Emergence and Ordering of Polygonal Breathers in Polariton Condensates.

We show that the simultaneous driving of a polariton condensate with both nonresonant and nth order resonant pump frequencies allows for a generic mechanism of breather formation. From this we construct for the second order resonance a family of exotic breathers with nontrivial discrete order of rotational symmetry. Finally, we demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of both crystalline and glassy orderings of lattices of polygonal breathers, depending on the degree of polygonal excitations at the lattice sites.

Quantum Turbulent Structure in Light.

The infinite superpositions of random plane waves are known to be threaded with vortex line singularities which form complicated tangles and obey strict topological rules. We observe that within these structures, a timelike axis appears to emerge with which we can define vortex velocities in a useful way: With both numerical simulations and optical experiments, we show that the statistics of these velocities match those of turbulent quantum fluids such as superfluid helium and atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. These statistics are shown to be independent of system scale. These results raise deep questions about the general nature of quantum chaos and the role of nonlinearity in the structure of turbulence.

Characterizing vortex beams from a spatial light modulator with collinear phase-shifting holography.

We demonstrate collinear phase-shifting holography for measuring complex optical modes of twisted light beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM) generated by passing a laser through a spatial light modulator (SLM). This technique measures the mode along the direction of propagation from the SLM and requires no additional optics, so it can be used to aid alignment of the SLM, to efficiently check for the effects of beam wander, and to fully characterize generated beams before use in other experiments. Optimized error analysis and careful SLM alignment allow us to generate and measure OAM with purity as high as 99.9%.

Test-retest reliability of the adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) v1.1 Screener in non-ADHD controls from a primary care physician practice.

Objectives: To examine the test-retest reliability of the DSM-IV Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) v1.1 Screener in adults without ADHD. Prior studies have not examined test-retest reliability of the Screener in non-ADHD controls. Methods: Subjects completed the Screener in a primary care physician (PCP) waiting room (T1); those who screened negative for ADHD (n = 104) (<4/6 significant Screener items) symptoms were further assessed on the phone (T2). T2 included phone administration of the full ASRS v1.1 Symptom Checklist (which contains the six items from the Screener). Spearman's correlations and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) between T1 and T2 were calculated for the total Screener score and for each Screener item. McNemar-Bowker tests were conducted for the Screener total score and each item to check for significant changes from T1 to T2. Results: Screener T1 and T2 total scores were significantly correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.78, P < 0.0001), as were individual items. Correlations remained significant when controlling for a variety of demographic factors and psychiatric conditions. Confirming the significant Spearman correlations, ICCs for Screener total score and each item were also significant (ICC = 0.75, P < 0.0001). The McNemar-Bowker tests showed no significant differences for Screener total score and for the IA items; however, the H-I items were somewhat higher at T1 versus T2. Conclusions: The DSM-IV ASRS v1.1 Screener has high test-retest reliability in patients without ADHD.

Angular Momentum of Topologically Structured Darkness.

We theoretically analyze and experimentally measure the extrinsic angular momentum contribution of topologically structured darkness found within fractional vortex beams, and show that this structured darkness can be explained by evanescent waves at phase discontinuities in the generating optic. We also demonstrate the first direct measurement of the intrinsic orbital angular momentum of light with both intrinsic and extrinsic angular momentum, and explain why the total orbital angular momenta of fractional vortices do not match the winding number of their generating phases.

Quantitative measurement of the orbital angular momentum of light with a single, stationary lens.

We show that the average orbital angular momentum (OAM) of twisted light can be measured simply and robustly with a single stationary cylindrical lens and a camera. Theoretical motivation is provided, along with self-consistent optical modeling and experimental results. In contrast to qualitative interference techniques for measuring OAM, we quantitatively measure non-integer average OAM in mode superpositions.

Symptom rates and profile clustering in tuberous sclerosis complex-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND).

BACKGROUND: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is associated with a range of neuropsychiatric difficulties, appropriately termed TSC-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TAND). The objectives of the study were to analyze the rates of TAND symptoms in a cohort of patients seen at the TSC Center of Excellence at Cincinnati Children's Hospital and to identify clinically meaningful profiles based on TAND symptoms. METHODS: Data from the TAND Checklist was obtained from participants seen at the TSC Center of Excellence at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center from June 2015 to August 2018. Cluster and factor analyses for each TAND symptom were performed. Factor scores were then calculated for participants, and a K-means cluster analysis of these scores was used to empirically identify distinct overall TAND symptom profiles occurring in TSC. RESULTS: A total of 1545 checklists was completed for 668 participants (37% adults and 63% children). Approximately 90% of participants reported at least one TAND symptom with an average of 12 symptoms (out of 29). Symptom rates ranged between 5 and 60%. The most common symptoms were neuropsychologic symptoms. A seven-cluster and seven-factor solution were found to be optimal. K-means cluster analysis resulted in a seven-profile solution, ranging from low to high symptom burden. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to identify natural phenotypic profiles of TAND symptoms. Study of specific TAND subpopulations with shared profiles may facilitate better understanding of the underlying biology of TAND and better assessment of more targeted treatments.

Validation of the Expanded Versions of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v1.1 Symptom Checklist and the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale.

Objective: The aim of this study is to validate the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) expanded versions, including executive function deficits (EFDs) and emotional dyscontrol (EC) items, and to present ASRS and AISRS pilot normative data. Method: Two patient samples (referred and primary care physician [PCP] controls) were pooled together for these analyses. Results: Final analysis included 297 respondents, 171 with adult ADHD. Cronbach's alphas were high for all sections of the scales. Examining histograms of ASRS 31-item and AISRS 18-item total scores for ADHD controls, 95% cutoff scores were 70 and 23, respectively; histograms for pilot normative sample suggest cutoffs of 82 and 26, respectively. Conclusion: (a) ASRS- and AISRS-expanded versions have high validity in assessment of core 18 adult ADHD Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) symptoms and EFD and EC symptoms. (b) ASRS (31-item) scores 70 to 82 and AISRS (18-item) scores from 23 to 26 suggest a high likelihood of adult ADHD.

How Informative Are Self-Reported Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms? An Examination of the Agreement Between the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale V1.1 and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Investigator Symptom Rating Scale.

OBJECTIVES: Assess agreement between self-ratings via the adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Self-Report Scale (ASRS)-v1.1 Symptom Checklist and clinician ratings via the adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) expanded version using DSM-5 adult ADHD patients (referred sample) and ADHD controls (recruited from a primary care physician practice). METHODS: The ASRS v1.1 Symptom Checklist was administered to measure self-reported ADHD symptoms and impairment, the Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale v1.2 was used to establish an adult ADHD diagnosis and the childhood and adult/current sections of the scale were used to provide scores to measure symptoms of childhood ADHD and recent symptoms of adult ADHD, the AISRS to measure ADHD current symptom severity. RESULTS: Participants (n = 299; range 18-58), of which 171 were ADHD+ and 128 ADHD-. ASRS and AISRS total scores and individual subsections examining inattention, hyperactivity, emotional dysfunction (EF), and emotional dyscontrol (EC) were all significantly correlated (Spearman's ρ's = 0.78-0.89, ps < 0.01). Correlations remained significant when controlling for demographic factors and psychiatric conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The ASRS (self) and AISRS (clinician rated) scales have high agreement. This agreement extended not only the to the core 18 DSM symptoms, but also to the additional 13 symptoms that examine EC and EF.

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Lisdexamfetamine in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is a prodrug and consists of an active moiety, d-amphetamine, bound to lysine. Clinically, d-amphetamine becomes available postcleavage of the prodrug in the blood stream. Clinical effects of LDX in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown to persist up to 14 hours; however, pharmacokinetic (PK) data of LDX and amphetamine in ADHD adults are not currently available. OBJECTIVES: (1) To examine PK data of LDX and d-amphetamine in plasma and (2) to compare such PK data with Time-Sensitive ADHD Symptom Scale (TASS) ratings (PK vs. pharmacodynamic [PD]). METHODS: Plasma d-amphetamine/LDX levels and TASS ratings were obtained immediately before morning dosing and then 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours postdosing in 21 adults with ADHD treated with 5 weeks of single-blind LDX up to 70 mg/day (after 1 week single-blind placebo). ADHD Rating Scale scores were obtained at the beginning of the visit, before morning dosing. RESULTS: LDX levels peaked at 1.5 hours after administration (Tmax) and then rapidly declined (levels were negligible at 6 hours and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, AUC = 45.9, Cmax = 25.0, and half-life [t1/2] = 0.5 hours). Levels of d-amphetamine peaked at (Tmax) 4.4 hours and then slowly declined (AUC = 641.6, Cmax = 67.9, and t1/2 = 17.0 hours). No statistically significant correlations were seen between d-amphetamine levels and TASS scores. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Prodrug LDX levels peaked fairly rapidly and declined, while d-amphetamine levels peaked 3 hours later than LDX levels and persisted throughout the day and (2) the absence of PK/PD correlations between PK data and TASS ratings may be due to the subjects being tested in a controlled nonattention demanding environment.

The structure of adult ADHD.

Although DSM-5 stipulates that symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the same for adults as children, clinical observations suggest that adults have more diverse deficits than children in higher-level executive functioning and emotional control. Previous psychometric analyses to evaluate these observations have been limited in ways addressed in the current study, which analyzes the structure of an expanded set of adult ADHD symptoms in three pooled US samples: a national household sample, a sample of health plan members, and a sample of adults referred for evaluation at an adult ADHD clinic. Exploratory factor analysis found four factors representing executive dysfunction/inattention (including, but not limited to, all the DSM-5 inattentive symptoms, with non-DSM symptoms having factor loadings comparable to those of DSM symptoms), hyperactivity, impulsivity, and emotional dyscontrol. Empirically-derived multivariate symptom profiles were broadly consistent with the DSM-5 inattentive-only, hyperactive/impulsive-only, and combined presentations, but with inattention including executive dysfunction/inattention and hyperactivity-only limited to hyperactivity without high symptoms of impulsivity. These results show that executive dysfunction is as central as DSM-5 symptoms to adult ADHD, while emotional dyscontrol is more distinct but nonetheless part of the combined presentation of adult ADHD.

Clinical effects of lisdexamfetamine and mixed amphetamine salts immediate release in adult ADHD: results of a crossover design clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the clinical effects of equivalent doses of single-blind (SB; patient-blind) lisdexamfetamine (LDX) and mixed amphetamine salts-immediate release (MAS-IR) on adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a placebo (PBO)-controlled, crossover design. METHODS: Twenty-four subjects were treated sequentially in a fixed order with (1) SB PBO (matching LDX) for 1 week, (2) SB LDX (up to 70 mg/day) for 5 weeks, (3) SB PBO washout for 3 weeks, and (4) open-label treatment MAS-IR (tid up to 45 mg/day) for 5 weeks. Clinical effects on ADHD and executive function were assessed weekly throughout the trial with the ADHD Rating Scale with adult prompts, the Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale (CGI-S), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). RESULTS: Lisdexamfetamine and MAS-IR were generally well tolerated. Significant and equal reductions on ADHD clinician ratings were seen. Significantly greater reductions in CGI-S and selected BRIEF subsets were observed in LDX over MAS-IR treatment. However, in general, baseline scores for MAS-IR treatment did not fully return to the LDX baseline. Adherence in this structured and monitored clinical trial was good for once daily LDX and 3 times a day MAS-IR. CONCLUSIONS: In this crossover study, both LDX and MAS-IR had significant effects on ADHD clinician ratings and measures of executive function (with response rates of about 80%); patients in this monitored clinical trial were adherent with once daily LDX and 3 times a day MAS-IR, which may not be the case in real-world clinical practice. The findings of some superiority of LDX over MAS-IR on the CGI-S and BRIEF ratings may be influenced by the variability in the baselines used, but nevertheless should be further investigated in larger scale, parallel-design clinical trials.

Stressors impair odor recognition memory via an olfactory bulb-dependent noradrenergic mechanism.

Non-associative habituation and odor recognition tasks have been widely used to probe questions of social recognition, odor memory duration, and odor memory specificity. Among others, these paradigms have provided valuable insight into how neuromodulation, and specifically norepinephrine/noradrenaline (NE) influences odor memory. In general, NE levels are modulated by arousal, stress, and behavioral state, but there is sparse evidence of a direct relationship between NE and odor memory in adult rodents. The present study uses simple mild psychological stressors (bright light and sound) to modulate NE levels physiologically in order to probe stressors NE-dependent effect on odor recognition memory. In rats with bilateral bulbar cannulations, we show that these stressors modulate olfactory memory and that this effect is at least partially mediated by the olfactory bulb. Specifically, we show that the presence of stressors during the acquisition of odor memory suppresses memory for an odor when tested 30 min after familiarization to that odor. This suppression is blocked by infusing NE antagonists into the olfactory bulb prior to odor acquisition. Additionally, we find that infusion of bulbar NE is sufficient to suppress odor memory in a manner mimicking that of our stressors. These effects are unlikely to be solely mediated by locomotor/exploratory changes produced by stressors, although these stressors influence certain behaviors not directly related to odor investigation. This study provides important information about how behaviorally relevant changes in NE can influence top-down sensory processing and odor memory.