[The problems related to implementation of AI into health care system: A review].

The AI technologies are more and more widely implemented into modern health care. the mobile medical applications permit to monitor course of chronic diseases and form healthier behavior in patients, to reduce number of visits to medical organizations and to improve accessibility of medical care for limited mobile patients. However, actually there are number of problems limiting implementation of AI into functioning of health services. The article discusses problems associated with computer technologies themselves and medical research using them. The ethical nuances of widespread application of AI are described. The modes of overcoming existing disadvantages of computer and mobile health care are proposed.

[Some aspects of non-medical use of narcotic substances].

The article presents foreign data on the non-medical use of certain combinations of narcotic drugs, the range of their effects on the body of patients, as well as the development of state response measures and propaganda of the rejection of the use of narcotic drugs among populations at risk. It is noted that the use of narcotic drugs without medical indications is a global public health problem. In addition to the negative impact on health, the use of narcotic drugs aggravates existing mental illnesses, and on the other hand, the presence of mental pathology accelerates the formation of drug addiction.

[The improvement of medical education within the framework of scientific educational cluster].

The article presents analysis of problems of training of physicians. The defects of professional orientation of applicants were noted, resulting in the fact that 19% of students already during their studies choose not to work in health care after graduation. Besides, deficiency of practical experience among students, as well imbalance of training of specialists in various specialties, shortage of budget places in residency, dissatisfaction of young physicians with working conditions and its schedule was registered. The authors propose complex of measures developing professional orientation of applicants, improving quality of education in medical universities and assisting their employment and successful adaptation in medical organizations.

[The application of artificial intellect in health care: prospects and challenges for science and clinical medicine].

The paper analyses publications data related to issues of application of AI and machine learning systems in medical science and practice. The particular attention is paid to key points of AI application in health care: diagnostics, telemedicine, development of new medications, medical rehabilitation and management decision-making process. Despite broad perspectives of applying the given systems in clinical practice and pharmaceutical industry, there are a number of such unsolved problems as ensuring information security, risk of making erroneous decisions and necessity to change existing normative legal base of health care.

[Risk factors and protective factors for substance abuse among adolescents].

The article presents a brief descriptive review aimed at identifying risk factors and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents in three important areas - personality, family and society. Individual risk factors are described: high impulsivity, rebelliousness, violation of emotional balance, alexithymia. Family risk factors were prenatal smoking of the mother, and her poor psychological status, low education of parents, the presence of family members who use psychoactive substances. Among the risk factors in society was the presence of peers who abuse drugs in the environment of a teenager. Protective factors are also identified: individual optimism, the desire to preserve their health, etc.

[The impact of alcohol and other psychoactive substance use during the covid-19 pandemic: problems and consequences].

This article discusses issues related to the use of surfactants during the COVID-19 pandemic. The global nature of this crisis has had a significant impact on the lives of people around the world, including their mental health. The introduction of quarantine and «isolation¼ measures have become one of the measures to control the spread of the disease, but such restrictions have led to various adverse psychological reactions such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as cases of self-mutilation and even suicide. All of these factors can negatively affect other aspects of health and lead to increased use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances. Stress, social isolation, the unpredictability of the future, loss of a job or income - all these can be motivating factors for people to turn to alcohol or other substances in search of relaxation or emotional support. However, such strategies are short-term and irrational, since alcohol consumption only worsens the mental state and further increases the risk of developing mental problems.

[Features of the implementation of 12-step treatment programs for Alcoholics Anonymous and other programs for the treatment of alcohol use disorders].

Alcoholism remains an urgent problem, as alcohol-related mortality is approximately 10 times higher than that from all drugs and accounts for 5.1% of the total global burden of disease. The solution to this problem is multifaceted and includes a wide range of medical services. The article on alcohol use disorders provides an overview of one of the largest support programs for people with alcohol dependence - Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). It is noted that the initial AA intervention includes work through social communication and the «12 steps¼ program. Its purpose is to facilitate internal psychological, emotional and spiritual changes that are considered necessary to maintain the status of abstinence from alcohol.

[The pharmacogenetics as integral part of personalized medicine: problems and prospects].

The article considers issues of implementation into clinical practice the principles of 5P medicine in its part of individualization of therapeutic tactics considering genetic characteristics of patients. The analysis of studies concerning influence of allelic variations on metabolism, safety and tolerance of the most often prescribed medicinal preparations was implemented. The main assumptions of pharmacogenomics were considered. Despite broad perspective of applying obtained data in clinical practice, there are a number of unresolved problems related to accessibility of genetic testing to population, ambiguity of approaches to interpretation of obtaining results, ethical issues and legal regulation.

[Brief description of the personnel potential of healthcare in Greece, Spain and Bulgaria].

The article presents a brief descriptive overview of the human resources of healthcare in Greece, Spain and Bulgaria. It is noted that they differ in the redundancy of specialist doctors with a relative shortage of general practitioners. The medical personnel of these countries are characterized by aging, a tendency to migrate to other countries, a shortage of secondary medical personnel, an excess of the required number of dentists, which is especially pronounced in Bulgaria. In addition, the availability of medical care and the limits on the number of patients for a certain time period with one doctor, established in Greece, reduce. The salary level of doctors in these countries varies from the minimum (Greece, Bulgaria) to the maximum in Spain. At the same time, the training of medical personnel is carried out according to the Bologna system (bachelor's degree, master's degree, etc.) and is characterized by a long period (4-5 years) of preparing a doctor for independent work.

[Review of foreign healthcare systems and ongoing reforms in China and Vietnam].

The article is devoted to the review of some aspects of health care reform abroad, the emphasis is placed on the study of measures to achieve universal health coverage (HEU) in China and Vietnam. There is a significant similarity of problematic issues in the health care of most countries, which include ensuring equal access to quality medical care, shortage of medical personnel, financing of medical care. A review of the studied reforms showed that those that are addressed to a specific health problem achieve greater success, especially in the field of public health reform. The experience of reforms in China and Vietnam in the field of increasing the availability of medical care demonstrates the importance of improving the financing of the medical industry in the implementation of most reforms. Both countries have implemented reforms in the field of health insurance, but in China basic health insurance was introduced, while in Vietnam more attention was paid to vulnerable groups of the population. Despite the fact that the two countries have made progress in health coverage, inequality in access to medical care has been significantly reduced in Vietnam. It is concluded that the effectiveness of reforms will be more successful if such measures as the use of strategic procurement, improvement of primary health care, improvement of the quality of services, provision of political support and increased financing of health care are implemented.

[Some aspects of ensuring patients' rights and accessibility of medical care in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia].

The article devoted to ensuring the rights of patients and the availability of medical care in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia notes the experience of creating an institute of independent ombudsmen who plays an important role in this issue. Basically, in these countries, the choice of a medical organization and a doctor is possible, and in Belgium the right to choose an insurance organization is granted. Patients in these countries are given the right to control the process of providing them with medical care, including its payment and joint decision-making with the doctor on treatment tactics. The State also ensures the patient's right to receive preventive and restorative services provided to children free of charge, and compensated for adults in 80% of cases. It is impossible not to recognize the high percentage of citizens of these countries, reaching 98%, satisfied with the medical services provided to them. However, in some countries there is an imbalance in the availability of medical care, which is expressed by high availability of family doctor services and low availability of specialist services, as in Estonia. Nevertheless, this does not cause an increase in the level of corruption in the medical spheres of these countries, which is below the European average. According to the totality of indicators of the availability of medical care, Germany is the leader among the analyzed countries.

[Brief description of the current problems of the health systems of Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia].

The article provides a brief overview of the current problems of health systems in a number of European countries and measures aimed at solving them. Noting the high level of health systems in these countries, it is also necessary to recognize their expensive cost due to the predominance of inpatient medical care. Almost all health care systems are experiencing staff shortages of varying degrees of severity, difficulties with ensuring equal access to medical care. Understanding the existing problems leads the governments of a number of countries, such as Austria, to formulate the goals they want to achieve in healthcare and monitor them. Among the measures taken, it is worth noting innovations in healthcare financing, the granting of additional powers to inpatient medical organizations, and others.

[Brief description of current problems and ongoing reforms of healthcare systems in Greece, Bulgaria a nd Spain].

The article is a description of the problems and reforms of the healthcare systems of Greece, Bulgaria, Spain. The range of existing problems includes the imperfection of management and financing of healthcare in these countries, which leads to a high level of co-financing of medical care by the population itself, a shortage of medical personnel and their uneven distribution within countries, the predominance of inpatient medical services, reduced availability (waiting time for medical care). In addition, Greece and Bulgaria have a high prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases with weak or no screening programs. The countries listed above are implementing a number of reforms related to the management and financing of healthcare, and the availability of medical care. However, significant results of reform, with the exception of Spain, are not observed in these countries, including due to the lack of political agreement on the implementation of the necessary reforms.

[Brief description of inpatient care in a number of European countries: Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia].

The article devoted to the description of some aspects of inpatient care for the population of a number of European countries presents data on the number of hospitalizations, provision of inpatient beds for the population, financing of inpatient services. There are different approaches in the organization of inpatient care and its management, low rates of occupancy of inpatient beds are recorded, which indicates an oversupply of medical services. As an interesting experience, the facts of attracting trained volunteers in Austria to provide emergency care are given. It is noted that it is necessary to continue to reorient the provision of medical care from the inpatient sector to the outpatient one.

[Brief description of the healthcare systems of Greece, Spain and Bulgaria].

The review of healthcare systems presented in the article notes the diversity of healthcare management in Greece, Spain, and Bulgaria. All these systems have more or less pronounced state subsystems with different centralization of management, the maximum level of which is represented in Bulgaria. Medical care is provided at several levels, while the provision of primary health care still requires improvement in Greece and Bulgaria. A fairly high percentage of GDP spent in these countries on healthcare does not prevent the co-financing of medical services at the expense of personal funds of citizens, including through informal payments. At the same time, in all three countries, the provision of medical care in hospitals still prevails over outpatient care.

[Brief description of some aspects of public health in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia].

The article, which reviews some aspects of public health in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia, highlights the achievements of public health in these countries, which is expressed in an increase in life expectancy, primarily due to a reduction in mortality from cardiovascular diseases. In the countries listed above, there is a difference in life expectancy, both between men and women, and between people with higher and basic education. There is still an urgent problem of the prevalence of risk factors - smoking and alcohol consumption, while the level of physical activity of residents of the designated countries can be called high. The fight against risk factors in these States is carried out, among other things, through the implementation of screening programs. The digital transformation in healthcare in Austria, Belgium, Germany and Estonia is also intensifying. A significant part of medical data, including informational and educational materials, is now available to the public in digital format.

[The brief characteristic of certain aspects of functioning of health care systems of Iran and the United Arab Emirates (a review)].

The article presents review of publications and national reports concerning various aspects of functioning of health care systems of Iran and the UAE. It is noted that the state in these countries plays different role in supporting population with medical care. It is larger and more significant in Iran than in the UAE. At that, private medical organizations dominate in health care of both countries in area of out-patient care (in the UAE it expressed more intensively). The analysis of medical insurance demonstrated that in the UAE insurance systems and accessibility of medical care for citizens and expatriates differ significantly. It is emphasized that quality and accessibility of medical care in Iran was impacted by international sanctions that in the first place affected provision of patients with imported medicines. The characteristics of these health care systems include the transfer of functions of provision of medical and educational services to medical universities in Iran and implementation of mandatory private health insurance in the UAE.

[The evaluation of opinions of residents of the Northern Caucasus Okrug about healthy municipal planning issues].

The article presents the results of examination of opinions of residents of the North Caucasus Federal District concerning healthy urban planning issues. The most residents of large cities are satisfied with infrastructure of their city, while residents of small towns are less satisfied with it. The prioritization of importance of solving various problems of urban life, opinions of residents are not solidary and differ depending on age and place of residence of respondents. For example, construction of playgrounds is a priority for residents of reproductive age from small towns. Only one out of ten of respondents would like to participate in strategy of development of their cities of residence.

[The short characteristic of particular aspects of of public health of Greece, Spain, Bulgaria].

The article presents short characteristic of relevant scientific publications concerning some aspects of public health of Greece, Spain and Bulgaria and presented in the PubMed database in 2014-2020. The rather high indicators of life expectancy, low values of maternal and infant mortality are marked. The best results are established in Spain. The high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors persists in countries analyzed, especially in Bulgaria and Greece. The health care systems of Greece, Spain and Bulgaria implement projects of digital transformation of medical care support. The most successful in this respect is Spain, while in Bulgaria and Greece information systems in health care remain fragmented.

[The comparative analysis of opinions of residents of the northern Caucasus Okrug and persons making decisions concerning issues of healthy municipal planning in its municipalities].

The article presents comparative results of studying opinion of citizens and officials making decisions on modernization of urban environment, about cities conditions. It is established that valuations of citizens and decision makers about urban infrastructure, its quantity and quality, process of cooperation in this area as well as consideration of interests in healthy urban planning differ significantly. The majority of surveyed decision-makers are more satisfied with conditions of their city infrastructure than citizens. The same trend persists in assessing quantity and quality of sport and physical education institutions. On the contrary, environmental situation in municipalities is more likely to suit citizens as compared to decision makers. The decision-makers are more optimistic about intersectorial cooperation in issues of healthy urban planning. The respondents note that issues and interests of health are not sufficiently considered in development and adoption of urban planning decisions in their municipalities. To correct the situation, it is necessary to implement appropriate strategies of healthy urban planning, to determine organizational mechanisms for their implementation in national conditions and to confirm their effectiveness in organizational experiment.