Common Mental Disorders and Associated Factors in Dental Students From Cartagena, Colombia. / Trastornos mentales comunes y factores asociados en estudiantes de Odontología en Cartagena, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Psychological morbidity assessments are of interest since mental health is part of a person's overall health and early detection promotes emotional well-being. AIM: To determine the association between common mental disorders and related factors in dental students from Cartagena, Colombia. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 858 dental students from Cartagena, Colombia; who answered a structured anonymous self-report questionnaire to assess the presence of common mental disorders (CMD) (General Health Questionnaire-12), problematic alcohol consumption (CAGE), sociodemographic and other related variables. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis was conducted later using χ2 tests. The strength of association was obtained with prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Finally adjusted PRs, and 95%CIs were obtained using a log-binomial regression model. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata v.13.2 for Windows (Stata Corp.; TX, USA). RESULTS: The average age was 20.8±3.01 years of age, and more than half were females. CMD overall prevalence was 30.3% (95%CI, 27.3-33.5). The regression model suggested as associated factors: sex (PR, 1.54; 95%CI, 1.21-1.96), recent economic changes (PR, 1.70; 95%CI, 1.37-2.12), family conflicts [PR, 2.29; 95%CI, 1.89-2.77), abandonment (PR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.23-2.03), history of abuse (PR, 2.05; 95%CI, 1.27-3.31), and problematic alcohol consumption (PR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.02-1.78). CONCLUSIONS: CMD prevalence was high. Being female, family conflicts, history of abuse and problematic alcohol consumption are considered as risk factors for CMD development and should be carefully assessed to predict emotional well-being.

Internet Addiction and Academic Performance in Dental Students. / Adicción a internet y rendimiento académico de estudiantes de Odontología.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between Internet addiction (IA) and academic performance in dental students at the University of Cartagena. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 402 students included through non-probabilistic sampling who answered an anonymous and self-reporting questionnaire that included socio-demographic variables, academic performance (last semester overall grade), presence of IA (Young's Test) and covariates related to IA based on academic performance. Data were analysed by means of proportions, relationships between variables with the χ2 test and strength of association was estimated with odds ratios (OR) using nominal logistic regression. RESULTS: Approximately 24.63% of the students used the Internet much less than the average population, but 75.3% had IA; 73.13% of cases were considered mild and 2.24% moderate. There were no severe cases. Around 5.2% had poor academic performance. In multivariate analysis, the model that best explained IA in relation to academic performance was: studying in lower-level courses (OR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.32-0.91); studying in a different places of the house (OR=3.38; 95% CI, 1.71-6.68); not using laptop for studying (OR=0.41; 95% CI, 0.19-0.89), chatting on mobile phone (OR=2.43; 95% CI, 1.45-3.06); and spending more than 18 minutes on mobile phone while studying (OR=3.20; 95% CI, 1.71-5.99). CONCLUSIONS: Academic performance was not associated with AI. However, studying in lower-level courses, in a different place of the house, not using laptop to study, and spending more than 18minutes answering their mobile phone and chatting on mobile phone while studying were covariates statistically associated with IA.

[Distribution of empathetic orientation among dentistry students of Cartagena, Colombia]. / Distribución de la orientación empática en estudiantes de odontología. Cartagena, Colombia.

Objective To describe the level of empathy of dental students at the University of Cartagena. Methods A descriptive, quantitative study on a sample of 360 students from 1st to 5th year of Dentistry at the University of Cartagena (Colombia) during the second academic period of 2012. The Spanish version for students (S version) of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) was administered to them. The analysis consisted of calculating descriptive statistics, the arithmetic mean, and standard deviation of all the factors and their corresponding levels. The comparison of means was performed through bifactorial analysis of variance model III, with first-order interaction and application of the Duncan multiple comparison test. Results Statistically significant differences were found for the "year" variables (p<0.005) and gender (p <0.001). Lower empathic orientation values were found for 1st year students and higher value were found for women. No significance was found in the interaction between these two factors (p>0.05). Conclusions Empathic orientation values in the dental students assessed were different depending on the level or year of study and the student's gender. This may influence the comprehensive training promoted by higher education institutions as part of their educational projects. It also provides an imperative for the promotion of interpersonal skills interpersonal skills among students starting in the first years of their training to help improve the quality of health care provided.

Trastornos mentales comunes y factores asociados en estudiantes de Odontología en Cartagena, Colombia / Common Mental Disorders and Associated Factors in Dental Students From Cartagena, Colombia

RESUMEN Introducción: La valoración de morbilidad psicológica resulta de interés porque la salud mental hace parte de la salud integral de un individuo, y la detección precoz de casos propende al bienestar emocional. Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre trastornos mentales comunes y factores relacionados en estudiantes de Odontología de Cartagena, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 858 estudiantes de Odontología de Cartagena, Colombia, que respondieron a un cuestionario estructurado anónimo autoaplicado para evaluar la presencia de TMC (Cuestionario General de Salud-12), consumo problemático de alcohol (CAGE), variables sociodemográficas y otras relacionadas. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y análisis bivariable con pruebas de la x2. La fuerza de asociación se computó con razones de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Con regresión log-binomial, se obtuvieron RP e IC95% ajustados. El análisis se realizó empleando Stata v.13.2 para Windows (Stata Corp.; College Station, Texas, Estados Unidos). Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 20,8 ± 3,01 arios y más de la mitad eran mujeres. La prevalencia de TMC fue del 30,3% (IC95%, 27,3-33,5). El modelo de regresión indicó como factores asociados: sexo (RP, 1,54; IC95%, 1,21-1,96), cambios económicos recientes (RP, 1,70; IC95%, 1,37-2,12), conflictos familiares (RP, 2,29; IC95%, 1,89-2,77)], abandono (RP, 1,58; IC95%, 1,23-2,03), historia de abuso (RP, 2,05; IC95%, 1,27-3,31) y consumo problemático de alcohol (RP, 1,35; IC95%, 1,02-1,78). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de TMC fue alta. Ser mujer y tener conflictos familiares, historia de abuso y consumo problemático de alcohol son factores de riesgo de TMC y deben ser cuidadosamente evaluados para la predicción del bienestar emocional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Psychological morbidity assessments are of interest since mental health is part of a person's overall health and early detection promotes emotional well-being. Aim: To determine the association between common mental disorders and related factors in dental students from Cartagena, Colombia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 858 dental students from Cartagena, Colombia; who answered a structured anonymous self-report questionnaire to assess the presence of common mental disorders (CMD) (General Health Questionnaire-12), problematic alcohol consumption (CAGE), sociodemographic and other related variables. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis was conducted later using x2 tests. The strength of association was obtained with prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Finally adjusted PRs, and 95%CIs were obtained using a log-binomial regression model. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata v.13.2 for Windows (Stata Corp.; TX, USA). Results: The average age was 20.8 ± 3.01 years of age, and more than half were females. CMD overall prevalence was 30.3% (95%CI, 27.3-33.5). The regression model suggested as associated factors: sex (PR, 1.54; 95%CI, 1.21-1.96), recent economic changes (PR, 1.70; 95%CI, 1.37-2.12), family conflicts [PR, 2.29; 95%CI, 1.89-2.77), abandonment (PR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.232.03), history of abuse (PR, 2.05; 95%CI, 1.27-3.31), and problematic alcohol consumption (PR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.02-1.78). Conclusions: CMD prevalence was high. Being female, family conflicts, history of abuse and problematic alcohol consumption are considered as risk factors for CMD development and should be carefully assessed to predict emotional well-being.

Adicción a internet y rendimiento académico de estudiantes de Odontología / Internet Addiction and Academic Performance in Dental Students

RESUMEN Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre la adicción a internet (AI) y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Cartagena. Material y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 402 estudiantes, seleccionados de modo no probabilístico, que respondieron a un cuestionario anónimo autoaplicado que incluía variables sociodemográficas, rendimiento académico (promedio acumulado del último semestre), presencia de AI (test de Young) y variables relacionadas con la AI en función del rendimiento académico. Los datos se analizaron a partir de proporciones, relaciones entre variables con test de la X 2, y la asociación se obtuvo por razones de disparidad (OR) a través de regresión logística nominal. Resultados: El 75,3% de los estudiantes mostraban AI; el 24,63% utilizaba internet mucho menos que la población promedio; el 73,13% mostraba una AI leve; el 2,24%, una AI moderada y no hubo casos de AI grave; el 5,2% tenía bajo rendimiento académico. En el análisis multivariable, el modelo que mejor explica la AI en relación con el rendimiento académico fue: estudiar en semestres inferiores (OR = 0,54; IC95%, 0,32-0,91), estudiar en lugar distinto de la casa (OR = 3,38; IC95%, 1,71-6,68), usar elemento no portátil para estudiar (OR = 0,41; IC95%, 0,19-0,89), chatear por celular (OR = 2,43; IC95%, 1,45-3,06) y demorar más de 18 min (OR = 3,20; IC95%, 1,71-5,99) mientras se estudia. Conclusiones: El rendimiento académico no se asocia con la AI. Sin embargo, estudiar en semestres inferiores, en un lugar distinto de la casa, emplear elementos no portátiles para estudiar e invertir más de 18 min en contestar el celular y chatear mientras se estudia son covariables estadísticamente asociadas con la AI.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association between Internet addiction (IA) and academic performance in dental students at the University of Cartagena. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 402 students included through non-probabilistic sampling who answered an anonymous and self-reporting questionnaire that included socio-demographic variables, academic performance (last semester overall grade), presence of IA (Young's Test) and covariates related to IA based on academic performance. Data were analysed by means of proportions, relationships between variables with the X 2 test and strength of association was estimated with odds ratios (OR) using nominal logistic regression. Results: Approximately 24.63% of the students used the Internet much less than the average population, but 75.3% had IA; 73.13% of cases were considered mild and 2.24% moderate. There were no severe cases. Around 5.2% had poor academic performance. In multivariate analysis, the model that best explained IA in relation to academic performance was: studying in lower-level courses (OR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.32-0.91); studying in a different places of the house (OR=3.38; 95% CI, 1.71-6.68); not using laptop for studying (OR=0.41; 95% CI, 0.19-0.89), chatting on mobile phone (OR=2.43; 95% CI, 1.45-3.06); and spending more than 18 minutes on mobile phone while studying (OR=3.20; 95% CI, 1.71-5.99). Conclusions: Academic performance was not associated with AI. However, studying in lower-level courses, in a different place of the house, not using laptop to study, and spending more than 18 minutes answering their mobile phone and chatting on mobile phone while studying were covariates statistically associated with IA.

[IMCI and the maternal practice of African descendants' living on the Colombian Caribbean coast regarding the common cold and diarrhea]. / AIEPI y prácticas maternas frente a la diarrea y resfriado común en afrodescendientes del caribe colombiano.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating maternal practice regarding diarrhoea and the common cold. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which was conducted on the island of Barú, near Cartagena, Colombia. It involved 127 mothers of African descent and their 138 children aged less than 5 years of age; convenience sampling was used. The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) instrument was used for the survey during a one-day healthcare session. The prevalence of diarrhoea and the common cold during the 7 days immediately before the survey were estimated, as were maternal practice regarding these and the occurrence of other risks and protective factors; a history of breastfeeding, complementary feeding and vaccination was compiled. Descriptive statistics were used and the χ² test was used for ascertaining the significance of the relationships between variables. RESULTS: Diarrhoea prevalence was 71.7 % (64-79 95 % CI), this being lower for girls aged 2 months to 5 years-old (p = 0,02) and common cold prevalence was 99.2 % (97-100 95 % CI), this being higher in girls aged older than 2 months (p=0.004). 86.9 % (81-92 95 % CI) of the mothers did not know how to identify warning signs for these diseases, 84.9 % (78-90 95 % CI) of the practices were inadequate and 73.3% of the mothers took their children to a doctor as their first line medical practice (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Efforts must be increased regarding the implementation of the IMCI strategy in vulnerable communities, through effective channels of communication and innovative ways to reduce child morbidity and mortality indices, thereby promoting the island's social development.

[Prevalence of occupational accidents and related factors in students of dentistry]. / Prevalencia de accidentes ocupacionales y factores relacionados en estudiantes de odontología.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the prevalence of occupational accidents students of dentistry and associate it with factors of their clinical practice. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, developed in a public university in the city of Cartagena in 2010. Participants included 213 students in l pre-clinics and clinics practice of dentistry, selected by simple random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to evaluate the occurrence of accidents as well as the associated factors. The data were analyzed by prevalence rates with confidence intervals of 95 %, using the chi2 test, with significance levels of 0.05. The Association Strength was estimated by OR and the multivariate analysis through nominal logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of occupational accidents is 46 %, the type of accident most often is prick (48.7 %), caused mainly by the Explorer (28.9 %). 58.1 % of the accidents are reported and continue care protocol. 87.7 % of the students enfold the needle after use. At bivariate level, only statistically significant association between occupational accidents and semester was presented, being more frequent for the more advanced semesters (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: because of high prevalence of occupational accidents, it is necessary to insist on the implementation of strategies for safe and appropriate environments for the development of educational practices for students.

[Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Dental Students: Prevalence and Related Factors]. / Síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes de odontología: prevalencia y factores relacionados.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the relationship between depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress and socio-demographic, academic and social factors among dental students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on dental students from a university in Cartagena, selected by simple random sampling. Students answered a self-report anonymous questionnaire of 20 questions that included demographic characteristics, depression, anxiety and stress symptoms (DASS scale 21), family function (APGAR family) and other factors associated with the academic, economic and social context. Data were analyzed computing odds ratios by binomial logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress were 37.4%, 56.6% and 45.4%, respectively. Factors associated with depressive symptoms were lack of support from friends (OR=6.2; 95%CI, 2.6-14.5), family dysfunction (OR=3.6; 95%CI, 1.9-6.6) and economic hardship (OR=2.2; 95%CI, 1.2-3.9). The anxiety symptoms were associated with family dysfunction (OR=3.1; 95%CI, 1.8-5.3) and lack of support from friends (OR=2.1; 95%CI, 1.1-5.8). Also for symptoms of stress factors family dysfunction (OR=2.3; 95%CI, 1.4-4.1), income (OR=2.4; 95%CI, 1.2-4.9) and time to rest (OR=2.3; 95%CI, 1.4-4.0). CONCLUSIONS: Dental students report a high prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress. Associated factors are economic resources, family function, lack of time for rest, and social support.

Pobreza y salud bucal en comunidades afrodescendientes vulnerables / Poverty and oral health in vulnerable Afro-descendants communities

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre pobreza y salud bucal en comunidades afrodescendientes vulnerables. Métodos: Estudio realizado en 240 adultos residentes en Tierra Baja, Manzanillo y Boquilla de Cartagena, Colombia. La selección fue a conveniencia en visita domiciliaria. El estudio conto con una etapa descriptiva y una analítica. En la primera etapa descriptiva se indagó por variables sociodemográficas, presencia de pobreza, condiciones de salud bucal, hábitos de higiene oral y otros nocivos. En la segunda, analítica de corte transversal, se clasificó la pobreza en objetiva, subjetiva y general, como variables independientes en tanto que la condición de salud bucal y hábitos bucales las dependientes. La valoración clínica de la población estuvo a cargo de examinadores entrenados. Los datos se analizaron a partir de frecuencias y proporciones y odds ratio por regresión logística bivariada. Resultados: De los participantes 76,7 por ciento se percibieron pobres y 89,2 por ciento contaban con sus necesidades básicas insatisfechas (pobreza objetiva); el 65,8 por ciento se clasificaron con pobreza general. Se encontraron asociaciones entre la pobreza objetiva y subjetiva y la condición de salud bucal inadecuada (odd ratio: 2,17 y 1,8 respectivamente) y entre hogares con pobreza general y frecuencia del cepillado (odd ratio: 2,18), recambio del cepillo de dientes (odd ratio: 2,3) y hábito del bruxismo (odd ratio: 2,4). Conclusiones: La pobreza ejerce influencia desfavorable en la salud bucal en comunidades afrodescendientes vulnerables. Se demuestra la necesidad de una intervención efectiva en el entorno social(AU)

Objective: To determine the relationship between oral health and the presence of poverty in african descent of Tierra Baja, Manzanillo and Boquilla, Cartagena, Colombia. Methods: Study conducted in 240 adults selected convenience in the home visit. The first descriptive stage asses sociodemographic variables, presence of poverty, oral health condition, oral health habits and other nocuous. In the second analytical stage of cross-section, the poverty classified as objective, subjective and general were the independent variables while the oral health condition and oral habits were the dependent variables. There was calibration of examiners, for clinical assessment. The data were analyzed from frequencies and proportions and odds ratio by bivariate logistic regression. Results: 76,7 percent of participants perceived poor and 89,2 percent had their Dissatisfied Basic Needs (objective poverty); 65,8 percent were classified as general poor people. There were associations between objective and subjective poverty and inadequate oral health condition (OR: 2.17 and 1.8 respectively) and among households with general poverty and frequency of brushing (OR: 2.18), toothbrush replacement (OR: 2,3) and habit of bruxism (OR: 2,4). Conclusions: Poverty has an adverse influence in oral health in vulnerable Afro-descendants communities. It is demonstrated the necessity of effective interventions in the social environment(AU)

Problemas de salud y calidad de vida en estudiantes de odontología / Health and quality of life problems in Dentistry students

Resumen Objetivo: Asociar problemas de salud y calidad de vida relacionada con salud (CVRS) en estudiantes de Odontología de una Universidad pública de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 202 estudiantes mujeres y 125 hombres. Se diseñó y aplicó instrumento para indagar variables sociodemográficas, problemas de salud (presencia de enfermedades en el último mes) y calidad de vida relacionada con salud (WHOQOL-BREF). El análisis incluyó frecuencias, proporciones, regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para asociar dominios y puntaje total del WHOQOL-BREF con variables sociodemográficas y problemas de salud. Resultados: El 35,4% de estudiantes se encuentran enfermos y 61,8% presentan enfermedades gastrointestinales; según WHOQOL-BREF, 55,3% perciben un buen estado de salud y muy buena calidad de vida relacionada con salud. Ser estudiante adolescente impacta positivamente sobre calidad de vida relacionada con salud, pero al análisis multivariado, las variables que mostraron un impacto negativo fueron: depresión, alteraciones genitourinarias, musculo esqueléticas, varicela y problemas de la piel (X2: 80,4, p= 0,001). Conclusiones: La depresión, alteraciones genitourinarias y musculo-esqueléticas, además de varicela y problemas de la piel impactan negativamente sobre CVRS en estudiantes de odontología. Se requiere que las escuelas de Odontología promuevan estilos de vida saludable que impacten sobre la calidad de vida de sus estudiantes.

Abstract Objective: To associate health and quality of life problems related to health (QLRH) in Dentistry students at a public university in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study in 202 female students and 125 men was conducted. An instrument to investigate sociodemographic variables, health problems (presence of diseases in the last month) and quality of life related to health (WHOQOL-BREF) was designed and applied. The analysis included frequencies, proportions, Poisson regression with robust variance to associate domains and total score of the WHOQOL-BREF with sociodemographic variables and health problems. Results: 35.4% of students are sick and 61.8% present gastrointestinal diseases; according to WHOQOL-BREF, 55.3% perceive a state of good health and very good quality of life related to health. Being an adolescent student impacts positively on quality of life related to health. However, in the multivariate analysis, the variables that showed a negative impact were: depression, genitourinary and muscle skeletal alterations, chickenpox and skin problems (X2: 80.4, p= 0.001). Conclusions: Depression, genitourinary and muscle skeletal alterations, in addition to varicella and skin problems negatively impact on QLRH in dentistry students. It is required that the schools of dentistry promote healthy life styles that have an impact on the students' quality of life.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre maltrato infantil en odontólogos de Cartagena (Colombia) / Knowledge, attitudes and practices on child abuse in dentists from Cartagena (Colombia)

Resumen Objetivos: Describir conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) sobre maltrato infantil (MI) en odontólogos de Cartagena (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 149 odontólogos, que respondieron un cuestionario estructurado anónimo de autorreporte para evaluar variables sociodemográficas, reporte de sospecha de MI y CAP frente a este. Los datos fueron analizados a través de frecuencia y proporciones. Para establecer relaciones entre la sospecha de MI con algunas variables de interés (sociodemográficas, CAP) se utilizó la prueba x 2 con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Resultados: La ocurrencia actual de casos de sospecha de MI fue 5,3 % y alguna vez durante su práctica profesional del 34,4 %. Para el nivel de CAP sobre MI se obtuvieron puntajes promedio de 16,8/26 8,7/12 y 2,4/8, respectivamente. Al relacionar el nivel de conocimientos y variables sociodemográficas, las actitudes y prácticas, solo se encontró significancia estadística para el estrato socioeconómico (p=0,001), y entre las actitudes, con el lugar de procedencia (p=0,04) y edad (p=0,002). Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimiento sobre MI fue deficiente, mientras las actitudes fueron favorables; sin embargo, al momento de presentarse un caso de sospecha, sus prácticas son inadecuadas, al no realizar descripción de lesiones, anotaciones en la historia clínica y reporte de casos.

Abstract Objective: To describe knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on child abuse (AC) in dentists from Cartagena (Colombia). Methods: Cross-sectional study performed on 149 dentists, second period 2013, an anonymous structured respondent's self-report questionnaire to assess demographic variables, reporting of suspected AC and KAP regarding this. Data were analyzed using frequency and proportions. To establish relationships between suspected AC with some variables of interest (sociodemographic, KAP) the x 2 test was used with a 95 %. Results: The current occurrence of cases of suspected CA was 5,3 % and sometime during his practice of 34,4 %. For the level of KAP on average scores of CA 16,8/26, 8,7/12, 2,4/8 they were obtained respectively. By relating the level of knowledge and sociodemographic variables, attitudes and practices, only statistical significance was found for socioeconomic status (p=0,001) and between attitudes to the birthplace (p=0,04) and age(p=0,002). Conclusions: The level ofknowledge of CA was low while attitudes were favorable; However, when presented a case of suspected practices are inadequate to stop doing the descriptions of injuries, medical records and reports do case.

[Public university students' psychosocial factors associated with legal and illegal substance consumption]. / Factores psicosociales asociados al consumo de sustancias en estudiantes de una universidad pública.

OBJECTIVE: Determining the prevalence and psychosocial factors associated with public university students' legal and illegal substance consumption. METHOD: This was across-sectional study of 1,359 randomly selected students. The harvesting instrument included the CAGE questionnaire and VESPA,WHO, Rosenberg, Francis and APGAR scales. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for univariate and bivariate analysis using disparity ratios (95 % confidence intervals and 5 % error) whilst logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: An association was found between abusive alcohol consumption and smoking cigarettes (OR=4.6), marijuana (OR=4.6) and using cocaine (OR=2.2); having a dysfunctional family was associated with smoking cigarettes (OR=1.2), using cocaine (OR=1.95) and abusive alcohol consumption (OR=1.94). CONCLUSIONS: Abusive alcohol consumption and having a dysfunctional family were influential factors regarding psychoactive substance consumption in public university students.

Distribución de la orientación empática en estudiantes de odontología: Cartagena, Colombia / Distribution of empathetic orientation among dentistry students of Cartagena, Colombia

Objetivo Describir el nivel de empatía de los alumnos que cursan el programa de odontología en la Universidad de Cartagena. Métodos Estudio descriptivo cuantitativo realizado en una muestra de 360 estudiantes de 1° a 5° año de odontología Universidad de Cartagena (Colombia), durante el segundo periodo académico de 2012. En quienes se aplicó la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson (EEMJ) en versión español para estudiantes (versión S). El análisis consistió en la estimación de estadígrafos descriptivos; media aritmética y desviación típica en todos los factores y sus niveles correspondientes. La comparación de las medias se realizó mediante un Análisis de Varianza Bifactorial Modelo III, con interacción de primer orden y se aplicó la prueba de comparación múltiple de Duncan. Resultados Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las variables "nivel" (p<0,005) y "sexo" (p<0,001), existiendo menores valores de orientación empática para los estudiantes de 1° nivel y mayores valores para las mujeres. No se encontró significación en la interacción entre estos dos factores (p>0,05). Conclusiones Los valores de orientación empática en los estudiantes de odontología evaluados, fueron diferentes en los niveles de estudio y el sexo, lo que puede influir en la formación profesional integral que propenden las instituciones de educación superior dentro de sus Proyectos Educativos y hace imperativo impulsar el desarrollo de habilidades interpersonales en los educandos desde los primeros años de formación, que contribuya a mejorar la calidad de la atención en salud brindada.(AU)

Objective To describe the level of empathy of dental students at the University of Cartagena. Methods A descriptive, quantitative study on a sample of 360 students from 1st to 5th year of Dentistry at the University of Cartagena (Colombia) during the second academic period of 2012. The Spanish version for students (S version) of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) was administered to them. The analysis consisted of calculating descriptive statistics, the arithmetic mean, and standard deviation of all the factors and their corresponding levels. The comparison of means was performed through bifactorial analysis of variance model III, with first-order interaction and application of the Duncan multiple comparison test. Results Statistically significant differences were found for the "year" variables (p<0.005) and gender (p <0.001). Lower empathic orientation values were found for 1st year students and higher value were found for women. No significance was found in the interaction between these two factors (p>0.05). Conclusions Empathic orientation values in the dental students assessed were different depending on the level or year of study and the student's gender. This may influence the comprehensive training promoted by higher education institutions as part of their educational projects. It also provides an imperative for the promotion of interpersonal skills interpersonal skills among students starting in the first years of their training to help improve the quality of health care provided.(AU)

Violencia intrafamiliar y factores de riesgo en mujeres afrodescendientes de la ciudad de Cartagena / Domestic violence and risk factors in women of African descent of the city of Cartagena

Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre violencia intrafamiliar y factores de riesgo en mujeres afrodescendientes de la ciudad de Cartagena. Diseño del estudio: Estudio transversal. Emplazamiento: Comunidad Rural de Tierra Baja, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Participantes: 220 mujeres, seleccionadas a conveniencia. Métodos: Se indagó por factores sociodemográficos, presencia de violencia y abuso, y su severidad (cuestionario de abuso Norvold [NorAQ]), causas de actos violentos durante el último mes, factores de riesgo relacionados (antecedentes de violencia, roles, consumo de alcohol, falta de recreación, funcionalidad familiar [Apgar Familiar]). Los datos fueron analizados a partir de proporciones y la asociación se obtuvo por razones de disparidad y regresión logística nominal. Resultados: El 20,4% (IC95% 15,1-25,7) de las mujeres manifiestan ser víctimas de violencia, en su mayoría de abuso emocional, siendo el esposo el principal agresor; el 66,4% no denunciaron los casos por miedo y los celos son la principal causa que la desencadenó. En el análisis multivariado, el modelo que mejor explica la presencia de violencia hacia la mujer corresponde a los siguientes factores: estado civil, falta de recreación y consumo de alcohol (p=0,0001). Conclusiones: Las mujeres de Tierra Baja sufren de violencia, posiblemente por falta de oportunidades de recreación y consumo de alcohol de su pareja, lo que no garantiza el bienestar biopsicosocial de sus familias (AU)

Objective: To estimate the association between family violence and risk factors in afro descendent women from the city of Cartagena. Study design: Cross-Sectional Study. Location: Tierra Baja Rural Community, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Participants: 220 women selected by convenience sample. Methods: The factors investigated included sociodemographic factors, presence of violence and abuse and its severity (Norvold abuse questionnaire [NorAQ]), causes of violence during the last month, related risk factors (history of violence, roles, alcohol consumption, lack of recreation, family functioning [Family Apgar]). Data were described using proportions, and the association was obtained with odds ratios by nominal logistic regression. Results: 20.4 % (95 % CI 15.1-25.7) of women report being victims of violence, mostly emotional abuse, being the husband the primary aggressor; 66, 4 % did not report cases for fear, and jealousy is the main trigger. In the multivariate analysis, the model that best explains the presence of violence against women corresponds to the following factors: marital status, lack of recreation and alcohol consumption (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Women from Tierra Baja suffer violence, possibly due to lack of opportunities for recreation and to their partner's alcohol abuse, which does not guarantee the biopsychosocial welfare of their families (AU)

Prevalencia de actividad sexual y resultados no deseados en salud sexual y reproductiva en estudiantes universitarios de Cartagena, Colombia, 2012 / Prevalence of sexual activity and undesired outcomes in sexual and reproductive health in university students in Cartagena, Colombia, 2012

Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de actividad sexual y resultados no deseados en salud sexual y reproductiva en estudiantes universitarios.Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en 979 estudiantes de una universidad pública en Cartagena matriculados durante el segundo periodo de 2012 en los programas diurnos y presenciales. Se hizo un muestreo de forma probabilística a fijación proporcional. Se aplicó cuestionario autoadministrado, anónimo para evaluar antecedentes sociodemográficos y actividad sexual (edad de inicio, tipo y condiciones de la relación sexual, métodos de anticoncepción) y resultados no deseados (embarazos, abortos). Se estimó la prevalencia de actividad sexual y de los resultados no deseados a través de proporciones e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Para explorar las posibles relaciones con variables sociodemográficas y variables relacionadas con el rol del estudiante, se aplicó el test de chi2 (p < 0,05).Resultados: la edad promedio de inicio de actividad sexual fue de 16,6 años (DE = 2,0); 8,5% de los universitarios reportaron embarazos, de los cuales 79,5% fueron no deseados; por otra parte, 7% ocurrieron como producto de una relación bajo efectos del alcohol. Se encontró una prevalencia de aborto del 6, 7 % y el 47, 2 % fueron inducidos. El 2,8% manifestó haber sido diagnosticado alguna vez con una ITS reportándose más en mujeres y estudiantes de sexto a décimo semestre (p < 0,05).Conclusión: el inicio precoz de actividad sexual en universitarios provoca desenlaces no deseados como embarazo y aborto ocasionados principalmente por relaciones sexuales sin protección y bajo los efectos del alcohol.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of sexual activity and the undesired results in sexual and reproductive health in university students.Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 979 students from a public university in Cartagena enrolled during the second term of 2012 in day and classroom courses. A probabilistic proportional fixation sampling was performed. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic history and sexual activity (initiation age, type and conditions of the sexual relation, contraception methods), as well as undesired results (pregnancies, abortions). The prevalence of sexual activity and undesired results was estimated by means of proportions and 95% confidence intervals. The chi square test (p < 0.05) was used to explore potential relations with socio-demographic variables and variables associated with the student role.Results: The mean age of initiation of sexual activity was 16.6 years (SD = 2.0); 8.5% of the university students reported pregnancies, of which 79.5% were undesired and 7% occurred as a result of intercourse under the influence of alcohol. Of these, 6.7% ended in abortion and were induced in 47.2%. Of the respondents, 2.8% reported having been diagnosed at some point with a sexually transmitted disease, with a higher number among women and students in their sixth to tenth academic semester (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Early initiation of sexual activity among university students gives rise to undesired outcomes such as pregnancy and abortion as a result mainly of unprotected intercourse or under the influence of alcohol.

[Pathological alcohol consumption amongst students from the University of Cartagena, 2008]. / Consumo patológico de alcohol entre los estudiantes de la Universidad de Cartagena, 2008.

OBJECTIVE: Determining the frequency of pathological alcohol consumption and characterising the variables related to such consumption in students taking daytime programmes at the University of Cartagena. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used; 1,031 students from daytime programmes at the University of Cartagena participated in it (480 males and 551 females). They were selected by randomly sampling responses to a questionnaire which included the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Stata 9.1 software was used for single variable analysis. RESULTS: 34.5% of the students displayed a high risk of consumption, mainly males (41.1%). Total consumption was 83.6%, median age for the most frequent consumption was 15/16 (38%), beer being the preferred drink (65 %). Reported problems included alcohol poisoning (68%), physical ailments (58%), light headedness (30%), having sex without protection (19%) and family problems (12%). CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption amongst college students was high, as was their tendency to consume dangerous quantities, mainly males having low-consumption characteristics (once a month or less) but consuming large amounts (5 drinks or more) on such occasions.

Maltrato infantil: conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de estudiantes de Odontología de Cartagena, Colombia / Child abuse: knowledge, attitudes and practices of dental students in Cartagena, Colombia

Objetivo: Describir los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre maltrato infantil en estudiantes de odontología en una universidad pública de Cartagena, Colombia. Diseño del estudio: Estudio descriptivo. Emplazamiento: Universidad pública de Cartagena, Colombia.Participantes: 208 estudiantes de odontología de Cartagena (Colombia), seleccionados a través de un muestreo probabilístico. Mediciones principales: Se diseñó y utilizó un instrumento tipo cuestionario estructurado anónimo de auto-reporte para evaluar las variables: sociodemográficas, conocimientos (relacionados con maltrato físico, abuso sexual, negligencia, maltrato psicológico, indicadores de maltrato infantil y responsabilidades), actitudes, prácticas y prevalencia de posibles sospechas de casos de maltrato infantil detectados en la práctica odontológica. Los datos fueron analizados a través de distribuciones de frecuencia y proporciones. Para establecer relaciones entre la sospecha de maltrato infantil con algunas variables de interés se utilizó la prueba χ2 asumiendo un límite de 0,05 para la significación. Resultados: La prevalencia actual de casos de sospecha de maltrato infantil fue del 2,4 %, y la de alguna vez del 20 %. Los conocimientos fueron buenos para el 54,3 % de los sujetos y aceptable en el 44,7 %; las actitudes favorables en el 96,1 %. De 42 estudiantes que tuvieron alguna sospecha durante su práctica, 15 manifestaron como primera acción comunicarla a su docente, seguida por comentarla a un compañero y guardar silencio. Las tres cuartas partes de los que manifestaron haber tenido una sospecha de maltrato no la consignaron en la historia clínica. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de posibles casos de maltrato infantil identificados por los estudiantes de odontología fue alta; sus conocimientos y actitudes fueron adecuados. Sin embargo, existe incongruencia con las prácticas reportadas; por esto es necesario realizar entrenamientos en la temática que brinden una mayor seguridad al estudiante en el momento de identificar y reportar los posibles casos de maltrato infantil desde la práctica odontológica (AU)

Objetive: to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices in dental students at the Cartagena state university, Colombia regarding child abuse. Study design: descriptive study. Location: Cartagena state university, Colombia. Participants: 208 dental students from Cartagena (Colombia), selected through probability sampling. Main analysed data: A self-reporting anonymous structured questionnaire-type instrument was designed and used to evaluate socio-demographic variables, knowledge (related to physical abuse, sexual abuse, negligence, psychological abuse, signs of child abuse and responsibilities), attitudes, practices and prevalence of possible suspicion of cases of child abuse detected in dental practice). The data were analysed through frequency distributions and proportions. In order to determine relationships between suspicion of child abuse and some variables of interest, test c2 was used, assuming a limit of 0.05 for significance. Results: Current prevalence of suspected cases of child abuse was 2.4% and that of it occurring at sometime, 20%. Knowledge was good for 54.3% of the subjects and acceptable for 44.7%; favourable attitudes, 96.1%. Of 42 students who had some kind of suspicion during their practice, 15 stated that their first action was to report it to their teacher, followed by telling a classmate and keeping quiet. Three quarters of those who stated they had suspected abuse did not enter it in the clinical record. Conclusions: The prevalence of possible cases of child abuse identified by dental students was high; their knowledge and attitudes were appropriate. However, there is incongruence in reported practices; for this reason, it is necessary to carry out training on the subject to provide the student with greater certainty on identifying and reporting possible cases of child abuse from the position of dental practice (AU)

Síntomas de depresión y ansiedad en jóvenes universitarios: prevalencia y factores relacionados / Depression and anxiety symptoms in young university students: prevalence and related factors

Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre síntomas depresivos y ansiosos con factores socio-demográficos, académicos, conductuales y familiares entre estudiantes universitarios de Cartagena, Colombia. Diseño del estudio: Estudio transversal. Emplazamiento: Universidad pública de Cartagena, Colombia. Participantes: 973 estudiantes universitarios de Cartagena (Colombia), seleccionados a través de un muestreo probabilístico. Mediciones principales: Se utilizó un instrumento anónimo de auto-reporte que incluyó: variables sociodemográficas (sexo, edad, estrato socioeconómico), el cuestionario de cribado para ansiedad y depresión, cuestionario Goldberg (E.A.D.G), el APGAR familiar para determinar la función familiar y otras preguntas que indagaban por factores asociados. Los datos fueron analizados a partir de frecuencias y proporciones, razones de disparidad y regresión logística nominal. Resultados: La prevalencia de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos fue del 76,2% y 74,4% respectivamente. Los factores asociados con síntomas ansiosos fueron: dificultades económicas, problemas familiares y consumo de alcohol; los relacionados con síntomas depresivos fueron: problemas familiares, dificultades económicas, ansiedad y antecedentes familiares de ansiedad o depresión. Conclusiones: La sintomatología de ansiedad y depresión fue alta en los universitarios, siendo las dificultades económicas y los problemas familiares los factores que más intervinieron para su aparición. Por lo tanto son necesarias las intervenciones que modifiquen estos comportamientos en beneficio de la calidad de vida de estos jóvenes (AU)

Objective: To estimate the association between depression and anxiety symptoms and socio-demographic, academic, behavioural and family factors among university students. Design of the study: Cross-sectional study. Sample setting: Public University of Cartagena, Colombia. Participants: 973 university students of Cartagena (Colombia), selected by probability sampling. Main measures: An anonymous self-reporting instrument was used. It included: socio-demographic variables (sex, age, socio-economic status), the screening questionnaire for depression and anxiety, the Goldberg questionnaire (GDAS) the APGAR family test to determine the family function and other test items which asked about associated factors. The data obtained were analyzed using frequencies and proportions, disparity ratios and nominal logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of the depression and anxiety symptoms was 76.2% and 74.4% respectively. The factors associated to anxiety symptoms were: economic difficulties, family problems and alcohol consumption; the factors related to depression symptoms were: family problems, economic difficulties, anxiety and family history of anxiety or depression. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression symptomatology was high among university students, being economic difficulties and family problems the most frequent factors causin its onset. Therefore, specific interventions to modify these behaviours for the benefit of the quality of life of these young people are required (AU)

Estrés académico y funcionalidad familiar en estudiantes de odontología / Academic stress and family function in dentistry students

Objetivo: Asociar estrés académico y funcionalidad familiar en estudiantes de odontología. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal en una muestra probabilística de 251 estudiantes de odontología de una universidad pública de Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Se midieron características sociodemográficas, estrés académico (escala SISCO) y funcionalidad familiar (APGAR familiar). Se estimó ocurrencia (prevalencias), asociación entre variables (odd ratios) y análisis multivariable (regresión logística nominal). Resultados: El estrés académico se presentó en 87,3 % de los estudiantes; la situación más estresante en el entorno académico fue la evaluación docente; la disfuncionalidad familiar se comportó como un factor asociado para el estrés académico (OR=2,32). En el análisis de regresión logística, el modelo que mejor que explica el estrés académico estuvo conformado por los siguientes factores: la participación familiar, sexo y ciclo académico cursado (p= 0,0001; X²= 22,9). Conclusiones: La disfuncionalidad familiar puede agravar las situaciones de estrés académico en estudiantes de odontología e influir en su rendimiento académico, lo que ameritaría la necesidad de una atención permanente a la relación entre el entorno familiar y la universidad en aras del desarrollo integral de los universitarios.

Objective: To evalúate the association between family dysfunction and academic stress in college students. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in 251 dental students from a public university of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Were measured socio-demographic characteristics, academic stress (SISCO scale) and family functioning (Family APGAR) through validated instruments. Occurrence was estimated by prevalence and association between variables was quantified by odds ratios and multivariate analysis using logistic regression nominal. Results: Academic stress was present in 87.3 % and the most concern among students was the teacher evaluation, dysfunctional families behaved as a factor related to stress. (OR = 2.32, 95 % CI: 1.09 to 4.92, P = 0.02). In logistic regression analysis, the model that best explains academic stress consisted of the following factors: family involvement, sex, and completed academic year (p = 0,0001, X² = 22, 9). Conclusions: The family dysfunction may aggravate stressful situations that occur within academic college students and influence their academic performance compromis-ing their life projects while in college.