Chronic Effects of Adaptive Servo-Ventilation Therapy on Mortality and the Urgent Rehospitalization Rate in Patients Experiencing Recurrent Admissions for Heart Failure　- A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study (SAVIOR-L).

BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether the chronic use of adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) reduces all-cause mortality and the rate of urgent rehospitalization in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS AND RESULTS: This multicenter prospective observational study enrolled patients hospitalized for HF in Japan between 2019 and 2020 who were treated either with or without ASV therapy. Of 845 patients, 110 (13%) received chronic ASV at hospital discharge. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death and urgent rehospitalization for HF, and was observed in 272 patients over a 1-year follow-up. Following 1:3 sequential propensity score matching, 384 patients were included in the subsequent analysis. The median time to the primary outcome was significantly shorter in the ASV than in non-ASV group (19.7 vs. 34.4 weeks; P=0.013). In contrast, there was no significant difference in the all-cause mortality event-free rate between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic use of ASV did not impact all-cause mortality in patients experiencing recurrent admissions for HF.

Patients With CONgestive Heart Failure Benefit From Long-Term Treatment Effects With Novel Treatment Using Azosemide Compared With Furosemide Derived From Existing Retrospective Study Data: CONTENTED.

A long-acting loop diuretic, azosemide, has been shown to improve long-term prognosis in patients with heart failure compared with a short-acting loop diuretic, furosemide. However, the therapeutic advantages of azosemide over furosemide have not been clearly established. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed clinical outcomes and laboratory data in patients with congestive heart failure treated with furosemide or azosemide, and the efficacy of these agents was compared. First, we screened 1900 patients and selected 124 (furosemide group: n = 40; azosemide group: n = 84) as the total study population. From these patients, we next selected 72 patients for the propensity score-matched analysis (furosemide group: n = 36; azosemide group: n = 36). The incidence of all-cause death and rehospitalization due to worsening heart failure during 24 months of follow-up was similar between the furosemide and azosemide groups in both the total study population and the propensity score-matched population. However, in the propensity score-matched analysis, the estimated glomerular filtration rate time-dependently decreased during 36 months of follow-up in the furosemide group (56.5 ± 19.5-43.2 ± 16.3 mL/min/1.73 m), whereas it did not change in the azosemide group (58.6 ± 22.0-50.3 ± 17.8 mL/min/1.73 m) (P = 0.032). Azosemide might have some potential advantage for renal protection over furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure.

The effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitor in patients with chronic heart failure complicated with hyperuricemia: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial of topiroxostat vs allopurinol-study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia has a close relationship with cardiovascular diseases including heart failure. However, it is controversial whether xanthine oxidase inhibition has benefits for patients with chronic heart failure. We designed the Effect of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor in Chronic Heart Failure Patients Complicated with Hyperuricemia study (Excited-UA study) to compare the beneficial effects between a novel xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, topiroxostat, and a conventional agent, allopurinol, in patients with chronic heart failure and hyperuricemia. We focus on serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level, echocardiography-based cardiac function, vascular endothelial function, renal function, inflammation, and oxidative stress. METHODS: The excited-UA is a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint clinical trial designed to prove our hypothesis that topiroxostat is more effective than allopurinol in patients with chronic heart failure and hyperuricemia. A total of 140 patients with chronic heart failure and hyperuricemia (plasma brain natriuretic peptide level ≥ 40 pg/mL and serum uric acid level ≥ 7.0 mg/dL) are randomly assigned (ratio 1:1) into either the topiroxostat group (40-160 mg/day) or allopurinol group (100-300 mg/day), to achieve the target uric acid level of 6.0 mg/dL. According to the protocol, all patients are followed up annually for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint is percent change in serum NT-proBNP level at 24 weeks from baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The Excited-UA study would provide novel evidence for the clinical relevancy of xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor treatment in patients with chronic heart failure and hyperuricemia.

Cardiac paraganglioma with a novel germline mutation of succinate dehydrogenase gene D.

A 58-year-old woman with a past medical history of a carotid body tumor, resected 4 months prior to presentation, was admitted to our hospital for treatment of a cardiac tumor that was identified on post-operative echocardiography and chest computed tomography. The cardiac tumor was surgically removed and identified pathologically as a paraganglioma, similarly to the carotid body tumor. Genetic analysis of both tumors identified a non-synonymous mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) gene D, Exon4, c.320T>C, p.Leu107Pro showing co-segregation with paternal transmission and maternal imprinting among family members. This novel mutation appears to be the cause of familial paraganglioma in this patient.

Radiation-Induced Coronary Artery Disease Manifested at Very Late Phase.

We report the case of a 51-year-old female, in whom coronary artery disease such as occlusion of septal perforators was manifested, on the occasion of hospitalization with congestive heart failure. The patient had a history of radiation therapy for a mediastinal tumor 19 years previously. As she had no conventional coronary risk factors, the cause of the coronary artery disease is thought to have been related to the radiation therapy. As survival rates of cancer patients improve as a consequence of therapeutic advances, we should be aware of the possibility of coronary artery disease as a very late complication of radiation therapy, even in patients who have no coronary risk factors.

Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea on Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: The impact of obstructive sleep apnoea on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is unknown. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients who had heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction; ≥50% underwent a sleep study. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were determined at enrolment and at one, six, 12 and 36 months after enrolment. RESULTS: Obstructive sleep apnoea was found in 39 patients (67%), and they were all subsequently treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Echocardiography at admission showed that E/E' tended to be higher in the 39 patients with, than in the 19 patients without, obstructive sleep apnoea (15.0±3.6 vs 12.1±1.9, respectively, P=0.05). The median BNP levels at enrolment were similar in patients with and without obstructive sleep apnoea [median (interquartile range): 444 (233-752) vs 316 (218-703) pg/ml]. Although BNP levels decreased over time in both groups, the reduction was less pronounced in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (P<0.05). Consequently, BNP levels were higher in patients with sleep apnoea at six months, [221 (137-324) vs 76 (38-96) pg/ml, P<0.05], 12 months [123 (98-197) vs 52 (38-76) pg/ml, P<0.05] and 36 months [115 (64-174) vs 56 (25-74) pg/ml, P<0.05]. CONCLUSION: Obstructive sleep apnoea, even when treated appropriately, may worsen long-term cardiac function and outcomes in patients who have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Bowel movement frequency and difficult defecation using constipation assessment scale in patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder.

Introduction: This study evaluated constipation, including reduced bowel movement frequency and difficult defecation, in patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (IRBD), which is prodromal Parkinson's disease (PD) or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: We used a validated Japanese version of the Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS-J) to evaluate bowel habits over 1 month in 117 men aged 50-86 years and 34 women aged 56-86 years with video-polysomnography-confirmed IRBD and 22 controls. Furthermore, we performed a longitudinal assessment of outcomes at follow-up visits. Results: The CAS-J score was higher in the 22 IRBD patients than in 22 age- and gender-matched paired controls. In 151 IRBD patients, the CAS-J score was higher for women than for men. At baseline, the CAS-J score was similar between patients who developed PD and DLB, but the three IRBD patients who developed multiple system atrophy had a low CAS-J score. Those with constipation (CAS-J score ≥ 2) converted to PD or DLB in a significantly shorter time duration (i.e., time frame for phenoconversion) than those with CAS-J score < 2 (log-rank test, p < 0.001). When adjusted for age and gender, Cox hazards analysis revealed that the CAS-J score significantly predicted phenoconversion to PD or DLB (hazard ratio: 5.9, 95 % confidence interval: 1.8-19.1, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Constipation, i.e., reduced bowel movement frequency and difficult defecation, was common in middle-aged and elderly patients with IRBD, and CAS-J score predicted phenoconversion to PD or DLB.

Left atrial reservoir strain is a marker of atrial fibrotic remodeling in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery: Analysis of gene expression.

Left atrial strain (LAS) measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) is considered to be a marker of LA structural remodeling, but it remains unsettled. We investigated the potential usefulness and clinical relevance of LAS to detect atrial remodeling including fibrosis by analyzing gene expression in cardiovascular surgery patients. Preoperative 2DSTE was performed in 131 patients (92 patients with sinus rhythm [SR] patients including paroxysmal AF [PAF], 39 atrial fibrillation [AF]) undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Atrial samples were obtained from the left atrial appendages, and mRNA expression level was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 59 cases (24 PAF, 35 AF). Mean value of left atrial reservoir strain (mLASr) correlated with left atrial volume index (LAVI), and left atrial conduit strain (mLAScd). mLASr also correlated with left atrial contractile strain (mLASct) in SR patients including PAF. mLASr was significantly lower, and LAVI was higher, in the AF group, compared with SR patients including PAF. The expression of COL1A1 mRNA encoding collagen type I α1 significantly increased in AF patients (p = 0.031). mLASr negatively correlated with COL1A1 expression level, and multivariate regression analysis showed that mLASr was an independent predictor of atrial COL1A1 expression level, even after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. But, neither mLAScd / mLASct nor LAVI (bp) correlated with COL1A1 gene expression. The expression level of COL1A1 mRNA strongly correlated with ECM-related genes (COL3A1, FN1). It also correlated ECM degradation-related genes (MMP2, TIMP1, and TIMP2), pro-fibrogenic cytokines (TGFB1 encoding TGFß1, END1, PDGFD, CTGF), oxidant stress-related genes (NOX2, NOX4), ACE, inflammation-related genes (NLRP, IL1B, MCP-1), and apoptosis (BAX). Among the fibrosis-related genes examined, univariable regression analysis showed that log (COL1A1) was associated with log (TGFB1) (adjusted R2 = 0.685, p<0.001), log (NOX4) (adjusted R2 = 0.622, p<0.001), log (NOX2) (adjusted R2 = 0.611, p<0.001), suggesting that TGFB1 and NOX4 was the potent independent determinants of COL1A1 expression level. mLASr negatively correlated with the ECM-related genes, and fibrosis-related gene expression level including TGFB1, NOX2, and NLRP3 in PAF patients. PAF patients with low mLASr had higher expression of the fibrosis-related gene expression, compared with those with high mLASr. These results suggest that LASr correlates with atrial COL1A1 gene expression associated with fibrosis-related gene expression. Patients with low LASr exhibit increased atrial fibrosis-related gene expression, even those with PAF, highlighting the utility of LAS as a marker for LA fibrosis in cardiovascular surgery patients.

Left ventricular function in pulmonary hypertension.

To elucidate left ventricular function in pulmonary hypertension, we measured parameters of left ventricular as well as right ventricular function by echocardiography in 11 patients with pulmonary hypertension (idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension in 4, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in 5, and other pulmonary hypertension in 2). The percent change in these parameters 6 months after treatment with pulmonary artery vasodilators (beraprost in 8 and sildenafil in 3) was assessed. There was a correlation between the relative change in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and the relative changes in left ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral (r = -0.730, P = 0.011) and mitral valve velocity-time integral (r = -0.621, P = 0.041). However, there was no correlation between the relative change in RVSP and the relative changes in left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular diastolic dimension, and systolic blood pressure. The relative change in RVSP was also correlated with the relative change in early diastolic myocardial velocity at the medial mitral annulus (r = -0.675, P = 0.023). Reduction of RVSP by pulmonary artery vasodilators might increase left ventricular preload, leading to an increase in stroke volume. Right ventricular load reduction might improve left ventricular diastolic function in patients with pulmonary hypertension, possibly through altered interventricular septal performance.

Efficacy of azilsartan on left ventricular diastolic dysfunction compared with candesartan: J-TASTE randomized controlled trial.

Characterized by ventricular and vascular stiffness, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has led to high morbidity and mortality. As azilsartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker with the highest myocardial and vascular affinities, azilsartan may improve the left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in patients with hypertension and either HFpEF or HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) more than candesartan. In this randomized, open-label trial, we randomly assigned 193 hypertensive patients with HF and LV ejection fraction ≥ 45% to 20 mg of azilsartan (n = 95) or 8 mg of candesartan (n = 98), once daily for 48 weeks. After the initiation of treatment, changes in the doses of the study drugs were permitted based on the patient's conditions, including blood pressure (median dose at 48 weeks: azilsartan 20.0 mg/day, candesartan 8.0 mg/day). The primary endpoint was the baseline-adjusted change in the ratio of peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity (E) to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e') (E/e'). Adjusted least-squares mean (LSM) change in E/e' was - 0.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 1.49 to - 0.04) in the azilsartan group and 0.2 (95% CI - 0.49 to 0.94) in the candesartan group, providing the LSM differences of - 1.0 (95% CI - 2.01 to 0.03, P = 0.057). The median change in left atrial volume index was - 2.7 mL/m2 with azilsartan vs 1.4 mL/m2 with candesartan (P = 0.091). The frequency of adverse events related to hypotension and hyperkalemia did not differ between the groups. The current study did not provide strong evidence that azilsartan improves LV diastolic dysfunction, and further confirmatory study is required.

Topiroxostat versus allopurinol in patients with chronic heart failure complicated by hyperuricemia: A prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-end-point clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of xanthine oxidase inhibitors to chronic heart failure (CHF) patients is controversial. We investigated the beneficial effects of a novel xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, topiroxostat, in patients with CHF and hyperuricemia (HU), in comparison to allopurinol. METHODS AND RESULTS: The prospective, randomized open-label, blinded-end-point study was performed in 141 patients with CHF and HU at 4 centers. Patients were randomly assigned to either topiroxostat or allopurinol group to achieve target uric acid level ≤6.0 mg/dL. According to the protocol, 140 patients were followed up for 24 weeks. Percent change in ln (N-terminal-proB-type natriuretic peptide) at week 24 (primary endpoint) was comparable between topiroxostat and allopurinol groups (1.6±8.2 versus -0.4±8.0%; P = 0.17). In the limited number of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (left ventricle ejection fraction <45%), ratio of peak early diastolic flow velocity at mitral valve leaflet to early diastolic mitral annular motion velocity (E/e') decreased in topiroxostat group, but not in allopurinol group. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and L-type fatty acid-binding protein levels increased and osmolality decreased significantly in allopurinol group, while these changes were less or absent in topiroxostat group. In allopurinol group HFrEF patients, additional to the increases in these urinary marker levels, urinary creatinine levels decreased, with no change in clearance, but not in topiroxostat group. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with allopurinol, topiroxostat did not show great benefits in patients with CHF and HU. However, topiroxostat might have potential advantages of reducing left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, not worsening oxidative stress in proximal renal tubule, and renoprotection over allopurinol in HFrEF patients.

Association between serum GDF-15, myostatin, and sarcopenia in cardiovascular surgery patients.

Background: Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. On the other hand, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is associated with lower muscle strength and muscle mass. We investigated the relationship between serum GDF-15, myostatin, and sarcopenia in patients receiving cardiovascular surgery through a ROC curve and a multivariate regression analysis. Methods: Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) by bioelectrical impedance analysis, hand-grip strength, knee extension strength, and walking speed were measured. Preoperative serum GDF-15 and myostatin levels were determined by ELISA. The sarcopenia index could be expressed as: -0.0042 × [myostatin] + 0.0007 × [GDF-15] + 0.0890 × age + 1.4030 × sex - 0.2679 × body mass index (BMI) - 2.1186. A ROC curve was plotted to identify the optimal cutoff level of the sarcopenia index to detect sarcopenia. Results: 120 patients receiving cardiovascular surgery were included in the study. SMI, hand-grip strength, knee extension strength, and walking speed inversely correlated with GDF-15, but positively correlated with myostatin. In the multivariate stepwise regression analysis, SMI was a determinant of myostatin, and both GDF-15 and myostatin were determinants of SMI and muscle thickness, even after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI. A ROC curve showed that the sarcopenia index was a determinant of sarcopenia (cutoff value -1.0634, area under the curve 0.901, sensitivity 96.9%, specificity 70.9%). Conclusion: GDF-15 and myostatin are associated with skeletal muscle volume in patients receiving cardiovascular surgery, but these associations are different. The sarcopenia index calculated from GDF-15 and myostatin levels may be a biomarker of sarcopenia.

Effects of carvedilol vs bisoprolol on inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation and oxidative stress play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure (CHF). Our previous clinical trial, the Bisoprolol Improvement Group for Chronic Heart Failure Treatment Study in Dokkyo Medical University (BRIGHT-D), reported that bisoprolol is superior to carvedilol for myocardial protection in patients with CHF, as demonstrated by high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hsTnT) reduction. The present study was a subanalysis of the BRIGHT-D study that focused on the effects of bisoprolol vs carvedilol on inflammation and oxidative stress in CHF patients. METHODS: Of the 87 patients enrolled in the BRIGHT-D trial, the present study included 48 patients (26 in the bisoprolol group and 22 in the carvedilol group) who had baseline and follow-up measurements of derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) as an index of oxidative stress. RESULTS: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), an inflammatory marker, decreased in both groups; however, the decrease in the bisoprolol group [3.35 ±â€¯0.78 to 2.69 ±â€¯0.44 log (ng/ml), p = 0.001] was more significant than that in the carvedilol group [3.38 ±â€¯0.59 to 2.85 ±â€¯0.76 log (ng/ml), p = 0.047]. The d-ROMs also decreased in both groups; however, the decrease in the bisoprolol group (401 ±â€¯106 to 344 ±â€¯82 U.CARR, p = 0.015) was less significant than that in the carvedilol group (382 ±â€¯84 to 312 ±â€¯76 U.CARR, p = 0.006]. In all 48 patients, the change in hsTnT was correlated with that in hsCRP (R = 0.467, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Bisoprolol may be better than carvedilol for reducing inflammation, but carvedilol may be better than bisoprolol for reducing oxidative stress. Proper use of bisoprolol or carvedilol based on individual pathophysiology could be promising in patients with CHF.

Clinical Usefulness of New R-R Interval Analysis Using the Wearable Heart Rate Sensor WHS-1 to Identify Obstructive Sleep Apnea: OSA and RRI Analysis Using a Wearable Heartbeat Sensor.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly associated with cardiovascular diseases, but most patients remain undiagnosed. Cyclic variation of heart rate (CVHR) occurs during the night, and R-R interval (RRI) analysis using a Holter electrocardiogram has been reported to be useful in screening for OSA. We investigated the usefulness of RRI analysis to identify OSA using the wearable heart rate sensor WHS-1 and newly developed algorithm. WHS-1 and polysomnography simultaneously applied to 30 cases of OSA. By using the RRI averages calculated for each time series, tachycardia with CVHR was identified. The ratio of integrated RRIs determined by integrated RRIs during CVHR and over all sleep time were calculated by our newly developed method. The patient was diagnosed as OSA according to the predetermined criteria. It correlated with the apnea hypopnea index and 3% oxygen desaturation index. In the multivariate analysis, it was extracted as a factor defining the apnea hypopnea index (r = 0.663, p = 0.003) and 3% oxygen saturation index (r = 0.637, p = 0.008). Twenty-five patients could be identified as OSA. We developed the RRI analysis using the wearable heart rate sensor WHS-1 and a new algorithm, which may become an expeditious and cost-effective screening tool for identifying OSA.

Relationship between brachial flow-mediated dilation and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Although flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of brachial artery and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) are important surrogate markers in the process of atherosclerosis, information about relationship between both markers is insufficient. In the present study, we assessed extensively the relationship in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: The values of brachial FMD and carotid ultrasonography findings in 159 patients (67±8 years, 130 males) with angiographically verified CAD were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: In all patients, mean carotid IMT tended to be correlated with FMD, although the correlation was not statistically significant (R=-0.149, P=0.061). Maximum IMT was not correlated with the FMD (R=0.053, P=0.508). In addition, carotid artery diameter was significantly correlated with the FMD (R=0.290, P=0.0002). Prevalence of high IMT value (≥1.0 mm) was higher in the abnormal FMD group (4%>; N.=67), compared with the normal FMD group (≥7%; N.=24; P<0.05). Carotid artery diameter was larger in abnormal FMD group, compared with both groups of normal FMD (P<0.01) and borderline FMD (4-7%; N.=68) (P<0.01). In all patients, receiver operating characteristics analysis demonstrated that cut-off value of FMD to predict the prevalence of ischemic stroke was 3.7% (AUC=0.735, P<0.001). The cut-off value of maximum IMT was 1.9 mm, but was not significant (AUC=0.522, P=0.829). CONCLUSIONS: Brachial FMD and carotid IMT would be different in clinical significance as a surrogate marker for pathophysiology of atherosclerotic disease.

Involvement of legs and other body parts in patients with restless legs syndrome and its variants.

BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by the urge to move the legs accompanied by movement-responsive, abnormal sensations, which worsen at rest and night. We investigated the distribution of sensory symptoms and clinical correlations in patients with RLS and its variants. METHODS: Eighty-nine patients diagnosed with RLS or RLS variants (age 61.4 ±â€¯18.5 years 40 M/49 F) according to established criteria, with the exclusion of those with augmentation, were included in this study. The international RLS rating scale (IRLS) was used to assess the severity of RLS/RLS variant symptoms. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients (93.3%) had RLS, and 6 patients (6.7%) had RLS variants. Among the patients with RLS and RLS variants, 33 patients (36.0%) reported restlessness involving other body parts: arms (16.9%) were the most frequent region, followed by the back (10.1%), abdomen (6.7%), and buttocks (4.5%). There were no between-group differences in clinical characteristics, except for the level of sleep disturbances being higher in patients with RLS variants (n=6) than in patients with RLS (n=83). No significant difference was observed in clinical characteristics including RLS severity and treatment between patients with RLS only (n=57) and patients with RLS with other body part involvement (n=26). No relationship was observed between the onset of symptoms in the legs and other body parts, but the IRLS scores for legs and other body parts were significantly correlated. CONCLUSION: We should recognize that RLS can involve not only legs but also other body parts to varying degrees in each patient.

Prediction of Acute-phase Complications in Patients with Infectious Endocarditis.

Objective Embolic events are frequent and life-threatening complications of infective endocarditis (IE). Recently, an embolic risk assessment at admission, based on the Embolic Risk (ER) French Calculator, was designed to predict the development of symptomatic emboli associated with IE. This study aimed to validate the ER French Calculator for the prediction of in-hospital events, including embolic events. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features of 52 consecutive patients with left-sided IE to identify possible predictors of in-hospital events within 30 days of admission. Results New embolic events were seen in 15 patients (29%), cardiac surgery was performed in 22 patients (42%), and 1 patient (2%) died within 30 days of admission. A composite endpoint of embolic complications, cardiac surgery, or death was observed in 28 patients (54%). The cumulative incidence of new embolic events was significantly higher in the high-risk group identified by the ER French Calculator than in the low-risk group (log-rank test; p=0.0004). The incidence of the composite endpoint was higher in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group (log-rank test; p<0.0001). A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model indicated that the high-risk designation on the ER French Calculator predicted embolic events (p=0.0410) and composite events (p=0.0371) independently of other candidate predictors. Conclusion The ER French Calculator may be a useful tool for predicting new in-hospital embolic events and other unfavorable in-hospital events in patients with IE.

Association of serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations with echocardiographic parameters and pathophysiological states in patients with cardiovascular disease receiving cardiovascular surgery.

Leptin and adiponectin are important regulators of energy metabolism and body composition. Leptin exerts cardiodepressive effects, whereas adiponectin has cardioprotective effects, but several conflicting findings have been reported. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between serum leptin and adiponectin levels and echocardiographic parameters and pathophysiological states in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) receiving cardiovascular surgery. A total of 128 patients (79 males, average age 69.6 years) that had surgery for CVD including coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and valve replacement were recruited in this study. Preoperative serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared with preoperative echocardiographic findings. Body fat volume and skeletal muscle volume index (SMI) were estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. We also measured grip strength and gait speed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on the recommendations of the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia. Positive correlations were found between adiponectin and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), age, left atrial diameter (LAD), E/e' (early-diastolic left ventricular inflow velocity / early-diastolic mitral annular velocity), and left atrial volume index (LAVI). Negative correlations were observed between adiponectin and body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), triglyceride, hemoglobin, and albumin. Serum leptin was positively correlated with BMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, body fat volume, and LV ejection fraction (LVEF), whereas it was negatively correlated with BNP and echocardiographic parameters (LAD, LV mass index (LVMI), and LAVI). Multiple regression analysis showed associations between log (leptin) and log (adiponectin) and echocardiographic parameters after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Serum adiponectin was negatively correlated with leptin, but positively correlated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), an inflammatory cytokine. In males, serum leptin level had a positive correlation with skeletal muscle volume and SMI. However, adiponectin had a negative correlation with anterior mid-thigh muscle thickness, skeletal muscle volume and SMI. And, it was an independent predictive factor in males for sarcopenia even after adjusted by age. These results suggest that leptin and adiponectin may play a role in cardiac remodeling in CVD patients receiving cardiovascular surgery. And, adiponectin appears to be a marker of impaired metabolic signaling that is linked to heart failure progression including inflammation, poor nutrition, and muscle wasting in CVD patients receiving cardiovascular surgery.

Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) is a Biomarker of Muscle Wasting and Renal Dysfunction in Preoperative Cardiovascular Surgery Patients.

Frailty and sarcopenia increase the risk of complications and mortality when invasive treatment such as cardiac surgery is performed. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) involves various pathophysiological conditions including renal dysfunction, heart failure and cachexia. We investigated the pathophysiological roles of preoperative GDF-15 levels in cardiovascular surgery patients. Preoperative skeletal muscle index (SMI) determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, hand-grip strength, 4 m gait speed, and anterior thigh muscle thickness (TMth) measured by echocardiography were assessed in 72 patients (average age 69.9 years) who underwent cardiovascular surgery. The preoperative serum GDF-15 concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Circulating GDF-15 level was correlated with age, brain natriuretic peptide, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). It was also negatively correlated with SMI, hand-grip strength, and anterior TMth. In multivariate analysis, eGFR and anterior TMth were the independent determinants of GDF-15 concentration even after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index. Alternatively, the GDF-15 level was an independent determinant of eGFR and anterior TMth. We concluded that preoperative GDF-15 levels reflect muscle wasting as well as renal dysfunction in preoperative cardiovascular surgery patients. GDF-15 may be a novel biomarker for identify high-risk patients with muscle wasting and renal dysfunction before cardiovascular surgery.

Association of serum concentrations of irisin and the adipokines adiponectin and leptin with epicardial fat in cardiovascular surgery patients.

Epicardial fat located adjacent to the heart and coronary arteries is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Irisin is a myokine produced by skeletal muscle after physical exercise, and originally described as a molecule able to promote the browning of white adipose tissue and energy expenditure. In order to decrease cardiovascular risk, it has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target in obesity and type 2 diabetes. We investigated the relationships between serum concentrations of irisin and the adipokines adiponectin and leptin and body fat including epicardial fat in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. We obtained serum samples from 93 patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery (age 69.6 (SD 12.8) years, BMI 24.1 ± 4.8 kg/m2). Computed tomography (CT) and echocardiographic data were obtained from the routine preoperative examination. Subcutaneous fat area (SFA, cm2) and visceral fat area (VFA, cm2) near the umbilicus were automatically measured using the standard fat attenuation range. Epicardial fat area (EFA, cm2) was measured at the position where the heart became a long axis image with respect to the apex of the heart in the coronal section image. Total body fat mass, body fat percentage, and skeletal muscle volume (SMV) were estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Serum irisin concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and compared with adiponectin and leptin concentrations. The data were also compared with the clinical biochemical data. EFA was strongly correlated with BMI (P = 0.0001), non-HDL-C (P = 0.029), TG (P = 0.004), body fat mass (P = 0.0001), and body fat percentage (P = 0.0001). Serum leptin concentration showed a significant positive correlation with BMI (P = 0.0001) and TG (P = 0.001). Adiponectin, but not irisin, showed a significant negative correlation with BMI (P = 0.006) and TG (P = 0.001). Serum leptin level had a significant positive correlation with EFA, VFA, and SFA. In contrast, the serum adiponectin level was significantly negatively correlated with EFA, VFA, and SFA. The serum irisin level was also negatively correlated with EFA (r = -0.249, P = 0.015), and SFA (r = -0.223, P = 0.039), and tended to correlate with VFA (r = -0.198, P = 0.067). The serum level of adiponectin was negatively correlated with that of leptin (r = -0.296, P = 0.012), but there were no significant correlations between irisin and either adiponectin or leptin. Multivariate linear regression demonstrated that EFA showed a positive association with serum leptin level (ß = 0.438, P = 0.0001) and a negative correlation with serum irisin level (ß = -0.204, P = 0.038) and serum adiponectin level (ß = -0.260, P = 0.015) after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. The present study provided the first evidence of associations of the serum irisin and adipokines (adiponectin and leptin) concentrations with epicardial fat in cardiovascular surgery patients. Irisin may play a role in preventing excess adiposity including epicardial fat, and consequently cardiovascular risk in patients.