Cancer Chemopreventive Properties of Sulfated Enterolobium cyclocarpum Extract.

Enterolobium cyclocarpum (EC) is an edible plant and a gum source for food industries. Its sulfated polysaccharide extract (SEC) was examined for cancer chemopreventive properties to estimate its anti-tumor activity. The modulation of carcinogen metabolism and the antioxidant activity revealed that SEC is a potent tumor anti-initiator since it inhibited cytochrome P450-1A (CYP1A) and induced carcinogen detoxification enzyme glutathione-S-transferase. SEC is also a weak scavenger for hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. SEC was found to modulate macrophage functions into an anti-inflammatory pattern, where it enhanced macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-lipopolysaccharide (FITC-LPS). In addition, SEC strongly inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) generation in LPS-stimulated macrophages and induced the binding affinity of FITC-LPS to macrophages. SEC exhibited specific cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular Hep G2 carcinoma cells. SEC disturbed the cell cycle phase, as indicated by the concomitant arrest in S- and G2/M-phases that was associated with necrosis induction. A short-term initiation model for liver cancer was prepared using diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. SEC inhibited the DEN-histopathological findings and reduced both CYP1A and the tumor initiation marker placental glutathione S-transferase (GSTP). Taken together, SEC could be used as an alternative gum in health food industries to provide cancer prevention in high-risk populations.

Self-Standing Nanocellulose Janus-Type Films with Aldehyde and Carboxyl Functionalities.

Nanocellulose-based self-standing films are becoming a substrate for flexible electronics, diagnostics, and sensors. Strength and surface chemistry are vital variables for these film-based endeavors, the former is one of the assets of nanocellulose. To contribute to the latter, nanocellulose films are tuned with a side-specific functionalization, having an aldehyde and a carboxyl side. The functionalities were obtained combining premodification of the film components by periodate oxidation with ozone post-treatment. Periodate oxidation of cellulose nanocrystals results in film components that interact through intra- and intermolecular hemiacetals and lead to films with an elastic modulus of 11 GPa. The ozone treatment of one film side induces conversion of the aldehyde into carboxyl functionalities. The ozone treatment on individual crystals was largely destructive. Remarkably, such degradation is not observed for the self-standing film, and the film strength at break is preserved. Preserving a physically intact film despite ozone treatment is a credit to using the dry film structure held together by interparticle covalent linkages. Additionally, gas-phase post-treatment avoids disintegration that could result from immersion into solvents. The crystalline cellulose "Janus" film is suggested as an interfacial component in biomaterial engineering, separation technology, or in layered composite materials for tunable affinity between the layers.

Differential Glycosylation and Modulation of Camel and Human HSP Isoforms in Response to Thermal and Hypoxic Stresses.

Increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) following heat stress or other stress conditions is a common physiological response in almost all living organisms. Modification of cytosolic proteins including HSPs by O-GlcNAc has been shown to enhance their capabilities for counteracting lethal levels of cellular stress. Since HSPs are key players in stress resistance and protein homeostasis, we aimed to analyze their forms at the cellular and molecular level using camel and human HSPs as models for efficient and moderate thermotolerant mammals, respectively. In this study, we cloned the cDNA encoding two inducible HSP members, HSPA6 and CRYAB from both camel (Camelus dromedarius) and human in a Myc-tagged mammalian expression vector. Expression of these chaperones in COS-1 cells revealed protein bands of approximately 25-kDa for both camel and human CRYAB and 70-kDa for camel HSPA6 and its human homologue. While localization and trafficking of the camel and human HSPs revealed similar cytosolic localization, we could demonstrate altered glycan structure between camel and human HSPA6. Interestingly, the glycoform of camel HSPA6 was rapidly formed and stabilized under normal and stress culture conditions whereas human HSPA6 reacted differently under similar thermal and hypoxic stress conditions. Our data suggest that efficient glycosylation of camel HSPA6 is among the mechanisms that provide camelids with a superior capability for alleviating stressful environmental circumstances.

Synthesis and Characterization of Periodate-Oxidized Polysaccharides: Dialdehyde Xylan (DAX).

The cleavage of the C2-C3 bond in the building units of 1 → 4-linked polysaccharides by periodate formally results in two aldehyde units, which are present in several masked forms. The structural elucidation of such polysaccharide dialdehydes remains a big challenge. Since polysaccharide derivatives are increasingly applied in materials technology, unveiling the exact structure is of utmost importance. To address this issue for xylan, dialdehyde xylan (DAX, oxidation degree of 91.5%) has been synthesized as water-soluble polymer. The ATR-FTIR spectrum of DAX showed free aldehyde to be absent and exhibited a characteristic absorption at 858 cm(-1) related to hemiacetal groups. By a combination of 1D and 2D NMR techniques, it was confirmed that oxidized xylan is present as poly(2,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methyl-3,5-diyl-1,4-dioxane). Based on GPC analysis, the DAX polymer shows a slightly lower molar mass (6.6 kDa) compared to the starting material (7.7 kDa) right after oxidation, and degraded further after one month of storage in 0.1 M NaCl solution (4.3 kDa). The oxidized xylan demonstrated lower thermal stability upon TGA analysis and a greater amount of residual char (20.6%) compared to the unmodified xylan (13.7%).

UTILITY OF ULTRASOUND VERSUS GENE EXPRESSION CLASSIFIER IN THYROID NODULES WITH ATYPIA OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid nodules with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology categorized as atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) often undergo additional diagnostic analysis with the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (GEC), which classifies these as either high probability of being benign (GEC-B) or suspicious for malignancy (GEC-S). Our goal was to assess the clinical validity and utility of GEC in the evaluation of AUS cytology and evaluate the performance of ultrasonography (USG) for predicting malignancy in this subset. METHODS: We conducted a study with a retrospective cohort of patients from January 2012 to January 2014 who had FNA of thyroid nodules >1 cm in size with AUS cytology. RESULTS: Cleveland Clinic Florida has an overall prevalence of AUS of 5%. A total of 119 cases with nodules >1 cm in size were reported as AUS. Forty-eight (40.3%) had a GEC performed after the first FNA (AUS-1), and 27 of these were GEC-S. Of those 27, 21 went for surgery and 14 (66.6%) had thyroid cancer on histopathology. The remaining 71 with AUS-1 were sent for a second FNA: 19 nodules were benign and did not undergo further evaluation, while the remaining 52 were reported as AUS for the second consecutive time (AUS-2). AUS-2 samples were sent for GEC. Of these 52 AUS-2, 38 (73.1%) were reported as GEC-S. Thirty-five went for surgery and 32 (91.4%) had confirmed malignancy on histopathology. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 91.4% for AUS-2 and 66.6% for AUS-1. Moreover, AUS-2 nodules that were hypoechoic and solid on USG showed a PPV of 92% for malignancy. CONCLUSION: In our practice, the diagnostic accuracy to predict malignancy with GEC for AUS-1 nodules was poor (PPV, 66.6%). The PPV of GEC testing was markedly higher at 91.4% performed after two consecutive AUS cytologies. AUS-2 nodules that were solid and hypoechoic on USG also had a high probability to be malignant (PPV, 92%). We recommend repeat FNA on AUS-1 nodules rather than proceeding directly to GEC testing. Also, we suggest that among AUS-2 nodules, surgery can be recommended when USG shows solid and hypoechoic features with GEC testing reserved for the remainder. ABBREVIATIONS: AUS = atypia of undetermined significance FNA = fine-needle aspiration GEC = gene expression classifier GEC-B = GEC-benign GEC-S = GEC-suspicious for malignancy NPV = negative predictive value PPV = positive predictive value USG = ultrasonography.

Comparison of Adenoma Detection Rates in Afro-Caribbeans and Non-Hispanic Whites Undergoing First Screening Colonoscopy.

OBJECTIVES: The African American population has a higher prevalence of advanced colon adenomas when compared with non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, but the risk in other black populations has not been evaluated. Although the Afro-Caribbean population is a significant demographic segment in some regions of the United States, the data are limited on the prevalence of colon adenomas in this group and there is no comparison with a non-Hispanic white population. The objective of our study was to compare the prevalence of adenomas in Afro-Caribbean versus non-Hispanic white populations. METHODS: A total of 880 Afro-Caribbean patients and 1828 non-Hispanic white patients undergoing their first screening colonoscopy between January 2008 and August 2014 was included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 2708 patients met entry criteria for the study. The adenoma detection rate among Afro-Caribbeans was 29% and 31% among non-Hispanic whites. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of adenomas in the two groups (P = 0.28), and the rate of advanced adenomas also was similar in both groups (8.6% in Afro-Caribbeans, 9.2% in non-Hispanic whites; P = 0.60). A multivariate analysis also found no difference in the occurrence of adenomas (P = 0.60) or advanced adenomas (P = 0.99) between Afro-Caribbeans and non-Hispanic whites. CONCLUSIONS: We found a similar adenoma detection rate and advanced adenoma prevalence among Afro-Caribbeans and non-Hispanic whites undergoing their first screening colonoscopy. As such, the Afro-Caribbean population may not have the same risk of colorectal neoplasia as what has been described for African Americans. Based on these results, it is appropriate to initiate colorectal cancer screening for Afro-Caribbeans at age 50 as recommended for non-Hispanic whites.

Mathematical analysis of a two-tiered microbial food-web model for the anaerobic digestion process.

In this research paper, we presented a four-dimensional mathematical system modeling the anaerobic mineralization of phenol in a two-step microbial food-web. The inflowing concentrations of the hydrogen and the phenol are considered in our model. We considered the case of general class of nonlinear growth kinetics, instead of Monod kinetics. Due to some conservative relations, the proposed model was reduced to a two-dimensional system. The stability of the steady states was carried out. Based on the species growth rates and the three main operating parameters of the model, represented by the dilution rate and input concentrations of the phenol and the hydrogen, we showed that the system can have up to four steady states. We gave the necessary and sufficient conditions ensuring the existence and the stability for each feasible equilibrium state. We showed that in specific cases, the positive steady state exists and is stable. We gave numerical simulations validating the obtained results.

Synthesis and antiviral activities of spacer-linked 1-thioglucuronide analogues of glycyrrhizin.

The influenza virus infection remains a significant threat to public health and the increase of antiviral resistance to available drugs generates an urgent need for new antiviral compounds. Starting from the natural, antivirally active compound glycyrrhizin, spacer-bridged derivatives were generated with improved antiviral activity against the influenza A virus infection. Simplified analogues of the triterpene saponin glycyrrhizin containing 1-thio-ß-D-glucuronic acid residues have been prepared in good yields by alkylation of 3-amino and 3-thio derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid with a 2-iodoethyl 1-thio-ß-D-glucopyranosiduronate derivative. The spacer-connected 3-amino derivatives were further transformed into N-acetylated and N-succinylated derivatives. The deprotected compounds containing these carboxylic acid appendices mimic the glycon part of glycyrrhizin as well as the hemisuccinate derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, carbenoxolone. Antiviral activities of the compounds were determined in a biological test based on influenza A virus-infected cells, wherein the 3-(2-thioethyl)-N-acetylamino- and 3-(2-thioethyl)-thio-linked glucuronide derivatives were effective inhibitors with IC(50) values as low as 54 µM.

Sulfated Extract of Abelmoschus Esculentus: A Potential Cancer Chemo-preventive Agent.

BACKGROUND: Abelmoschus esculentus (AE) (okra), is an edible plant used in many food applications. OBJECTIVE: This study explored whether sulfated AE (SAE) has promising cancer chemopreventive activities that may recommend it as a functional food supplement instead of (or in addition to) AE for the population at risk of cancer and in the health food industry. METHODS: Cytochrome P450-1A (CYP1A) was estimated by fluorescence enzymatic reaction, using ß-naphthoflavone-treated cells (CYP1A inducer). Peroxyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging was assayed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay. Flow cytometry was used to analyze apoptosis/necrosis in MCF-7 cells, cell cycle phases in MCF-7 cells, and macrophage binding to fluorescein isothiocyanate-lipopolysaccharide (FITC-LPS). Nitric oxide was determined by Griess assay in LPS-stimulated macrophages, and cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was used to induce hepatic tumor initiation in rats. Placental glutathione-S-transferase (GSTP; an initiation marker) was stained in a fluorescence immunohistochemical analysis of liver sections, and histopathological changes were examined. RESULTS: SAE exhibited strong antitumor initiation and antitumor promotion activities. It suppressed CYP1A, scavenged peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals, induced macrophage proliferation, suppressed macrophage binding to FITC-LPS, inhibited nitric oxide generation, showed specific cytotoxicity to human breast MCF-7 adenocarcinoma cells, and disturbed the cell cycle phases (S and G2/M phases) in association with an increased percentage of apoptotic/necrotic MCF-7 cells. Over a short time period, DEN stimulated liver cancer initiation, but SAE treatment reduced the DEN-induced histopathological alterations and inhibited CYP1A and GSTP. CONCLUSION: SAE extract has the potential for use as an alternative to AE in health foods to provide cancer chemoprevention in populations at risk for cancer.

A mathematical investigation of an "SVEIR" epidemic model for the measles transmission.

A generalized "SVEIR" epidemic model with general nonlinear incidence rate has been proposed as a candidate model for measles virus dynamics. The basic reproduction number $ \mathcal{R} $, an important epidemiologic index, was calculated using the next generation matrix method. The existence and uniqueness of the steady states, namely, disease-free equilibrium ($ \mathcal{E}_0 $) and endemic equilibrium ($ \mathcal{E}_1 $) was studied. Therefore, the local and global stability analysis are carried out. It is proved that $ \mathcal{E}_0 $ is locally asymptotically stable once $ \mathcal{R} $ is less than. However, if $ \mathcal{R} > 1 $ then $ \mathcal{E}_0 $ is unstable. We proved also that $ \mathcal{E}_1 $ is locally asymptotically stable once $ \mathcal{R} > 1 $. The global stability of both equilibrium $ \mathcal{E}_0 $ and $ \mathcal{E}_1 $ is discussed where we proved that $ \mathcal{E}_0 $ is globally asymptotically stable once $ \mathcal{R}\leq 1 $, and $ \mathcal{E}_1 $ is globally asymptotically stable once $ \mathcal{R} > 1 $. The sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number $ \mathcal{R} $ with respect to the model parameters is carried out. In a second step, a vaccination strategy related to this model will be considered to optimise the infected and exposed individuals. We formulated a nonlinear optimal control problem and the existence, uniqueness and the characterisation of the optimal solution was discussed. An algorithm inspired from the Gauss-Seidel method was used to resolve the optimal control problem. Some numerical tests was given confirming the obtained theoretical results.

Oxidized xylan additive for nanocellulose films - A swelling modifier.

Polymeric wood hemicelluloses are depicted to join cellulose, starch and chitosan as key polysaccharides for sustainable materials engineering. However, the approaches to incorporate hemicelluloses in emerging bio-based products are challenged by lack of specific benefit, other than the biomass-origin, although their utilization would contribute to sustainable material use since they currently are a side stream that is not valorized. Here we demonstrate wood-xylans as swelling modifiers for neutral and charged nanocellulose films that have already entered the sustainable packaging applications, however, suffer from humidity sensitivity. The oxidative modification is used to modulate the water-solubility of xylan and hence enable adsorption in an aqueous environment. A high molecular weight grade, hence less water-soluble, adsorbed preferentially on the neutral surface while the adsorbed amount on a negatively charged surface was independent of the molecular weight, and hence, solubility. The adsorption of the oxidized xylans on a neutral cellulose surface resulted in an increase in the amount of water in the film while on the negatively charged cellulose the total amount of water decreased. The finding of synergy of two hygroscopic materials to decrease swelling in hydrophilic bio-polymer films demonstrates the oxidized macromolecule xylan as structurally functional component in emerging cellulose products.

Synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

The effect of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and GA-derivatives towards 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) was investigated. Novel compounds with modifications at positions C-3, C-11 and C-29 of the GA skeleton were prepared. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data of selected substances are reported and discussed.

A General Protocol for Electrospun Non-Woven Fabrics of Dialdehyde Cellulose and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol).

In the past two decades, research on electrospinning has boomed due to its advantages of simple process, small fiber diameter, and special physical and chemical properties. The electrospun fibers are collected in a non-woven state in most cases (electrospun non-woven fabrics, ESNWs), which renders the electrospinning method an optimum approach for non-woven fabric manufacturing on the nano-scale. The present study establishes a convenient preparation procedure for converting water-soluble dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) into DAC-based electrospun non-woven fabrics (ESNWs) reinforced with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The aldehyde content, which was quantified by colorimetry using Schiff's reagent, was 11.1 mmol per gram of DAC, which corresponds to a conversion yield of ca. 90%. DAC is fully water-soluble at room temperature between 10 and 30 wt%, and aqueous solutions turn into hydrogels within 24 h. To overcome gelation, NaHSO3, which forms bisulfite adducts with aldehyde functions, was added to the DAC and its concentration was optimized at 1 wt%. The electrospun (ES) dope containing 5 wt% DAC, 5 wt% PVA, and 1 wt% NaHSO3 in an aqueous solution was successfully transformed into ESNW, with an average fiber diameter of 345 ± 43 nm. Post-spinning treatment with excess hexamethylene diisocyanate was performed to insolubilize the ESNW materials. The occurrence of this chemical conversion was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray elemental analysis and vibrational spectra. The cross-linked DAC/PVA ESNW retained its thin fiber network upon soaking in distilled water, increasing the average fiber diameter to 424 ± 95 nm. This suggests that DAC/PVA-ESNWs will be applicable for incorporation or immobilization of biologically active substances.

Infrared and Raman spectra of lignin substructures: Dibenzodioxocin.

Vibrational spectroscopy is a very suitable tool for investigating the plant cell wall in situ with almost no sample preparation. The structural information of all different constituents is contained in a single spectrum. Interpretation therefore heavily relies on reference spectra and understanding of the vibrational behavior of the components under study. For the first time, we show infrared (IR) and Raman spectra of dibenzodioxocin (DBDO), an important lignin substructure. A detailed vibrational assignment of the molecule, based on quantum chemical computations, is given in the Supporting Information; the main results are found in the paper. Furthermore, we show IR and Raman spectra of synthetic guaiacyl lignin (dehydrogenation polymer-G-DHP). Raman spectra of DBDO and G-DHP both differ with respect to the excitation wavelength and therefore reveal different features of the substructure/polymer. This study confirms the idea previously put forward that Raman at 532 nm selectively probes end groups of lignin, whereas Raman at 785 nm and IR seem to represent the majority of lignin substructures.

Pulmonary deregulation of expression of miR-155 and two of its putative target genes; PROS1 and TP53INP1 associated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) administration in rat.

Background: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been considered as an ideal candidate in various biomedical applications due to their ease of tailoring into different size, shape, and decorations with different functionalities. The current study was conducted to investigate the epigenetic alteration in the lung in response to AuNPs administration regarding microRNA-155 (miR-155) gene which can be involved in AuNP-induced lung pathogenesis. Methods: Thirty-two Wister rats were divided into two equal groups, control group and AuNPs treated group which received a single intravenous (IV) injection of plain spherical AuNPs (0.015 mg/kg body wt) with an average diameter size of 25±3 nm. Lung samples were collected from both the control and injected groups at one day, one week, one month and two months post-injection. The alteration of relative expression of miR-155 gene and two of its putative target genes; tumor protein 53 inducible nuclear protein 1 (TP53INP1) and protein S (PROS1) was investigated by real time PCR and protein S (PS) expression was analyzed by Western blotting technique. Results: The obtained results revealed that AuNPs administration significantly increases the expression level of miR-155 and reduce relative mRNA expression of TP53INP1 and PROS1 genes at one day post-injection. In contrast, a significant down-regulation of miR-155 level of expression concurrent with up-regulation of expression level of TP53INP1 and PROS1 genes were shown at one week, one month and two months post-injection. PS levels were mirrored to their PROS1 mRNA levels except for two month post-injection time point. Conclusions: These findings indicate epigenetic modulation in the lung in response to AuNPs administration regarding the miR-155 gene which can be involved in AuNP-induced lung pathogenesis.

Improvement of Aspergillus flavus saponin hydrolase thermal stability and productivity via immobilization on a novel carrier based on sugarcane bagasse.

Soyasapogenol B (SB) is known to have many biological activities such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antiviral and anticancer activities. Enzymatic conversion of soyasaponins to SB was carried out using saponin hydrolase (SH) extracted from Aspergillus flavus. The partially purified enzyme was immobilized on different carriers by physical adsorption, covalent binding or entrapment. Among the investigated carriers, Eupergit C and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) activated by DIC and NHS were the most suitable two carriers for immobilization (the immobilized forms recovered 46.5 and 37.1% of the loaded enzyme activity, respectively). Under optimized immobilization conditions, immobilized SH on Eupergit C and on activated SBC recovered 87.7 and 83.3% of its original activity, respectively. Compared to free SH, immobilized SH on Eupergit C and on activated SCB showed higher optimum pH, activation energy, half-lives and lower deactivation constant rate. Also, their SB productivities were improved by 2.3- and 2.2-folds compared to free SH (87.7 and 83.3 vs. 37.5%, respectively). Hence, being SCB more sustainable and an inexpensive material, it can be considered a good alternative to Eupergit C as a support for SH immobilization. SH immobilization on industrially applicable and inexpensive carrier is necessary to improve SB yield and reduce its production cost. The chemical structure of SCB and the resulting cellulose derivatives were studied by ATR-IR spectroscopy. The thermal analysis technique was used to study the chemical treatment of SCB and coupling with the enzyme. This technique confirmed the removal of lignin and hemicellulose by chemical treatment of SCB.

Publisher Correction: Deletion of DDB1- and CUL4- associated factor-17 (Dcaf17) gene causes spermatogenesis defects and male infertility in mice.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

Deletion of DDB1- and CUL4- associated factor-17 (Dcaf17) gene causes spermatogenesis defects and male infertility in mice.

DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 17 (Dcaf17) is a member of DCAF family genes that encode substrate receptor proteins for Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases, which play critical roles in many cellular processes. To unravel the function of DCAF17, we performed expression profiling of Dcaf17 in different tissues of wild type mouse by qRT-PCR and generated Dcaf17 knockout mice by gene targeting. Expression profiling of Dcaf17 showed highest expression in testis. Analyses of Dcaf17 transcripts during post-natal development of testis at different ages displayed gradual increase in Dcaf17 mRNA levels with the age. Although Dcaf17 disruption did not have any effect on female fertility, Dcaf17 deletion led to male infertility due to abnormal sperm development. The Dcaf17 -/- mice produced low number of sperm with abnormal shape and significantly low motility. Histological examination of the Dcaf17 -/- testis revealed impaired spermatogenesis with presence of vacuoles and sloughed cells in the seminiferous tubules. Disruption of Dcaf17 caused asymmetric acrosome capping, impaired nuclear compaction and abnormal round spermatid to elongated spermatid transition. For the first time, these data indicate that DCAF17 is essential for spermiogenesis.

O-methylated glycans from Toxocara are specific targets for antibody binding in human and animal infections.

The parasitic helminth Toxocara canis is a widely distributed nematode of mammals. Larval parasites, which infect a wide range of hosts including mice and humans, export glycosylated macromolecules bearing novel methylated oligosaccharide structures, similar to the mammalian blood group antigen H but bearing one or two O-methylated substitutions on the terminal fucose and subterminal galactose residues. We have studied the reactivity of synthetic forms of these glycans to parasite-specific antibodies and mammalian immune system lectins. Murine antibodies, generated to T. canis infection, predominantly recognise the mono-O-methylated form with the beta-configuration of the GalNAc residue (MoMbeta), and antibodies are entirely IgM isotype. The mAb Tcn-2 reproduces this pattern, and shows little reactivity to either the alpha isomer (MoMalpha) or the di-O-methylated form (DiM). Antibodies generated to helminth infections other than T. canis were unreactive with the glycans, except antibodies to other members of the Toxocara genus. Hence, the carbohydrate structures represent immunogenic, genus-specific antigens. Antibodies from human toxocariasis patients are reactive with the same sugars, although preferentially towards DiM. Sera from unrelated helminth infections do not react, confirming the status of these structures as Toxocara-specific glycans. The human dendritic cell lectin, DC-SIGN, was found to bind both Toxocara excretory/secretory products and mammalian blood group antigen H3. However, DC-SIGN did not bind the synthetic glycans, indicating additional non-methylated carbohydrates may also play a role in the interaction between T. canis and its host.

Chemically-modified polysaccharide extract derived from Leucaena leucocephala alters Raw 264.7 murine macrophage functions.

In this study, a chemical modification of the polysaccharides extract (E) derived from Leucaena leucocephala seeds was performed to prepare C-glycosidic 2-propanol derivative (PE), and its sulphated derivative (SPE). This study aimed to characterize immunomodulatory activities of the original extract and its derivatives by exploring their effects on Raw macrophage 264.7 functions and their antioxidant activity. Our results indicated that PE was an effective radical scavenger to hydroxyl, peroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals, and SPE was a peroxyl radical scavenger. PE and SPE were found to influence the macrophage functions. Both of PE and SPE enhanced the macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis of FITC-zymosan; PE inhibited nitric oxide (NO) generation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw macrophage 264.7. In contrast, SPE over-induced NO generation and TNF-alpha secretion. Moreover, PE strongly inhibited the binding affinity of FITC-LPS to Raw 264.7, as indicated by flow cytometry analysis. These findings revealed that PE may act as a potent anti-inflammatory agent; however SPE may act as an inducer of macrophage functions against pathogens.