts consisting exclusively of lymphoma patients. We selected 25 publications. The most frequent studies were analyses of retrospective single-center cohorts. We also included two reports of pooled analyses of clinical trials, two meta-analyses, two analyses of patient registries, and three analyses of population-based databases. The VTE risk is the highest upfront during the first two months after lymphoma diagnosis and decreases over time. This upfront risk may be related to tumor burden and the start of chemotherapy as contributing factors. Factors consistently reported as VTE risk factors are aggressive histology, a performance status ECOG ≥ 2 leading to increased immobility, more extensive disease, and localization to particular sites, such as central nervous system (CNS) and mediastinal mass. Association between laboratory values that are part of risk assessment models in solid tumors and VTE risk in lymphomas are very inconsistent. Recently, VTE risk scores for lymphoma were developed that need further validation, before they can be used for risk stratification and primary prophylaxis. Knowledge of VTE risk factors in lymphomas may help in the evaluation of the individual risk-benefit ratio of prophylaxis and help to design prospective studies on primary prophylaxis in lymphoma.

The prognostic impact of monoclonal immune globulin and free light chain secretion in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

We analyzed the prognostic impact of levels of free light chains (FLC) in 106 patients with DLBCL, selecting 61 patients with a monoclonal (M) protein in serum, and 45 patients without a M protein as an IPI-matched control group. Patients with a M protein had higher levels of FLC, but these were not of prognostic significance in this group. The presence of a M protein nullified associations of κ-FLC with several laboratory parameters indicating immune system activation observed in patients without a M protein. Patients without M protein and κ-FLC >50 mg/L had a significant inferior event-free survival (p = .004). The presence of M protein of an IgM type at diagnosis was a negative outcome predictor (p = .008), while a non-IgM M protein did not significantly impact on prognosis. In conclusion, the prognostic performance of the FLC assay is altered by the presence of a M protein.

Days Alive Outside Hospital and Readmissions in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Transplants from Identical Siblings or Alternative Donors.

We have studied the number of days alive outside the Hospital (DAOH) and the number of readmissions within the first 100 days after transplant in 185 patients who received an allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The donors were matched siblings (SIB; n=61), or alternative donors (ALT; n=124). The median number of DAOH for SIB transplants (78 days, range 21-84) was significantly greater than DAOH for ALT donor grafts (73 days, range 2-87) (p=0.0003). Other positive predictors of DAOH were the use of reduced-intensity regimens (p=0.01), grade 0-I acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) (p=0.0006), and a comorbidity index equal or less than two (p=0.04). Fifty-one patients required readmission (22%), which was predicted by grade II-IV acute GvHD (p=0.009), higher comorbidity index (p=0.06), and ALT donors as compared to SIBS (p=0.08). The CI of readmission was 18% (95%CI 10-31) for SIB and 30% (95%CI 23-39) for ALT donor grafts. The non relapse mortality (NRM) for patients re-admitted was 25% (95%CI 15-43%), compared to 5% (95%CI 2-12%) for patients not readmitted (p=0.0001). In a multivariate analysis, readmission was the strongest predictor of non-relapse mortality (NRM) (HR 2.0) (p=0.0006) and survival (HR 3.4) (p<0.0001). IN CONCLUSION: ALT donor transplants have lower numbers of DAOH, as compared to SIB grafts, which implies longer stay in hospital and higher costs. Readmission to hospital within 100 days, is predicted by acute GvHD, comorbidity index, donor type, and has a significant strong impact on non-relapse mortality and survival.

The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio ≥3.5 is a prognostic marker in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the database of the Italian regional network 'Rete Ematologica del Lazio per i Linfomi' (RELLI).

In solid tumors and lymphomas, the neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio at diagnosis has been shown to be a prognostic factor. The aim of our study was to validate the originally reported N/L ratio cut-point of 3.5 in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) registered in an Italian real-life database. The prognostic role of the N/L ratio at diagnosis on event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) was assessed in 505 patients with DLBCL. Patients with an N/L ratio <3.5 (n = 249) had a 4-year EFS probability of 76% and OS probability of 86%, significantly higher than the 4 year EFS rate of 48% and OS rate of 64% in patients with N/L ratio ≥3.5 (n = 256, both p<.0001). The N/L ratio was an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis including the IPI score, and could separate patients with a low/intermediate risk IPI (IPI <3).

Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphomas treated with immunochemotherapy.

Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to be a negative prognostic factor in elderly patients with aggressive B-cell lymphomas. In vitro data suggest that vitamin D supplementation may enhance rituximab-mediated cytotoxicity. We prospectively assessed 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels at diagnosis in a cohort of 155 patients with aggressive B-cell lymphomas of whom 128 had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified. 25(OH)D levels were deficient (<20 ng/mL) in 105 (67%), insufficient (20-29 ng/mL) in 32 (21%), and normal (≥30 ng/mL) in 18 (12%) patients with a seasonal variation. Patient characteristics associated with lower 25(OH)D levels were poor performance status, overweight, B-symptoms, elevated LDH, lower albumin and hemoglobin levels. As a result of a change in practice pattern, 116 patients received vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation that included a loading phase with daily replacement and subsequent maintenance phase with a weekly dose of 25,000 IU until end of treatment. This resulted in a significant increase in 25(OH)D levels, with normalization in 56% of patients. We analyzed the impact of 25(OH)D levels on event-free survival in patients treated with Rituximab-CHOP. 25(OH)D levels below 20 ng/mL at diagnosis and IPI were independently associated with inferior EFS. Moreover, patients with normalized 25(OH)D levels following supplementation showed better EFS than patients with persistently deficient/insufficient 25(OH)D levels. Our study provides the first evidence that achievement of normal 25(OH)D levels after vitamin D3 supplementation is associated with improved outcome in patients with DLBCL and deficient/insufficient 25(OH)D levels when receiving rituximab-based treatment.