A moderated moderation analysis of perceived adaptivity and organizational support for innovation in the relationship between role overload and emotional exhaustion.

BACKGROUND: Collectively, an individual's ability and willingness to adjust to uncertain and complex changes in the workplace and an environment that supports employee problem-solving may facilitate individual-level adaptation to changes in the workplace and help mitigate the negative impact of work-related stressors on health care professionals' work-related behavior and mental health outcomes. PURPOSE: This study uses an interactionist perspective to assess how resources such as perceived adaptivity and organizational support for innovation serve as contextual boundary conditions of role overload in mitigating emotional exhaustion among health care workers. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from rural health care workers (n = 310). A moderated moderation analysis was performed to address the aims of the study. RESULTS: The results indicate that role overload has a significant positive effect on emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, a statistically significant three-way interaction effect of perceived adaptivity, organizational support for innovation, and role overload on emotional exhaustion was observed. Organizational support for innovation was found to mitigate the negative impact of role overload on emotional exhaustion for employees with high perceived adaptivity, but not for those with low perceived adaptivity levels. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study suggest that in high-stress work environments, integrating and appropriately matching personal and organizational resources could serve as a buffer against the effects of work stressors on emotional exhaustion. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Effective strategies to enhance employee emotional well-being may require the joint consideration of individual and organizational factors.

Examining Factors Associated With Minority Turnover Intention in State and Local Public Health Organizations: The Moderating Role of Race in the Relationship Among Supervisory Support, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention.

CONTEXT: There is a need to understand minority governmental public health workforce turnover to ensure the retention of public health minority workers, capitalize on diversity benefits, and enhance public health's capacity to serve diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the moderating effect of minority health workers' race on (1) the relationship between the workforce environment, particularly employees' perceptions of their pay and supervisory support on job satisfaction, and (2) the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intentions. DESIGN: Using the 2017 Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS), a cross-sectional survey of the public health workforce, a hierarchical logistic regression modeling technique was used to assess the moderating role of race on the relationship between supervisory support, pay and job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The PH WINS survey data from state and local health department employees. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Job satisfaction, pay, supervisory support, and turnover intention. RESULTS: Job satisfaction was found to mediate the relationship between the work environment factors of pay satisfaction and supervisory support and turnover. Our findings also suggest that while race moderates the influence of compensation and supervisory support on job satisfaction, race has no moderating effect on the job satisfaction-turnover intentions relationship. CONCLUSIONS: A focus on boosting job satisfaction, particularly through pay equity and perceived support, may reduce turnover among minority public health personnel.

Assessing Public Health Workforce Informatics Competencies: A Study of 3 District Health Departments in Georgia.

CONTEXT: Despite the increased recognition of the importance of having informatics-competent public health professionals, the competency level of the public health workforce in public health informatics (PHI) has not been examined extensively in the literature. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess public health workforce informatics competencies in select Georgia health districts and determine the correlates of PHI proficiency. METHODS: This study is based on a cross-sectional quantitative study design. We conducted an online self-administered survey of employees from 3 selected district health departments to assess proficiency in foundational PHI competency domains. Three hundred thirty-three respondents completed the survey, with a response rate of 32.5%. A gap score was calculated as a proxy to identify informatics training needs. A path analysis was conducted to assess the relationships among contextual factors and foundational PHI competency domains. RESULTS: The public health employees participating in this study reported relatively high proficiency in foundational PHI competency. Psychometric testing of the competency assessment instrument revealed 2 foundational informatics competency domains-effective information technology (IT) use and effective use of information. The effective use of IT mediated the relationship between employee-level factors of age and past informatics training and the effective use of information. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the importance of improving the ability of public health professionals to leverage IT and information to advance population health. Periodic assessment of staff PHI competencies can help proactively identify competency gaps and address needs for additional training. Short assessment tools, such as presented in this study, can be validated and used for such assessments.

The impact of interpersonal support, supervisory support, and employee engagement on employee turnover intentions: Differences between financially distressed and highly financially distressed hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Critical access hospitals (CAHs) are small hospitals in rural communities in the United States. Because of changes in rural population demographics, legacy financial obligations, and/or structural issues in the U.S. health care system, many of these institutions are financially distressed. Indeed, many have closed due to their inability to maintain financial viability, resulting in a health care and economic crisis for their communities. Employee recruitment, retention, and turnover are critical to the performance of these hospitals. There is limited empirical study of the factors that influence turnover in such institutions. PURPOSE: The primary purpose of the study was to study relationships between interpersonal support, supervisory support, employee engagement, and employee turnover intentions in CAHs. A secondary purpose was to study how financial distress affects these relationships. METHODOLOGY: Based on a survey of CAH employees (n = 218), the article utilizes mediated moderation analysis of a structural equation model. RESULTS: Interpersonal support and supervisory support are positively associated with employee engagement, whereas employee engagement mediates the relationships between both interpersonal support and supervisory support and employee turnover intentions. Statistically significant differences are found between these relationships in financially distressed and highly financially distressed institutions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with the social exchange theory upon which our hypotheses and model are built and demonstrate the value of using the degree of organizational financial distress as a contextual variable when studying motivational factors influencing employee turnover intentions. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: In addition to advancing management theory as applied in the CAH context, our study presents the practical insight that employee perceptions of their employer's financial condition should be considered when organizations develop employee retention strategies. Specifically, employee engagement strategies appear to be of greater value in the case of highly financially distressed organizations, whereas supervisory support seems more effective in financially distressed organizations.

Examining the relationship between social media engagement and hospital revenue.

Effective use of social media by hospitals has the potential to improve hospitals' financial performance by facilitating customer service and providing hospitals with a low-cost marketing platform. This cross-sectional study explored the relationship between hospital Facebook engagement and patient revenue in a simple random sample of United States short-term acute care hospitals. There was a positive relationship between Facebook engagement and hospital patient revenue for rural hospitals, but not for urban hospitals. Additional research is needed to identify the mechanisms through which hospitals' social media presence influences consumer health purchasing behavior and profitability.

Temporal Trends and Rural-Urban Differences in Hospital Length of Stay for Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess rural-urban differences and temporal trends in length of inpatient stay among patients diagnosed with Alzheimer disease and related dementia (ADRD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample comprised 27,313 ADRD and 27,313 matched non-ADRD inpatient discharges from Nebraska hospitals from 2005 to 2011. Descriptive statistics and multivariable regression models were used to assess rural-urban variations and temporal trends in length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: LOS was found to be similar for ADRD and non-ADRD-related hospitalizations. No rural-urban differences in LOS were observed for ADRD-related hospitalizations. However, there was a temporal decline in LOS for ADRD-related hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS: LOS for ADRD-related hospitalizations was found to be influenced mostly by patient-level demographic and clinical factors. Hospital-level factors were not associated with LOS.

Racial Disparities in Emotional Distress Among Cancer Survivors: Insights from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS).

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of race, cancer history, and their interaction on emotional distress among a nationally representative sample of US adults. Data utilized for this analysis were obtained from the first, second, and fourth iterations of the fourth cycle of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). The study sample included 3959, 3630, and 3677 respondents for the years 2011, 2012, and 2014, respectively, for a total sample size of 11,266. A multivariable ordered logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between emotional distress, race, and cancer history. The effect of cancer history on emotional distress was found to be moderated by race. Specifically, emotional distress was significantly higher among African American cancer survivors. Factors found to be protective against emotional distress included healthy lifestyle, older age, and higher income. Factors associated with high levels of emotional distress included poor general health status, low self-efficacy, and being female. The authors recommend the design, advancement, and implementation of evidence-based culturally sensitive interventions aimed at effectively screening and managing psychological distress symptoms, particularly among African American long-term cancer survivor patient populations.

Coping with an Advanced Stage Lung Cancer Diagnosis: Patient, Caregiver, and Provider Perspectives on the Role of the Health Care System.

Although lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the USA, there have been few studies on patient-centered advanced lung cancer treatment practices. As part of a larger research study on how to use a patient-inclusive approach in late-stage lung cancer treatment, this present study describes patient, caregiver, and provider perspectives on the role of the health care system in helping patients cope with an advanced stage lung cancer diagnosis. Four focus group sessions were conducted with six to eleven participants per group for a total of 36 participants. Two focus groups were held with patients and family members/caregivers and two with physicians and nurses. A major theme that emerged concerned coping with an advanced lung cancer diagnosis, which is the subject of this paper. The patients, caregivers, and providers spoke passionately about interactions with the health care system and volunteered examples of supportive and non-supportive relationships between patients and clinicians. They advocated for better patient-provider communication practices as well as the expanded use of patient navigation and new patient orientation programs. This study contributes additional knowledge by including the perspectives of caregivers and providers who live and work closely with patients with advanced lung cancer. The findings can inform the development of comprehensive patient-centered care plans for patients living with an advanced lung cancer diagnosis.

Organizational and environmental correlates of the adoption of a focus strategy in U.S. hospices.

BACKGROUND: The hospice industry has experienced rapid growth in the last decade and has become a prominent component of the U.S. health care delivery system. In recent decades, the number of hospices serving nursing facility residents has increased. However, there is paucity of research on the organizational and environmental determinants of this strategic behavior. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to empirically identify the factors associated with the adoption of a nursing facility focus strategy in U.S. hospices. A nursing facility focus strategy was defined in this study as a strategic choice to target the provision of hospice services to skilled nursing facility or nursing home residents. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: This study employed a longitudinal study design with lagged independent variables in answering its research questions. Data for the study's dependent variables are obtained for the years 2005-2008, whereas data for the independent variables are obtained for the years 2004-2007, representing a 1-year lag. Mixed effects regression models were used in the multivariate regression analyses. FINDINGS: Using a resource dependence framework, the findings from this study indicate that organizational size, community wealth, competition, and ownership type are important predictors of the adoption of a nursing facility focus strategy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Hospices may be adopting a nursing facility focus strategy in response to increasing competition. The decision to focus the provision of care to nursing facility residents may be driven by the need to secure stability in referrals. Further empirical exploration of the performance implications of adopting a nursing facility focus strategy is warranted.

Engaging patients and caregivers in patient-centered outcomes research on advanced stage lung cancer: insights from patients, caregivers, and providers.

Participatory and patient-centered approaches to cancer research have been highlighted as the most appropriate means of engaging patients in the conduct of clinical research. However, there is a paucity of patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR) on lung cancer. Previous studies seeking to define lung cancer treatment success have generally not included patients' and caregivers' perceptions and views in treatment decision-making. Additionally, little is known about effective strategies for the engagement of lung cancer patients in PCOR. We sought to gain insights into the perceptions of patients, caregivers, and providers on lung cancer treatment success, as well as on strategies for patient engagement in lung cancer PCOR. Four focus groups were conducted with provider, patient, and caregiver participants from four cancer centers in Nebraska and South Dakota. A total of 36 providers, patients, and caregivers participated in this study. Patients and caregivers confirmed that survival alone should not be the measure of lung cancer treatment success and that definitions of treatment success should emphasize factors such as effective clinical guidance throughout treatment, symptom management, functionality, and quality of life. Clinician participants noted that the definition of treatment success evolved over time and appeared to be linked to patients' experiences with chemotherapy. Participants identified barriers to and facilitators of research participation and suggested strategies for the recruitment and retention of research participants. Our study indicates that patients can successfully play active and engaged roles in clinical research, ranging from participant to partner. Judging from the enthusiasm of our focus group attendees, patients and caregivers want to participate and be engaged in clinical research.

Examining the relationship between rural residents' satisfaction with local hospital's COVID-19 response and intention to use the hospital.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of having emergency and acute care services close to home and emerged as an opportunity for hospital-community engagement. This study examined whether rural residents' satisfaction with their local hospital's pandemic response was associated with improved community perception of the hospital and an intention to use it in the future. METHODS: Data for the study were obtained from a survey of rural residents of 6 Georgia rural communities and analyzed using multivariable logistic regression and mediation analyses. RESULTS: Rural residents' satisfaction with their local hospital's pandemic response was associated with an improved perception of the hospital. Improvement in the perception of rural hospitals following the pandemic was found to partially mediate a positive association between community residents' satisfaction with hospital pandemic response and the intention to use the hospital when needed. CONCLUSION: The COVID-response efforts may have given rural hospitals an opportunity to influence public perception.

Impact of chronic thrombocytopenia on healthcare resource utilization, in-hospital outcomes, and costs following percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion: a nationwide propensity weighted analysis.

BACKGROUND: Data on the impact of chronic thrombocytopenia (CT) on outcomes following chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is limited. Most studies are case reports and focused on postprocedural thrombocytopenia. The purpose of this present study is to assess the impact of CT (> one year) on health resource utilization (HRU), in-hospital outcomes, and cost following CTO PCI. METHODS: We used discharge data from the 2016-2018 National Inpatient Sample and propensity score-weighted approach to examine the association between CT and HRU among patients undergoing CTO PCI. HRU was measured as a binary indicator defined as a length of stay greater than seven days and/or discharge to a non-home setting. The cost was measured as total charges standardized to 2018 dollars. Both outcomes were assessed using generalized linear models adjusted for survey year, and baseline characteristics. RESULTS: Relative to its absence, the presence of CT following CTO PCI was associated with a 4.8% increased probability of high HRU (Population Average Treatment Effect (PATE) estimate = 0.048; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.041-0.055; P<0.001) and approximately $18,000 more in total hospital charges (PATE estimate = +$18,297.98; 95% CI = $15,101.33-$21,494.63, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Among chronic total occlusion patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, those with chronic thrombocytopenia had higher resource use, including total hospital charges, and worse in-hospital outcomes when compared with those without chronic thrombocytopenia.

A Nationwide Study of the "July Effect" Concerning Postpartum Hemorrhage and Its Risk Factors at Teaching Hospitals across the United States.

Objective To assess the "July effect" and the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and its risk factors across the U.S. teaching hospitals. Method This study used the 2018 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and included 2,056,359 of 2,879,924 single live-birth hospitalizations with low-risk pregnancies across the U.S. teaching hospitals. The International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) from the American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC) medical coding was used to identify PPH and other study variables. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to compare the adjusted odds of PPH risk in the first and second quarters of the academic year vs. the second half of the academic year. Results Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in approximately 4.19% of the sample. We observed an increase in the adjusted odds of PPH during July through September (adjusted odds ratios (AOR), 1.05; confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.10) and October through December (AOR, 1.07; CI, 1.04-1.12) compared to the second half of the academic year (January to June). Conclusions This study showed a significant "July effect" concerning PPH. However, given the mixed results concerning maternal outcomes at the time of childbirth other than PPH, more research is needed to investigate the "July effect" on the outcomes of the third stage of labor. This study's findings have important implications for patient safety interventions concerning MCH.

Factors associated with cost conversations in oral health care settings.

BACKGROUND: Patient-provider cost conversations can minimize cost-related barriers to health, while improving treatment adherence and patient satisfaction. The authors sought to identify factors associated with the occurrence of cost conversations in dentistry. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using data from an online, self-administered survey of US adults who had seen a dentist within the past 24 months at the time of the survey. Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used to identify patient and provider characteristics associated with the occurrence of cost conversations. RESULTS: Of the 370 respondents, approximately two-thirds (68%) reported having a cost conversation with their dental provider during their last dental visit. Cost conversations were more likely for patients aged 25 through 34 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.84; 95% CI, 1.54 to 5.24), 35 through 44 years (OR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.50 to 7.51), and 55 through 64 years (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.38 to 8.28) than patients aged 18 through 24 years. Cost conversations were less likely to occur during visits with dental hygienists than during visits with general or family dentists (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.58). In addition, respondents from the South (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.04 to 3.48) and those screened for financial hardship were more likely to report having cost conversations with their dental providers (OR, 6.70; 95% CI, 2.69 to 16.71). CONCLUSIONS: Within the study sample, cost conversations were common and were facilitated via financial hardship screening. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Modifying oral health care delivery processes to incorporate financial hardship screening may be an effective way to facilitate cost conversations and provision of patient-centered care.

COVID-19 and social determinants of health: Medicaid managed care organizations' experiences with addressing member social needs.

BACKGROUND: The significant adverse social and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has cast broader light on the importance of addressing social determinants of health (SDOH). Medicaid Managed Care Organizations (MMCOs) have increasingly taken on a leadership role in integrating medical and social services for Medicaid members. However, the experiences of MMCOs in addressing member social needs during the pandemic has not yet been examined. AIM: The purpose of this study was to describe MMCOs' experiences with addressing the social needs of Medicaid members during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The study was a qualitative study using data from 28 semi-structured interviews with representatives from 14 MMCOs, including state-specific markets of eight national and regional managed care organizations. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four themes emerged: the impact of the pandemic, SDOH response efforts, an expanding definition of SDOH, and managed care beyond COVID-19. Specifically, participants discussed the impact of the pandemic on enrollees, communities, and healthcare delivery, and detailed their evolving efforts to address member nonmedical needs during the pandemic. They reported an increased demand for social services coupled with a significant retraction of community social service resources. To address these emerging social service gaps, participants described mounting a prompt and adaptable response that was facilitated by strong existing relationships with community partners. CONCLUSION: Among MMCOs, the COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of addressing member social needs, and the need for broader consideration of what constitutes SDOH from a healthcare delivery standpoint.

State Expectations and Medicaid Managed Care Organizations' Efforts to Address the Social Needs of Medicaid Enrollees.

Existing work on states' efforts to address the social needs of Medicaid enrollees indicate the implementation of several state-level strategies to move Medicaid Managed Care Organizations (MMCOs) toward the provision of whole-person care. However, less is known about how these expectations drive MMCOs' SDOH efforts. To address this gap, we interviewed representatives of eight MMCOs (N=28) and 12 state Medicaid offices (N=17). Participants described varying state-implemented instruments for encouraging an SDOH-focus among MMCOs, including both coercive (e.g., contractual mandates) and subtle approaches (e.g., request for proposal process and performance measurement expectations). However, regardless of states' expectations, MMCOs, driven by organizational and industry-related factors, recognized the importance of addressing SDOH as part of a holistic approach to health care. Collectively, regulatory pressures, organizational strategy, and market forces influenced MMCOs' efforts to address SDOH leading to a normalization of their role in addressing members' social needs within a medical paradigm.

Addressing the Social Needs of Medicaid Enrollees Through Managed Care: Lessons and Promising Practices from the Field.

With growing recognition of the adverse health impacts of unmet social needs, Medicaid managed care organizations (MMCOs) are increasingly focusing on addressing the social needs of Medicaid enrollees as part of a holistic approach to care. Information and knowledge sharing among MMCOs pertaining to lessons learned and promising practices from their social determinants of health (SDOH) targeted efforts can help identify successful practical approaches for navigating common challenges, developing robust SDOH programming, and effectively delivering whole-person care. Using data from interviews with 28 representatives of 8 national and regional MMCOs, this qualitative study describes the perspectives of MMCO representatives on the lessons learned and emerging promising practices from addressing SDOH among their Medicaid enrollees. Participants discussed the importance of member and community-centeredness, structured programming, and delivery system realignment in the effective delivery of whole person care. Ten lessons learned and emerging promising practices are discussed. Findings from this study suggest that success in addressing the social needs of Medicaid beneficiaries may be achieved through adaptive, data-driven, member- and community-centric efforts by MMCOs, facilitated by system-level changes that formally integrate social services within health care. Lessons learned and promising practices can serve as a foundation for identifying and evaluating best practices and guidelines for effective MMCOs' SDOH-related programming.

Assessment of the Financial Health of Rural Hospitals After Implementation of the Georgia Rural Hospital Tax Credit Program.

Importance: In 2016, Georgia implemented the Rural Hospital Tax Credit Program, which allows taxpayers to receive a tax credit for contributions to qualifying rural hospitals in the state. Empirical evidence of the program's association with the viability of the state's rural hospitals is needed. Objective: To examine the association of the tax credit program with the financial health of participating rural hospitals. Design, Setting, and Participants: This longitudinal cross-sectional study used hospital financial data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for 2015 to 2019. A difference-in-differences analytic approach was used to examine the association of the tax credit program with rural hospital financial health. Study participants included Georgia rural hospitals eligible to participate in the program. Comparison hospitals were selected from the southern states of Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Exposures: Hospital participation in the Georgia Rural Hospital Tax Credit Program. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome of the study was financial health measured with total margin, days cash on hand, debt-asset ratio, and average age of plant as well as a Financial Strength Index (FSI), which combined the previous measures to assess overall financial strength. Results: The analytical sample included a balanced panel of 136 hospitals, with 47 Georgia Rural Hospital Tax Credit Program participants (18 [38%] critical access hospitals; 5 [11%] system affiliated; mean [SD] bed count, 60 [47]; mean [SD] Medicare inpatient mix, 52% [16]) and 89 comparison hospitals (43 [48%] critical access hospitals; 24 [27%] system affiliated; mean [SD] bed count, 52 [41]; mean [SD] Medicare inpatient mix, 67% [18]). Two years after implementation, program participation was associated with a 23% increased probability of good or excellent financial health (b = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10-0.37; P < .001) and a 6.7-point increase in total margin (b = 6.67; 95% CI, 3.61-9.73; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: These early findings suggest that the Georgia Rural Hospital Tax Credit Program is associated with improvements in hospital financial health; however, additional studies are needed to assess the program's long-term impact on the financial sustainability of Georgia's rural hospitals.

Georgia Rural Hospital Tax Credit: Perspectives of Rural Health Executives.

PURPOSE: In 2016, Georgia implemented a rural hospital tax credit program through a legislative mandate that allows individuals and corporations to donate to qualifying rural hospitals in exchange for state income tax credit. The study examines the importance, success, and challenges of the program, and opportunities for improvement, from the perspective of Georgia rural hospital executives. METHODS: The study was a qualitative study using data from key informant telephone interviews with 21 hospital executives and administrators of eligible rural hospitals. FINDINGS: Hospital executives described the program as a valuable lifeline for struggling rural hospitals and an instrument for community engagement. They provided recommendations for legislative and programmatic modifications to ensure stability, transparency, and accountability. CONCLUSION: Results highlight the popularity of the program among rural hospital leaders, but they also identify potential areas for improvement. The findings of the study can inform policy-making efforts targeted at improving the nation's rural health infrastructure.