Impact of a series of measures for optimisation hospital code stroke care on door-to-needle times.

INTRODUCTION: Time continues to be a fundamental variable in reperfusion treatments for acute ischaemic stroke. Despite the recommendations made in clinical guidelines, only around one-third of these patients receive fibrinolysis within 60minutes. In this study, we describe our experience with the implementation of a specific protocol for patients with acute ischaemic stroke and evaluate its impact on door-to-needle times in our hospital. METHODS: Measures were gradually implemented in late 2015 to shorten stroke management times and optimise the care provided to patients with acute ischaemic stroke; these measures included the creation of a specific on-call neurovascular care team. We compare stroke management times before (2013-2015) and after (2017-2019) the introduction of the protocol. RESULTS: The study includes 182 patients attended before implementation of the protocol and 249 attended after. Once all measures were in effect, the overall median door-to-needle time was 45minutes (vs 74 minutes before, a 39% reduction; P<.001), with 73.5% of patients treated within 60minutes (a 47% increase; P<.001). Median overall time to treatment (onset-to-needle time) was reduced by 20minutes (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The measures included in our protocol achieved a significant, sustained reduction in door-to-needle times, although there remains room for improvement. The mechanisms established for monitoring outcomes and for continuous improvement will enable further advances in this regard.

Effect of optic neuritis on progressive axonal damage in multiple sclerosis patients.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to study the effect of optic neuritis (ON) on axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Specifically, we compared changes over 2 years in the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) between affected and contralateral eyes in MS patients with a prior history of ON. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with one unilateral definitive episode of ON were included and underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), scanning laser polarimetry, visual evoked potentials (VEP) and pattern electroretinogram (pERG). All patients were re-evaluated at 12 and 24 months. Parameters were compared between ON-affected and contralateral eyes in an initial exploration and over the course of the follow-up. Correlations between parameter changes were analysed. RESULTS: RNFL thickness and functional parameters showed more affection in ON eyes (p ≤ 0.05), but changes in measurements during the study were similar between both groups of eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive axonal loss can be detected in the optic nerve, but ON is not a risk factor for increased chronic damage in MS patients without ophthalmic relapses. Loss of the RNFL is caused by progressive degeneration associated with the disease.

Recommendations for vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis who are eligible for immunosuppressive therapies: Spanish consensus statement. / Recomendaciones para la vacunación en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple candidatos a terapias inmunosupresoras: documento de consenso español.

BACKGROUND: The recent development of highly effective treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) and the potential risk of infectious complications require the development of prevention and risk minimisation strategies. Vaccination is an essential element of the management of these patients. This consensus statement includes a series of recommendations and practical scenarios for the vaccination of adult patients with MS who are eligible for highly effective immunosuppressive treatments. METHODOLOGY: A formal consensus procedure was followed. Having defined the scope of the statement, we conducted a literature search on recommendations for the vaccination of patients with MS and specific vaccination guidelines for immunosuppressed patients receiving biological therapy for other conditions. The modified nominal group technique methodology was used to formulate the recommendations. DEVELOPMENT: Vaccination in patients who are candidates for immunosuppressive therapy should be considered before starting immunosuppressive treatment providing the patient's clinical situation allows. Vaccines included in the routine adult vaccination schedule, as well as some specific ones, are recommended depending on the pre-existing immunity status. If immunosuppressive treatment is already established, live attenuated vaccines are contraindicated. For vaccines with a correlate of protection, it is recommended to monitor the serological response in an optimal interval of 1-2 months from the last dose.

Impact of a series of measures for optimisation hospital code stroke care on door-to-needle times. / Impacto en los tiempos puerta-aguja de un conjunto de medidas para optimizar la atención hospitalaria del código ictus.

INTRODUCTION: Time continues to be a fundamental variable in reperfusion treatments for acute ischaemic stroke. Despite the recommendations made in clinical guidelines, only around one-third of these patients receive fibrinolysis within 60minutes. In this study, we describe our experience with the implementation of a specific protocol for patients with acute ischaemic stroke and evaluate its impact on door-to-needle times in our hospital. METHODS: Measures were gradually implemented in late 2015 to shorten stroke management times and optimise the care provided to patients with acute ischaemic stroke; these measures included the creation of a specific on-call neurovascular care team. We compare stroke management times before (2013-2015) and after (2017-2019) the introduction of the protocol. RESULTS: The study includes 182 patients attended before implementation of the protocol and 249 attended after. Once all measures were in effect, the overall median door-to-needle time was 45minutes (vs 74 minutes before, a 39% reduction; P<.001), with 73.5% of patients treated within 60minutes (a 47% increase; P<.001). Median overall time to treatment (onset-to-needle time) was reduced by 20minutes (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The measures included in our protocol achieved a significant, sustained reduction in door-to-needle times, although there remains room for improvement. The mechanisms established for monitoring outcomes and for continuous improvement will enable further advances in this regard.

Functional Evaluation of the Visual Pathway in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Using a Multifunction Stimulator Monitor.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the capability of the vision monitor unit Monpack One of detecting visual function alterations in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to evaluate the correlation between structural retinal parameters and functional measurements obtained with this device. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with MS and 46 healthy controls were included in a cross-sectional study. All participants underwent a complete functional evaluation of the visual pathway, which included low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA), contrast sensitivity vision (CSV), automated perimetry, multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEPs), and pattern electroretinogram (ERG). All tests were performed using the vision monitor unit Monpack One (Metrovision, France), a multifunction stimulator device. Retinal structural measurements were obtained in all subjects using Triton swept source optical coherence tomography (Topcon, Japan). RESULTS: Patients with MS presented reduced low-contrast VA (p < 0.001) and reduced CSV at medium (p=0.001, p=0.013) and low (p=0.001, p=0.002) spatial frequencies. All visual field parameters were found to be altered in MS patients compared with controls (≤0.001). Patients with MS presented lower amplitude of the P100 waveform of the mfVEP in areas corresponding to central (p < 0.001), inferonasal (p=0.001), and inferotemporal (p=0.003) retina. The pattern ERG did not show significant differences. Significant correlations were observed between structural retinal measurements and functional parameters, especially between the inner macular areas and measurements corresponding to contrast sensitivity and perimetry indexes. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MS present visual dysfunction detectable with the vision monitor unit Monpack One. This device may be a fast and useful tool to provide a full evaluation of axonal damage in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Trends in stroke hospitalisation rates and in-hospital mortality in Aragon, 1998-2010. / Tendencia de las tasas de hospitalización y de letalidad hospitalaria de la enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda en Aragón en el periodo 1998-2010.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the impact of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) on global health, its morbidity and time trends in Spain are not precisely known. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to characterise the epidemiology and trends pertaining to stroke in Aragon over the period 1998-2010. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study using the data of the Spanish health system's Minimum Data Set and included all stroke patients admitted to acute care hospitals in Aragon between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2010. We present data globally and broken down by stroke subtype, sex, and age group. RESULTS: The number of cases increased by 13% whereas age- and sex-adjusted hospitalisation rates showed a significant decrease for all types of stroke (mean annual decrease of 1.6%). Men and women in younger age groups showed opposite trends in hospitalisation rates for ischaemic stroke. Case fatality rate at 28 days (17.9%) was higher in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (35.8%) than in those with subarachnoid haemorrhage (26.2%) or ischaemic stroke (13%). CVD case fatality showed a mean annual decline of 2.8%, at the expense of the fatality rate of ischaemic stroke, and it was more pronounced in men than in women. DISCUSSION: Understanding stroke epidemiology and trends at the regional level will help establish an efficient monitoring system and design appropriate strategies for health planning.

Impacto en los tiempos puerta-aguja de un conjunto de medidas para optimizar la atención hospitalaria del código ictus / Impact of a series of measures for optimisation hospital code stroke care on door-to-needle times

Introducción: El tiempo sigue siendo una variable determinante para los tratamientos de reperfusión del ictus isquémico agudo. A pesar de las recomendaciones de las guías clínicas, solo alrededor de la tercera parte de los pacientes con ictus isquémico agudo son fibrinolizados en ≤ 60 min. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir nuestra experiencia implementando un protocolo específico de atención del ictus isquémico agudo y evaluar su impacto en nuestros tiempos puerta-aguja.MétodosA finales del 2015, se implantaron gradualmente unas medidas diseñadas para acortar los tiempos de actuación y optimizar la atención del ictus isquémico agudo incluyendo una guardia específica de Neurovascular. Se compararon los tiempos de actuación antes (2013-2015) y después (2017-2019) de la introducción de este protocolo.ResultadosSe incluyó a 182 pacientes antes y 249 después de la intervención. Cuando todas las medidas fueron introducidas, la mediana global de tiempo puerta-aguja fue de 45 min (previa 74 min, 39% menos, p < 0,001) con un 73,5% de pacientes tratados en ≤ 60 min (47% más que preintervención, p < 0,001). El tiempo global al tratamiento (inicio síntoma-aguja) se redujo en 20 min de mediana (p < 0,001).ConclusionesLas medidas asociadas en nuestro protocolo han conseguido una disminución del tiempo puerta-aguja de forma significativa y sostenida, aunque todavía nos queda margen de mejora, la dinámica establecida de control de resultados y mejora continua hará posible seguir avanzando en este sentido. (AU)

Introduction: Time continues to be a fundamental variable in reperfusion treatments for acute ischaemic stroke. Despite the recommendations made in clinical guidelines, only around one-third of these patients receive fibrinolysis within 60 minutes. In this study, we describe our experience with the implementation of a specific protocol for patients with acute ischaemic stroke and evaluate its impact on door-to-needle times in our hospital.MethodsMeasures were gradually implemented in late 2015 to shorten stroke management times and optimise the care provided to patients with acute ischaemic stroke; these measures included the creation of a specific on-call neurovascular care team. We compare stroke management times before (2013-2015) and after (2017-2019) the introduction of the protocol.ResultsThe study includes 182 patients attended before implementation of the protocol and 249 attended after. Once all measures were in effect, the overall median door-to-needle time was 45 minutes (vs 74 minutes before, a 39% reduction; P<.001), with 73.5% of patients treated within 60 minutes (a 47% increase; P<.001). Median overall time to treatment (onset-to-needle time) was reduced by 20 minutes (P<.001).ConclusionsThe measures included in our protocol achieved a significant, sustained reduction in door-to-needle times, although there remains room for improvement. The mechanisms established for monitoring outcomes and for continuous improvement will enable further advances in this regard. (AU)

[Relationship between homocysteinaemia and sympathetic skin response in Parkinson's disease]. / Relacion entre homocisteinemia y respuesta simpaticocutanea en la enfermedad de Parkinson.

INTRODUCTION: High levels of homocysteine linked to treatment with levodopa have been observed in patients with Parkinsons disease (PD). Our aim was to assess the influence of serum homocysteine levels and other PD-related on the sympathetic skin response. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted that consecutively included patients with PD. We unilaterally assessed the sympathetic skin response in the upper limbs. We measured the influence of PD severity (measured by the Hoehn and Yahr and the Schwab and England scales, and the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale) and blood homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels on the latency and amplitude of the sympathetic skin response. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients were enrolled, and all achieved a sympathetic skin response. In the bivariate analysis, latency was significantly correlated with age, age at PD onset and homocysteinaemia levels. The presence of hyper-homocysteinemia was associated with a longer latency. The amplitude was only correlated with the score on the Schwab and England scale. In the multivariate analysis, age was the only variable that showed a significant association with the latency duration and homocysteine levels. CONCLUSION: A direct association could not be established between the increase in homocysteinaemia levels and sympathetic skin response dysfunction in PD. The results of the multivariate analysis suggest that latency prolongation in elderly patients could be due to the fact that these patients have higher blood levels of homocysteinaemia.

TITLE: Relacion entre homocisteinemia y respuesta simpaticocutanea en la enfermedad de Parkinson.Introduccion. En la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) se han observado niveles elevados de homocisteina en relacion con el tratamiento con levodopa. Nuestro objetivo ha sido valorar su influencia y la de otras variables relacionadas con la propia EP sobre la respuesta simpaticocutanea. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio observacional, transversal, en el que se incluyo de forma consecutiva a pacientes con EP. Se valoro la respuesta simpaticocutanea de forma unilateral en los miembros superiores, y se determino la influencia de la gravedad de la EP segun la Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, y las escalas de Hoehn y Yahr y de Schwab y England, y de los niveles sanguineos de homocisteina, vitamina B12 y acido folico sobre la latencia y amplitud de la respuesta simpaticocutanea. Resultados. Se incluyo a 78 pacientes. La respuesta simpaticocutanea se obtuvo en todos ellos. En el analisis bivariante, la latencia se correlaciono significativamente con la edad, con la edad de inicio de la EP y con los niveles de homocisteina. La presencia de hiperhomocisteinemia se relaciono con una latencia mas prolongada. La amplitud solo se correlaciono con la puntuacion en la escala de Schwab y England. En el analisis multivariante, la edad fue la unica variable que demostro una asociacion significativa tanto con la duracion de la latencia como con los niveles de homocisteina. Conclusion. No pudo establecerse una asociacion directa entre el aumento de homocisteinemia y la disfuncion de la respuesta simpaticocutanea. Los resultados del analisis multivariante sugieren que la prolongacion de la latencia en los pacientes de una mayor edad podria deberse a que estos presentan unos mayores niveles sanguineos de homocisteina.

[Clinico-epidemiologic study of bacterial meningitis in Aragon]. / Estudio clinicoepidemiológico de las meningitis bacterianas en Aragón.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to know the incidence, etiology, prognostic factors and rate of mortality of bacterial meningitis in Aragón (Spain). METHODS: The clinical records of all the patients with bacterial meningitis seen in the hospitals in Aragón (Spain), from 1985 to 1988 inclusive were reviewed. RESULTS: The mean of the annual rates of incidence for Aragón (Spain) was 7.52/100,000 inhabitants. In patients under the age of 15 years the most frequent etiologies were Neisseria meningitidis (59.0%), Haemophilus influenzae (13.7%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (9.4%); the global rate of mortality was 3.5% similar to that of sequelae. In those over the age of 14 years, the most frequent etiologies were N. meningitidis (33%), S. pneumoniae (18.4%) and Staphylococcus spp. (13.6%); the rate of global mortality was 19.5% and that of sequelae 10.8% with resistance of S. pneumoniae to penicillin and/or ampicillin in 45.5% of the cases in children and in 26.3% in adults. No significant evolutive differences related with the existence of resistances or the administration of antibiotics prior to lumbar punction were observed in any of the age groups. CONCLUSIONS: N. meningitidis is the main etiologic agent in Aragón in both children and adults. The greatest rates of mortality and sequelae were observed in the youngest and oldest age groups with a similar relation being seen in infection by gramnegative bacilli and S. pneumoniae, thus making these patients to be considered as being at high risk.

[Mesenteric panniculitis in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain]. / La paniculitis mesentérica en el diagnóstico diferencial del dolor abdominal.

Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare disease affecting adipose tissue of the mesentery that may result in the development of large masses in the abdomen. Diffuse chronic or intermittent abdominal pain is the most frequent symptom. It usually follows a benign course though surgery is sometime needed. We describe a patient with recurrent abdominal pain who was diagnosed of mesenteric panniculitis. An abdominal CT scan oriented to the diagnosis and an open laparotomy and biopsy was needed for a definitive diagnosis. A brief review of the literature is added.

[Cognition deterioration in Parkinson's disease: associated risk factors]. / Deterioro cognoscitivo en la enfermedad de Parkinson: factores de riesgo asociados.

INTRODUCTION: Frequency estimation of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) has often been the source of controversy owing to variations in the case selection methods and diagnosis criteria used. We examined the frequency of dementia and differences found in some clinical features between PD patients with or without cognitive impairment, to determine the risk factors for incident dementia in PD patients. METHODS: A diagnosis of PD was taken according to the United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria. Subjects were considered as affected from cognitive impairment if Minimental State Examination score was below to 21. RESULTS: Cognitive impairment was present in 36% of PD patients. The mean age was higher in PD patients with cognitive impairment (76 vs 69 years old, respectively; p < 0.001). The age onset of PD was higher in patients with cognitive impairment (68 vs 63 years old, respectively; p < 0.01). The rate of PD patients with low educational level were higher in patients with cognitive impairment (59 vs 30%, respectively; p < 0.01). Patients with cognitive impairment had higher rating scale score (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive impairment was present in 36% of examined PD patients, based in our operative diagnostic criteria. The cognitive status decrease continuously with age. It's also evidence an inverse relation between educational level and rating scale score with cognitive impairment.

[Depression and Parkinson disease]. / Depresión y enfermedad de Parkinson.

OBJECTIVE: Depression occurs more often in Parkinson's disease (PD) than in other chronic illnesses with important disability. The relationship between the depression level and some clinical features of PD remains controversial. Frequency of depression in these patients has been estimated and relationship between this symptom with some clinical features of PD. METHODS: A diagnosis of PD was taken according to the United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria. Depression status was rated with Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). RESULTS: Sixty-two patients (56%), 24 male and 38 female, were depressed at the time of study. The frequency of depression was higher in female (61% vs 39%, p < 0.05) and younger patients with a significant difference (p < 0.001). 53.4% of the patients became depressed previous of beginning PD symptoms, being 71% female (p < 0.05). Patients with depression had had PD longer than patients without depression (7.7 vs 5.3 years old, respectively; p < 0.05). Patients with depression were found to be more affected on motor rating scales (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Depression was found in 56% of PD patients, with female predominance (61%). Frequency of depression was higher in younger patients. Depression was associated with duration of PD and an inverse relationship between depression and cognitive status was found.

[Hypoxic encephalopathy and cortical laminar necrosis]. / Encefalopatía hipóxica y necrosis laminar cortical.

INTRODUCTION: Cortical laminar necrosis is characterized by destruction of the cerebral cortex, mainly of the third layer, in situations of reduced energy supply to the brain. The cerebral lesions caused are known through studies made at autopsies, but there are few descriptions in the literature of the neuroimaging changes. We report the case of a patient who suffered hypoxic encephalopathy secondary to prolonged status epilepticus, and in whom cerebral MR showed changes compatible with cortical laminar necrosis. CLINICAL CASE: A 16 year old girl who had been epileptic since infancy presented with a state of generalized tonic-clonic convulsions followed by coma. Three weeks later she was mute, had a blink reflect to threats and followed visual stimuli with eye movements but no voluntary motor or verbal response. She also showed generalized hypertonia and fine tremor of her arms, which she moved spontaneously with no asymmetry. After two months her clinical condition became stable. Cerebral MR at this time showed diffuse hypersignal of the cortex and basal ganglia in T2 and FLAIR sequences and hyposignal of the subcortical white matter associated with a marked hypersignal delimiting the grooves of convexity in T1 sequences. CONCLUSIONS: Situations of prolonged hypoxia, such as in status epilepticus, lead to necrosis of layers of the cerebral cortex. Clinically this is seen as the appearance of hypoxic encephalopathy and radiologically as characteristic alterations of neuroimaging known as cortical laminar necrosis.

[Sensory-motor polyneuropathy associated with lung tuberculosis: presentation of two new cases]. / Polineuropatía sensitivomotora asociada a tuberculosis pulmonar: presentación de dos casos.

The association of active tuberculosis with changes in the peripheral nervous system is not well defined, although it is included amongst the neuro-muscular disorders of the peripheral nerve diseases due to infective agents. We describe the case of two patients with sensory-motor polyneuropathy and coexistant active pulmonary tuberculosis which was untreated prior to diagnosis of the peripheral nervous system disorder. In both cases the condition was sub-acute and did not improve until treatment was begun. Anti-tuberculosis treatment was followed by marked improvement of both the pulmonary tuberculosis and of the polyneuropathy. The close chronological relationship of both clinical pictures with the therapeutic response supports the hypothesis of the pathogenesis of the peripheral nervous system disorder being mediated by an anomolous immune response, initiated by the infection with Koch's bacillus.

[Myelitis and optic neuritis caused by varicella]. / Mielitis y neuritis óptica por varicela.

INTRODUCTION: Varicella mainly affects children between 1 and 14 years old. It is the initial infection caused by the Varicella-Zoster virus. It is characterized by a vesicular cutaneous eruption, fever and generally good prognosis. The neurological complications caused by the Varicella-Zoster virus are infrequent and include: meningitis, encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, Reye's syndrome, myelitis, optic neuritis, mononeuropathy, polyneuropathy, necrosis of the retina and cerebral arteritis. CLINICAL CASE: We present the unusual case of a woman patient aged 18 who presented with myelitis 15 days after having a varicella rash. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid showed intrathecal production of antibodies against the Varicella-Zoster virus. Fourteen days after resolution of the myelitis, she presented with unilateral optic neuritis which remitted without sequelae, (as did the myelitis). Cerebral and medullary MR showed no alterations. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis leading to involvement of the nervous system is still not well defined. Direct invasion by the virus has been postulated, particularly in Herpes-Zoster (reinfection by Varicella-Zoster), as immunological phenomena which may be more frequent with Varicella (initial infection by Varicella-Zoster virus). In our case there were two short episodes of neurological involvement: optic neuritis and myelitis, with a satisfactory clinical course after giving corticosteroids. This makes one think of immunological mechanisms rather than direct invasion of the central nervous system by the Varicella-Zoster virus.

[Electro-clinical and neuroimaging studies in epilepsy in elderly patients]. / Estudio electroclínico y de neuroimagen en epilepsia en el anciano.

INTRODUCTION: Due to the aging population in developed countries, epidemiological studies show an increasing tendency to the prevalence of epilepsy in the elderly. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During 54 months, we have studied the electroclinical and neuroimaging features in outpatients older than 60, with active epilepsy. Every patient was interviewed by one of the authors. Then, we have reviewed the medical records about the clinical features, EEG and neuroimaging (NI) studies and seizures frequency (SF) outcome. Differences in crude proportions were assessed by chi 2 test for independence by 2 x 2 tables. RESULTS: The study was been performed in 78 patients with 70.3 +/- 7.3 years of mean age at review. Partial seizures were significantly related with an higher SF at onset and, in the series of complex partial seizures was more frequent a temporal EEG topography. There was predominance of men, NI abnormal, symptomatic etiology and SF at onset > or = 1 by day in that patients who started their epilepsy after 60 years. A 51.3% was seizures-free in the last year and in 80% the SF was improved a 50% or more from the beginning. CONCLUSION: A significantly greater percentage of patients remained with seizures in four cases: in those with a SF at onset greater than 1 every day, in those suffering complex partial seizures, in women and in patients with temporal EEG topography.

[Thyroid ophthalmopathy ad a unique clinical manifestation of thyrotoxicosis]. / Oftalmopatia tiroidea como unica manifestación clínica de tirotoxicosis. Presentación de cuatro casos.

Thyroid ophthalmopathy (TO) or Graves ophthalmopathy embraces a broad range of eye abnormalities which up to 90% of patients with hyperthyroidism (HT) are affected with. In some 10% of TO patients, this may begin oligosymptomatically, often with double vision and with neither clinical nor biochemical signs of thyroid disease. It is imperative to carry out a differential diagnosis with countless other causes for double vision and other eye socket processes. Ophthalmopathy may also occur in patients with hypothyroidism and for this reason some authors prefer to refer to it as dysthyroid orbitopathy. We present four cases of TO in which double vision was the first clinical sign of TO which in one case became severe, in two cases preceded hyperthyroid symptomatology and in the remaining case happened after hyperthyroidism had been corrected. The most valuable diagnostic test was orbit computerised tomography (CT) scan, which proved positive in all cases, and that, along with clinical tests and thyroid function data, confirmed a diagnosis of TO. All initially improved with corticosteroids although none completely regained eye movement during the time they were under supervision. The same happens in about 50% of patients who do not respond to treatment either with corticosteroids or with radiotherapy, and response is usually incomplete in those who do so respond.

[Ocular myasthenia: clinical course and strategies for treatment]. / Miastenia ocular: evolución clínica y estrategia terapéutica.

INTRODUCTION: Ocular myasthenia gravis is a localized form of myasthenia in which only the extra-ocular muscles are clinically affected, namely the levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi. Two years after onset of the ocular condition, it became generalized in 44-53% of the patients. OBJECTIVE: 1. To describe the clinical features, diagnostic characteristics and clinical course of seven patients who fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of ocular myasthenia and in whom the condition did not become generalized: 2. Review recent papers on this. Material and methods. We studied seven patients (two men and two women) diagnosed as having ocular myasthenia gravis, and followed them up for at least three years. RESULTS: The average age was 56.5. The clinical findings were of ptosis of the eyelids and diplopia. All seven patients were treated with pyridostigmine. In six cases prednisone was also given and in one patient thymectomy was done. There was a satisfactory result in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The basic treatment of ocular myasthenia is with anticholinesterases and corticosteroids. Occasionally other immunosuppressives may be required. Prednisone seems to reduce the number of patients who go on to develop the generalized form.