Enhancement of the Generation and Transfer of Active Oxygen in Ni/CeO2 Catalysts for Soot Combustion by Controlling the Ni-Ceria Contact and the Three-Dimensional Structure.

The effect of the three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) structure and the Ni doping of CeO2 on the physicochemical properties and catalytic activity for soot combustion was studied. Moreover, the way in which Ni is introduced to the ceria support was also investigated. For this, CeO2 supports were synthesized with uncontrolled (Ref) and 3DOM-structured morphology, and their respective Ni/CeO2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation of the previously synthesized supports or by successive impregnation of both precursors (Ni and Ce) on the 3DOM template. Conclusions reached in this study are: (1) the 3DOM structure increases the surface area of the catalysts and improves the catalyst-soot contact. (2) The doping of CeO2 with Ni improves the catalytic activity because the NiO participates in the catalytic oxidation of NO to NO2, and also favors the production of active oxygen and the catalyst oxygen storage capacity. (3) Ni incorporation method affects its physicochemical and catalytic properties. By introducing Ni by successive infiltration in the solid template, the CeO2 crystal size is reduced, Ni dispersion is improved, and the catalyst reducibility is increased. All of these characteristics make the catalyst synthesized by successive infiltration to have higher catalytic activity for soot combustion than the Ni-impregnated CeO2 catalyst.

Modelo cuantitativo para mejorar el financiamiento de la atención primaria en Chile.

OBJECTIVE: Propose and apply a methodology to estimate adjusted expected expenditure in each locality in the Chilean primary health care (PHC) system in 2016. METHODS: First of all, expected per capita expenditure at the national level was calculated on the basis of a detailed health plan, and then a zero-sum adjustment was made to the expenditure in each locality, using the local age/sex profile and the local average socioeconomic level, years of life lost, and rurality, given their statistically significant impact on epidemiology and spending structures. RESULTS: The model establishes a conceptual and empirical link between expected expenditure and adjustment variables; it is flexible in terms of successive improvements; and its zero-sum property facilitates discussion of the global budget. When real data for the year 2016 in Chile were used, it was found that the absolute distance between the amounts in the model and the amounts actually used that year was 7.6%, on average. CONCLUSIONS: There are simple empirical options for calculating expected expenditure across localities, for which it is very helpful to have a good estimate of expected expenditure at the national level.

Chemical modification of lysozyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and bovine eye lens proteins induced by peroxyl radicals: role of oxidizable amino acid residues.

Chemical and structural alterations to lysozyme (LYSO), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and bovine eye lens proteins (BLP) promoted by peroxyl radicals generated by the thermal decomposition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) under aerobic conditions were investigated. SDS-PAGE analysis of the AAPH-treated proteins revealed the occurrence of protein aggregation, cross-linking, and fragmentation; BLP, which are naturally organized in globular assemblies, were the most affected proteins. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of BLP shows the formation of complex protein aggregates after treatment with AAPH. These structural modifications were accompanied by the formation of protein carbonyl groups and protein hydroperoxides. The yield of carbonyls was lower than that for protein hydroperoxide generation and was unrelated to protein fragmentation. The oxidized proteins were also characterized by significant oxidation of Met, Trp, and Tyr (but not other) residues, and low levels of dityrosine. As the dityrosine yield is too low to account for the observed cross-linking, we propose that aggregation is associated with tryptophan oxidation and Trp-derived cross-links. It is also proposed that Trp oxidation products play a fundamental role in nonrandom fragmentation and carbonyl group formation particularly for LYSO and G6PD. These data point to a complex mechanism of peroxyl-radical mediated modification of proteins with monomeric (LYSO), dimeric (G6PD), and multimeric (BLP) structural organization, which not only results in oxidation of protein side chains but also gives rise to radical-mediated protein cross-links and fragmentation, with Trp species being critical intermediates.

Extracts of Fruits and Plants Cultivated In Vitro of Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz Show Inhibitory Activity of Aldose Reductase and Pancreatic Alpha-Amylase Enzymes.

Aristotelia chilensis is a plant whose fruit is considered a powerful natural antioxidant. During the last years, some investigations of the fruit have been carried out, finding antioxidant properties in the juice or the phenolic fraction. The antioxidant properties of the plant are useful in the inhibition of enzymes related to diabetes such as pancreatic aldose reductase and alpha-amylase. Because many synthetic drugs used today have limitations and potentially harmful side effects, the use of naturally occurring compounds, such as flavonoids, is clinically attractive. In this study, the characterization of aqueous extracts of fruits and in vitro plants of A. chilensis was carried out based on their content of anthocyanins and total phenols, the antioxidant capacity by the antiradical activity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazil (DPPH), and the profile of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the effect of these extracts on the inhibition of bovine aldose reductase and pancreatic alpha-amylase enzymes was determined. According to our results, extracts of fruits and in vitro plants of A. chilensis achieved inhibition of the bovine aldose reductase enzyme of 85.54 ± 1.86% and 75.67 ± 1.21%, respectively. Likewise, the percentage of inhibition of the pancreatic alpha-amylase enzyme for fruit extracts was 29.64 ± 0.63%, while for in vitro plant extracts it was 47.66 ± 0.66%. The antioxidant and enzymatic inhibition activity of the extracts were related to the content of anthocyanins, such as delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides as well as the phenols derived from quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol. The results obtained allow us to suggest that the in vitro culture of plants of A. chilensis represents a viable biotechnological alternative to obtain phenolic compounds for the inhibition of aldose reductase and pancreatic alpha-amylase enzymes.

ROS1 rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer: screening by immunohistochemistry using proportion of cells staining without intensity and excluding cases with MAPK pathway drivers improves test performance.

Therapeutically actionable ROS1 rearrangements have been described in 1-3% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Screening for ROS1 rearrangements is recommended to be by immunohistochemistry (IHC), followed by confirmation with fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) or sequencing. However, in practise ROS1 IHC presents difficulties due to conflicting scoring systems, multiple clones and expression in tumours that are wild-type for ROS1. We assessed ROS1 IHC in 285 consecutive cases of NSCLC with non-squamous histology over a nearly 2-year period. IHC was scored with ROS1 clone D4D6 (n=270), clone SP384 (n=275) or both clones (n=260). Results were correlated with ROS1 break-apart FISH (n=67), ALK status (n=194), and sequence data of EGFR (n=178) and other drivers, where possible. ROS1 expression was detected in 161/285 cases (56.5%), including 13/14 ROS1 FISH-positive cases. There was no ROS1 expression in one ROS1 FISH-positive case in which sequencing detected an ALK-EML4 fusion, but not a ROS1 fusion. The other 13 ROS1 FISH-positive cases showed moderate to strong staining with both IHC clones. However, one case with a TPM3-ROS1 fusion would have been scored as negative with SP384 and D4D6 clones by some previous criteria. ROS1 expression was also detected in 58/285 cases (20.4%) that had driver mutations in genes other than ROS1. A sensitivity of 100% for detecting a ROS1 rearrangement by FISH was achieved by omitting intensity from the IHC scoring criteria and expression in >0% cells with D4D6 or in ≥50% cells with SP384. Excluding cases with driver events in any MAPK pathway gene (e.g., in ALK, EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2 and MET) substantially reduced the number of cases proceeding to ROS1 FISH. Only 15.9% of MAPK-negative NSCLC would proceed to FISH for an IHC threshold of >0% cells with D4D6, with a specificity of 42.4%. For a threshold of ≥50% cells with SP384, only 18.5% of MAPK-negative cases would proceed to FISH, with a specificity of 31.4%. Based on our data we suggest an algorithm for screening for ROS1 rearrangements in NSCLC in which ROS1 FISH is only performed in cases that have been demonstrated to lack activating mutations in any MAPK pathway gene by comprehensive sequencing and ALK IHC, and show staining at any intensity in ≥50% of cells with clone SP384, or >0% cells with D4D6.

A Prospective Cohort of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Health Care Workers: Clinical Characteristics, Outcomes, and Follow-up Strategy.

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks, health care workers (HCWs) are at a high risk of infection. Strategies to reduce in-hospital transmission between HCWs and to safely manage infected HCWs are lacking. Our aim was to describe an active strategy for the management of COVID-19 in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected HCWs and investigate its outcomes. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of SARS-CoV-2-infected health care workers in a tertiary teaching hospital in Barcelona, Spain, was performed. An active strategy of weekly polymerase chain reaction screening of HCWs for SARS-CoV-2 was established by the Occupational Health department. Every positive HCW was admitted to the Hospital at Home Unit with daily assessment online and in-person discretionary visits. Clinical and epidemiological data were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 590 HCWs included in the cohort, 134 (22%) were asymptomatic at diagnosis, and 15% (89 patients) remained asymptomatic during follow-up. A third of positive cases were detected during routine screening. The most frequent symptoms were cough (68%), hyposmia/anosmia (49%), and fever (41%). Ten percent of the patients required specific treatment at home, while only 4% of the patients developed pneumonia. Seventeen patients required a visit to the outpatient clinic for further evaluation, and 6 of these (1%) required hospital admission. None of the HCWs included in this cohort required intensive care unit admission or died. CONCLUSIONS: Active screening for SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs for early diagnosis and stopping in-hospital transmission chains proved efficacious in our institution, particularly due to the high percentage of asymptomatic HCWs. Follow-up of HCWs in Hospital at Home units is safe and effective, with low rates of severe infection and readmission.

Una mirada a la discapacidad psicosocial desde las ciencias humanas, sociales y de la salud / A look at the psychosocial disability from the human, social and health sciences / Um olhar à deficiência psicossocial desde as ciências humanas, sociais e da saúde

Resumen La enfermedad mental es un tema enmarcado por el estigma que socialmente relega y signa al sujeto, advirtiendo de un tipo de discapacidad antes equiparado con la intelectual: la discapacidad psicosocial, hoy formalmente reconocida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Objetivo. Comprender la concepción de enfermedad mental y discapacidad psicosocial, analizando el estigma y la exclusión como aspectos sustantivos que configuran dicho tipo de discapacidad. Materiales y Métodos. Estudio cualitativo de tipo descriptivo para el cual se aplicó en dos fases una entrevista abierta estructurada y una encuesta a 51 personas: 20 profesionales de las ciencias humanas, sociales y de la salud y 31 estudiantes de psicología residentes en la ciudad de Ibagué. Resultados. Tanto desde la percepción de estudiantes como de profesionales, la enfermedad mental y su abordaje se remiten a los postulados del modelo médico tradicional. Existe desconocimiento de la discapacidad psicosocial, así como de los aspectos diferenciadores y articuladores de ésta con la enfermedad mental. Los participantes refieren que tanto la enfermedad mental como cualquier tipo de discapacidad están rodeadas de prejuicios y estereotipos que excluyen y por tanto discriminan. Conclusión. Profesionales y estudiantes evidencian ausencia de información, formación y sensibilización sobre el tema, por lo que enfermedad mental y discapacidad psicosocial son dos términos poco relacionados en el contexto de la investigación. Urge en el abordaje de la temática la articulación modelo médico/modelo social dando relevancia al papel que juega el contexto en la relación sujeto/sociedad desde un enfoque de derechos.

Abstract Mental illness is an issue framed by stigma that socially relegates and marks the subject, warning of a type of disability previously equated with intellectual disability: psychosocial disability nowadays formally recognized by the World Health Organization. Objective. To understand the concept of mental illness and psychosocial disability, analyzing stigma and exclusion as substantive aspects that make up this type of disability. Materials and Methods. Descriptive, qualitative study for which an open structured interview and a survey of 51 people were applied in two phases: 20 professionals of the human, social and health sciences and 31 psychology students residing in the city of Ibagué. Results. Both, from the perspective of students and professionals, consider that mental illness and its approach are referred to the postulates of the traditional medical model. There is a lack of knowledge about psychosocial disability, as well as of the differentiating and articulating aspects with mental illness. The participants report that both mental illness and any type of disability are surrounded by prejudices and stereotypes that exclude and therefore discriminate. Conclusion. Professionals and students show a lack of information, training and awareness on the subject so that mental illness and psychosocial disability are two terms little related in the context of research. The medical model/social model articulation is urgent in the approach to the subject, giving relevance to the role that the context plays in the subject/society relationship from the rights approach.

Resumo A deficiência mental é um tema enquadrado pelo estigma que socialmente relega e estigmatiza ao sujeito, advertindo dum tipo de deficiência antes outrora com a intelectual: a deficiência psicossocial, hoje formalmente reconhecida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Objetivo. Compreender a concepção de transtorno mental e deficiência psicossocial, analisando o estigma e a exclusão como aspetos substantivos que configuram dito tipo de deficiência. Materiais e Métodos. Estudo qualitativo de tipo descritivo para o qual se aplicou em duas fases uma entrevista aberta estruturada e uma enquete a 51 pessoas: 20 profissionais das ciências humanas, sociais e da saúde e 31 estudantes de psicologia residentes na cidade de Ibagué. Resultados. Tanto quanto a percepção de estudantes como de profissionais, o transtorno mental e sua abordagem se remetem aos postulados do modelo médico tradicional. Existe desconhecimento da deficiência psicossocial, assim como dos aspetos diferenciadores e articuladores desta com o transtorno mental. Os participantes referem que tanto o transtorno mental como quaisquer tipo de deficiência estão rodeadas de prejuízos e estereótipos que excluem e por conseguinte discriminam. Conclusão. Profissionais e estudantes evidenciam ausência de informação, formação e sensibilização sobre o tema, pelo que o transtorno mental e deficiência psicossocial são dois termos pouco relacionados no contexto da pesquisa. Urge na abordagem da temática a articulação modelo médico/modelo social dando relevância ao papel que tem o contexto na relação sujeito/sociedade desde um enfoque de direitos.

The role of protein-derived free radicals as intermediaries of oxidative processes.

The fact that proteins are the main target of reactive species formed in the cells and extracellular fluids has led to the realization of a great deal of research devoted to revealing the molecular and biological consequences associated with the presence of intermediary protein radicals. This review article describes and comments upon the main chemical pathways involving primary proteic radicals.

Modelo cuantitativo para mejorar el financiamiento de la atención primaria en Chile / Quantitative model to improve primary health care financing in Chile / Modelo quantitativo para melhorar o financiamento da atenção primária no Chile

RESUMEN Objetivo Proponer y aplicar una metodología para estimar el gasto esperado ajustado de cada localidad en el sistema chileno de atención primaria de la salud (APS) en el año 2016. Métodos En primer lugar, se formalizó el cálculo del gasto esperado per cápita a nivel nacional, en base a un detallado plan de salud, y luego se introdujo en este gasto un ajuste de suma cero para cada localidad a través del perfil local de sexo y edad y el promedio local del nivel socioeconómico, años de vida perdidos y ruralidad, por su incidencia estadísticamente significativa en las epidemiologías y en las estructuras de gasto. Resultados El modelo logra un vínculo conceptual y empírico entre los gastos esperados y las variables de ajuste, es flexible a mejoras sucesivas, y la propiedad de suma cero facilita la discusión del presupuesto global. En la aplicación a datos reales de Chile para el año 2016 se encuentra que la distancia absoluta entre los montos del modelo y los montos usados en dicho año es de 7,6% en promedio. Conclusiones Existen alternativas sencillas para sustentar empíricamente el cálculo de los gastos esperados a través de las localidades, para lo cual es de gran ayuda contar con una buena estimación del gasto esperado a nivel nacional.

ABSTRACT Objective Propose and apply a methodology to estimate adjusted expected expenditure in each locality in the Chilean primary health care (PHC) system in 2016. Methods First of all, expected per capita expenditure at the national level was calculated on the basis of a detailed health plan, and then a zero-sum adjustment was made to the expenditure in each locality, using the local age/sex profile and the local average socioeconomic level, years of life lost, and rurality, given their statistically significant impact on epidemiology and spending structures. Results The model establishes a conceptual and empirical link between expected expenditure and adjustment variables; it is flexible in terms of successive improvements; and its zero-sum property facilitates discussion of the global budget. When real data for the year 2016 in Chile were used, it was found that the absolute distance between the amounts in the model and the amounts actually used that year was 7.6%, on average. Conclusions There are simple empirical options for calculating expected expenditure across localities, for which it is very helpful to have a good estimate of expected expenditure at the national level.

RESUMO Objetivo Propor e implementar uma metodologia para o cálculo do gasto com saúde projetado ajustado para cada municipalidade no sistema chileno de atenção primária à saúde para o ano de 2016. Métodos Primeiro padronizou-se o cálculo do gasto per capita projetado em nível nacional, baseado em um detalhado plano de saúde. Em seguida foi feito um ajuste de soma zero no gasto com saúde para cada municipalidade segundo o perfil local de sexo e idade da população e o valor médio para nível socioeconômico, anos de vida perdidos e ruralidade de acordo com a associação de significância estatística em estudos epidemiológicos e estruturas do gasto. Resultados O modelo consegue estabelecer um vínculo conceitual e empírico entre os gastos projetados e as variáveis de ajuste, ele se adapta a melhorias sucessivas e a propriedade de soma zero facilita a discussão do orçamento global. Ao serem aplicados dados reais do Chile para 2016, observou-se uma distância absoluta entre os valores do modelo e os valores do ano considerado de, em média, 7,6%. Conclusões Existem alternativas simples para fundamentar empiricamente o cálculo do gasto com saúde projetado para as municipalidades, sendo bastante útil poder dispor de uma boa estimativa do gasto com saúde projetado em nível nacional.

Oxidative damage of lysozyme and human serum albumin and their mixtures: a comparison of photosensitized and peroxyl radical promoted processes.

Oxidative modifications of lysozyme (Lyso) and human serum albumin (HSA) mediated by photoinduced processes and peroxyl radicals were studied. Both oxidative conditions were applied to the separate proteins and their mixtures. Dimerization and fragmentation of the proteins do not correlate with the formation of carbonyls or peroxides, implying that evaluation of these changes is not an index of the overall oxidative modification of a protein. The results obtained also show that the hypothesis that the electrostatic interactions of Lyso and HSA could facilitate the formation of Lyso-HSA dimers in the presence of a source of reactive oxygen species was verified in both ROS-producing systems.

Prevalencia de caries dental en preescolares con dentición decidua área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá / Prevalence of dental caries in preschool children with primary dentition area Metropolitan of Valle the Aburra

Introducción y Objetivo: El diagnóstico de caries de la infancia temprana debe ser una prioridad en todos los sistemas de salud. El propósito del estudio fue describir la situación de caries dental en niños con dentición decidua completa, pertenecientes a un estrato socioeconómico 2 y 3 del área metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá. Materiales y Métodos: Se hizo un estudio descriptivo en 447 niños entre 2 y 4 años de edad, seleccionados de los registros de Susalud, con confiabilidad del 95%y un error de muestreo de 5%. Se realizó un examen clínico por 3 examinadores estandarizados en el Sistema Internacional de Evaluación y Detección de Caries Dental (ICDAS). (Kappa 0.73 – 0.85). Resultados: La prevalencia de niños con caries dental fue de 74.7% y un promedio de 7.3±9.1 superficies afectadas, la experiencia de caries fue 74.9% con un promedio ceo-s de 7.7±9.7 superficies afectadas. La prevalencia de niños con al menos una superficie afectada por lesión no cavitada fue del 73.4%. La prevalencia de caries dental fue significativamente mayor en la IPS La Playa (70.2%) que en Itagüí (62.8%). Conclusión: El uso de sistemas de diagnóstico de caries dental que incluyen la lesión no cavitada es de gran importancia, el elevado porcentaje de caries dental encontrado en este grupo de la población indica la necesidad de un diagnóstico precoz y al mismo tiempo de desarrollar actividades terapéuticas y preventivas específicas y oportunas para este grupo de edad.

Introduction and Objective: Dental caries diagnosis during early childhood should be a priorityin all health systems. The purpose of this study was to describe the initial dental caries situation in children with complete deciduous teeth, both genders, with lower and middle lower social-economic level from an urban area in Medellín. Materials and Methods: A randomly selected sample of 447children between 2 and 4 years old was calculated; the sample was taken from the Susalud database, with 95% reliability, power of 80% and an error of 5%. A clinical test was performed by 3 calibrated examiners according to the International Dental Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)(Kappa 0.73 – 0.85). A WHO periodontal probe (11.5) was used for caries detection. Results: Treated and untreated dental caries prevalence of children was 74.7% with a specific mean of 9.7 ± 9.3 (SD), affected surfaces, prevalence of children having surfaces affected by non- treated dental decay was 74.9% while the dmf-s mean was 7.6 ± 7.7 (SD). 73.4% of children had at least one non-cavitated affected surface. Dental caries prevalence at “La Playa” Dental Clinic (70.2%) was higher than the“Itagúi” Dental Clinic (62.8%) with a significant statistical difference (p value = 0.01 chi). The dmf-smean according to Dental Clinic was 0.8 ± 2.7 (SD) in Itagui and 1.5 ± 3.9 at La Playa. Conclusions: The use of diagnostic systems that include non-cavited lesions is very important, the high percentage of decay at this age indicates the early presence of this illness, thus the importance of an early diagnosisand at the same time the implementation of specific treatment and prevention.