Apixaban for Stroke Prevention in Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Subclinical atrial fibrillation is short-lasting and asymptomatic and can usually be detected only by long-term continuous monitoring with pacemakers or defibrillators. Subclinical atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of stroke by a factor of 2.5; however, treatment with oral anticoagulation is of uncertain benefit. METHODS: We conducted a trial involving patients with subclinical atrial fibrillation lasting 6 minutes to 24 hours. Patients were randomly assigned in a double-blind, double-dummy design to receive apixaban at a dose of 5 mg twice daily (2.5 mg twice daily when indicated) or aspirin at a dose of 81 mg daily. The trial medication was discontinued and anticoagulation started if subclinical atrial fibrillation lasting more than 24 hours or clinical atrial fibrillation developed. The primary efficacy outcome, stroke or systemic embolism, was assessed in the intention-to-treat population (all the patients who had undergone randomization); the primary safety outcome, major bleeding, was assessed in the on-treatment population (all the patients who had undergone randomization and received at least one dose of the assigned trial drug, with follow-up censored 5 days after permanent discontinuation of trial medication for any reason). RESULTS: We included 4012 patients with a mean (±SD) age of 76.8±7.6 years and a mean CHA2DS2-VASc score of 3.9±1.1 (scores range from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating a higher risk of stroke); 36.1% of the patients were women. After a mean follow-up of 3.5±1.8 years, stroke or systemic embolism occurred in 55 patients in the apixaban group (0.78% per patient-year) and in 86 patients in the aspirin group (1.24% per patient-year) (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45 to 0.88; P = 0.007). In the on-treatment population, the rate of major bleeding was 1.71% per patient-year in the apixaban group and 0.94% per patient-year in the aspirin group (hazard ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.26 to 2.57; P = 0.001). Fatal bleeding occurred in 5 patients in the apixaban group and 8 patients in the aspirin group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with subclinical atrial fibrillation, apixaban resulted in a lower risk of stroke or systemic embolism than aspirin but a higher risk of major bleeding. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; ARTESIA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01938248.).

Association Between Achieved Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Long-Term Cardiovascular and Safety Outcomes: An Analysis of FOURIER-OLE.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the optimal achieved LDL-C level with regard to efficacy and safety in the long term remains unknown. METHODS: In FOURIER (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk), 27 564 patients with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were randomized to evolocumab versus placebo, with a median follow-up of 2.2 years. In the open-label extension (FOURIER-OLE), 6635 of these patients were transitioned to open-label evolocumab regardless of initial treatment allocation in the parent trial and were followed for an additional median of 5 years. In this prespecified analysis, we examined the relationship between achieved LDL-C levels (an average of the first 2 LDL-C levels measured) in FOURIER-OLE (available in 6559 patients) and the incidence of subsequent cardiovascular and safety outcomes. We also performed sensitivity analyses evaluating cardiovascular and safety outcomes in the entire FOURIER and FOURIER-OLE patient population. Multivariable modeling was used to adjust for baseline factors associated with achieved LDL-C levels. RESULTS: In FOURIER-OLE, 1604 (24%), 2627 (40%), 1031 (16%), 486 (7%), and 811 (12%) patients achieved LDL-C levels of <20, 20 to <40, 40 to <55, 55 to <70, and ≥70 mg/dL, respectively. There was a monotonic relationship between lower achieved LDL-C levels-down to very low levels <20 mg/dL-and a lower risk of the primary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, hospital admission for unstable angina or coronary revascularization) and the key secondary efficacy end point (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) that persisted after multivariable adjustment (adjusted Ptrend<0.0001 for each end points). No statistically significant associations existed in the primary analyses between lower achieved LDL-C levels and increased risk of the safety outcomes (serious adverse events, new or recurrent cancer, cataract-related adverse events, hemorrhagic stroke, new-onset diabetes, neurocognitive adverse events, muscle-related events, or noncardiovascular death). Similar findings were noted in the entire FOURIER and FOURIER-OLE cohort up to a maximum follow-up of 8.6 years. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, long-term achievement of lower LDL-C levels, down to <20 mg/dL (<0.5 mmol/L), was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular outcomes with no significant safety concerns. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT01764633.

Health care workers' qualitative descriptions of ethically challenging situations evoking moral distress during Covid-19.

Background: The high public demand for healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic and strict infection control measures, coupled with threat of severe illness and death, and limited resources, led to many healthcare workers (HCWs) experiencing ethically challenging situations (ECSs). Objective: To systematically explore first-hand accounts of ECS-evoking moral distress among HCWs during this public health emergency. Research design: This was an open cohort study. All participants were asked whether they had been in ECS-evoking moral distress during the pandemic. Those who had were asked to describe these situations. Answers were systematically analyzed according to three levels of root causes for ECSs, using thematic analysis. Participants and research context: In January 2022, 977 HCWs from four Norwegian university hospitals participated. Ethical considerations: The study received ethical approval from the Norwegian Ethical Review Authority (No. 130944). Results: In total, 508 participants (52%) reported that they had experienced ECS-evoking moral distress during the pandemic, whereof 323 provided a qualitative description. We found that while a few reported ECSs caused at the patient level, and some described situations at the unit/team level, the vast majority reported situations caused at the system level, predominantly related to resource scarcity, particularly poor staffing. Conclusion: Our findings strongly indicate that efforts to mitigate moral distress among HCWs should be targeted at the system level. More specifically, the study findings highlight resource limitations, particularly poor staffing, as a major cause of moral distress during the pandemic.

Long-Term Evolocumab in Patients With Established Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.

BACKGROUND: In FOURIER (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk), the proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitor evolocumab reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and risk of cardiovascular events and was safe and well tolerated over a median of 2.2 years of follow-up. However, large-scale, long-term data are lacking. METHODS: The parent FOURIER trial randomized 27 564 patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL-C ≥70 mg/dL on statin to evolocumab versus placebo. Patients completing FOURIER at participating sites were eligible to receive evolocumab in 2 open-label extension studies (FOURIER-OLE [FOURIER Open-Label Extension]) in the United States and Europe; primary analyses were pooled across studies. The primary end point was the incidence of adverse events. Lipid values and major adverse cardiovascular events were prospectively collected. RESULTS: A total of 6635 patients were enrolled in FOURIER-OLE (3355 randomized to evolocumab and 3280 to placebo in the parent study). Median follow-up in FOURIER-OLE was 5.0 years; maximum exposure to evolocumab in parent plus FOURIER-OLE was 8.4 years. At 12 weeks in FOURIER-OLE, median LDL-C was 30 mg/dL, and 63.2% of patients achieved LDL-C <40 mg/dL on evolocumab. Incidences of serious adverse events, muscle-related events, new-onset diabetes, hemorrhagic stroke, and neurocognitive events with evolocumab long term did not exceed those for placebo-treated patients during the parent study and did not increase over time. During the FOURIER-OLE follow-up period, patients originally randomized in the parent trial to evolocumab versus placebo had a 15% lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina or coronary revascularization (hazard ratio, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.75-0.96]; P=0.008); a 20% lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.68-0.93]; P=0.003); and a 23% lower risk of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.60-0.99]; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term LDL-C lowering with evolocumab was associated with persistently low rates of adverse events for >8 years that did not exceed those observed in the original placebo arm during the parent study and led to further reductions in cardiovascular events compared with delayed treatment initiation. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifiers: NCT02867813 and NCT03080935.

Biomarkers predictive of atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Insights from the Nordic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke (NOR-FIB) study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are currently no biomarkers to select cryptogenic stroke (CS) patients for monitoring with insertable cardiac monitors (ICMs), the most effective tool for diagnosing atrial fibrillation (AF) in CS. The purpose of this study was to assess clinically available biomarkers as predictors of AF. METHODS: Eligible CS and cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack patients underwent 12-month monitoring with ICMs, clinical follow-up and biomarker sampling. Levels of cardiac and thromboembolic biomarkers, taken within 14 days from symptom onset, were compared between patients diagnosed with AF (n = 74) during monitoring and those without AF (n = 185). Receiver operating characteristic curves were created. Biomarkers reaching area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ≥ 0.7 were dichotomized by finding optimal cut-off values and were used in logistic regression establishing their predictive value for increased risk of AF in unadjusted and adjusted models. RESULTS: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), creatine kinase, D-dimer and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T were significantly higher in the AF than non-AF group. BNP and NT-proBNP reached the predefined area under the curve level, 0.755 and 0.725 respectively. Optimal cut-off values were 33.5 ng/l for BNP and 87 ng/l for NT-proBNP. Regression analysis showed that NT-proBNP was a predictor of AF in both unadjusted (odds ratio 7.72, 95% confidence interval 3.16-18.87) and age- and sex-adjusted models (odds ratio 4.82, 95% confidence interval 1.79-12.96). CONCLUSION: Several clinically established biomarkers were associated with AF. NT-proBNP performed best as AF predictor and could be used for selecting patients for long-term monitoring with ICMs.

Fully digital self-screening for atrial fibrillation with patch electrocardiogram.

AIMS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide. The AF is associated with severe mortality, morbidity, and healthcare costs, and guidelines recommend screening people at risk. However, screening methods and organization still need to be clarified. The current study aimed to assess the feasibility of a fully digital self-screening procedure and to assess the prevalence of undetected AF using a continuous patch electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system. METHODS AND RESULTS: Individuals ≥65 years old with at least one additional risk factor for stroke from the general population of Norway were invited to a fully digital continuous self-screening for AF using a patch ECG device (ECG247 Smart Heart Sensor). Participants self-reported clinical characteristics and usability online, and all participants received digital feedback of their results. A total of 2118 individuals with a mean CHA2DS2-VASc risk score of 2.6 (0.9) were enrolled in the study [74% women; mean age 70.1 years (4.2)]. Of these, 1849 (87.3%) participants completed the ECG self-screening test, while 215 (10.2%) did not try to start the test and 54 (2.5%) failed to start the test. The system usability score was 84.5. The mean ECG monitoring time was 153 h (87). Atrial fibrillation was detected in 41 (2.2%) individuals. CONCLUSION: This fully digitalized self-screening procedure for AF demonstrated excellent feasibility. The number needed to screen was 45 to detect one unrecognized case of AF in subjects at risk for stroke. Randomized studies with long-term follow-up are needed to assess whether self-screening for AF can reduce the incidence of AF-related complications. CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT04700865.

Strokes and Transient Ischemic Attacks Occurrence During Annual Dual Antiplatelet Therapy.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of stroke/TIA during annual dual antiplatelet therapy (ADAPT) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains high. Some evidence suggests that shorter than ADAPT may diminish such risk, still providing adequate vascular protection. However, the precise timing of strokes/TIA occurrences during ADAPT is unclear but may be important for determining optimal preventive treatment duration. STUDY QUESTION: The precise timing of secondary cerebrovascular events over ADAPT. STUDY DESIGN: Access was gained to the FDA-issued Platelet Inhibition and Outcomes (PLATO) trial data set on which post hoc analyses of stroke/TIA timing after ticagrelor and clopidogrel on top of aspirin was explored. MEASURES AND OUTCOMES: Events were counted and plotted over time from day 1 till day 365 after the index ACS event. RESULTS: Among 18,624 enrollees, 252 strokes and 49 TIAs were reported. After the exclusion of entries with missing dates, unclear randomization codes, and events beyond 1-year follow-up, 238 strokes and 45 TIAs were analyzed. Overall, most frequent strokes/TIAs occurred within the first day after qualifying ACS, with the gradual declines after day 7 and day 40 reaching background counts thereafter. The strokes/TIAs patterns did not differ much between P 2 Y12 inhibitors except for twice more events at day 1 and excess exclusions after day 365 in the ticagrelor arm. CONCLUSIONS: Most cerebrovascular events emerged very early after ACS despite ADAPT. This large hypothesis-generating evidence may justify shorter than the ADAPT duration after ACS. Twice more events at day 1 and excess late ticagrelor exclusions in PLATO deserve further scrutiny. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT00391872.

Implementing screening for myocardial injury in non-cardiac surgery: perspectives of an ad-hoc interdisciplinary expert group.

Objectives. Perioperative myocardial injury (PMI) is increasingly recognised as an important complication of non-cardiac surgery, with often clinically silent presentation, but detrimental prognosis. Active screening for PMI, involving the detection of dynamic and elevated levels of cardiac troponin, has recently been advocated by an increasing number of guidelines; however, active PMI screening has not been reflected in clinical practice. Design. As consensus on a common screening and management pathway is lacking, we synthesise the current evidence to provide suggestions on the selection of patients for screening, organisation of a screening program, and a potential management pathway, building upon a recently published perioperative screening algorithm. Results. Screening should be performed using high-sensitivity assays both preoperatively and postoperatively (postoperative Days 1 and 2) in patients at high-risk of experiencing perioperative complications. Conclusion. This expert opinion piece by an interdisciplinary group of predominantly Norwegian clinicians aims to assist healthcare professionals planning to implement guideline-recommended PMI screening at a local level in order to improve patient outcomes following non-cardiac surgery.

"I've kept going" - a multisite repeated cross-sectional study of healthcare workers' pride in personal performance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: For healthcare workers, working through a pandemic may include both challenges, such as coping with increased demands and a lack of control, and rewards, such as experiencing a sense of achievement and meaningfulness. In this study, we explore the accomplishments healthcare workers themselves are proud of achieving at work, in order to elucidate the positive aspects of working through a pandemic. METHODS: In June 2020 (T1), December 2020 (T2), and May 2021 (T3), healthcare workers (n = 1,996) at four Norwegian hospitals participated in a web-based survey assessing job strain, psychological health, and support during the pandemic. The survey included the open-ended question "During the past two weeks, what have you been feeling proud of achieving at work?". Responses (1,046) to this item were analyzed using conventional content analysis, which resulted in 13 subthemes under 6 themes. RESULTS: For some, pride was found in their professional identity and dedication to their work. Others took pride in specific achievements, such as juggling their own needs (e.g., health, private life) with those of the workplace, contributing to cohesion and collaboration, their ability to learn and adjust, in being a useful resource at work, and in their efforts towards developing the organization and workplace. IMPLICATIONS: The current findings shed light on what healthcare workers feel proud of achieving in their day-to-day work. Assessment of these factors provides insight on both positive and negative aspects of working clinically during a pandemic, and highlights specific targets for building sustainable and rewarding work environments for healthcare workers.

Performance of the European Society of Cardiology 0/1-Hour, 0/2-Hour, and 0/3-Hour Algorithms for Rapid Triage of Acute Myocardial Infarction : An International Collaborative Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines recommend using the 0/1-hour and 0/2-hour algorithms over the 0/3-hour algorithm as the first and second choices of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn)-based strategies for triage of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracies of the ESC 0/1-hour, 0/2-hour, and 0/3-hour algorithms. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Scopus from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2020. (PROSPERO: CRD42020216479). STUDY SELECTION: Prospective studies that evaluated the ESC 0/1-hour, 0/2-hour, or 0/3-hour algorithms in adult patients presenting with suspected AMI. DATA EXTRACTION: The primary outcome was index AMI. Twenty unique cohorts were identified. Primary data were obtained from investigators of 16 cohorts and aggregate data were extracted from 4 cohorts. Two independent authors assessed each study for methodological quality. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 32 studies (20 cohorts) with 30 066 patients were analyzed. The 0/1-hour algorithm had a pooled sensitivity of 99.1% (95% CI, 98.5% to 99.5%) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.8% (CI, 99.6% to 99.9%) for ruling out AMI. The 0/2-hour algorithm had a pooled sensitivity of 98.6% (CI, 97.2% to 99.3%) and NPV of 99.6% (CI, 99.4% to 99.8%). The 0/3-hour algorithm had a pooled sensitivity of 93.7% (CI, 87.4% to 97.0%) and NPV of 98.7% (CI, 97.7% to 99.3%). Sensitivity of the 0/3-hour algorithm was attenuated in studies that did not use clinical criteria (GRACE score <140 and pain-free) compared with studies that used clinical criteria (90.2% [CI, 82.9 to 94.6] vs. 98.4% [CI, 88.6 to 99.8]). All 3 algorithms had similar specificities and positive predictive values for ruling in AMI, but heterogeneity across studies was substantial. Diagnostic performance was similar across the hs-cTnT (Elecsys; Roche), hs-cTnI (Architect; Abbott), and hs-cTnI (Centaur/Atellica; Siemens) assays. LIMITATION: Diagnostic accuracy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and cardiac troponin sampling time varied among studies. CONCLUSION: The ESC 0/1-hour and 0/2-hour algorithms have higher sensitivities and NPVs than the 0/3-hour algorithm for index AMI. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Taiwan University Hospital.

CODE-EHR best practice framework for the use of structured electronic healthcare records in clinical research.

Big data is central to new developments in global clinical science aiming to improve the lives of patients. Technological advances have led to the routine use of structured electronic healthcare records with the potential to address key gaps in clinical evidence. The covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated the potential of big data and related analytics, but also important pitfalls. Verification, validation, and data privacy, as well as the social mandate to undertake research are key challenges. The European Society of Cardiology and the BigData@Heart consortium have brought together a range of international stakeholders, including patient representatives, clinicians, scientists, regulators, journal editors and industry. We propose the CODE-EHR Minimum Standards Framework as a means to improve the design of studies, enhance transparency and develop a roadmap towards more robust and effective utilisation of healthcare data for research purposes.

Recurrent pericarditis. / Residiverende perikarditt.

Pericarditis is an important differential diagnosis in patients with chest pain. The two most common causes in the developed world are idiopathic pericarditis and inflammation following cardiac surgery or myocardial infarction. Recurrence of pericarditis affects up to 30 % of patients, half of whom experience multiple episodes, and approximately 10 % develop steroid-dependent and colchicine-refractory pericarditis. Recurrence is due to autoinflammatory processes in the pericardium. Advanced diagnostic imaging and treatment with colchicine and interleukin-1 inhibitors has helped reduce morbidity considerably in recent years. In this clinical review, we summarise up-to-date knowledge about the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of patients with recurrent primary pericarditis.

Infarct quantification with cardiovascular magnetic resonance using "standard deviation from remote" is unreliable: validation in multi-centre multi-vendor data.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to investigate variability and agreement of the commonly used image processing method "n-SD from remote" and in particular for quantifying myocardial infarction by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). LGE-CMR in tandem with the analysis method "n-SD from remote" represents the current reference standard for infarct quantification. This analytic method utilizes regions of interest (ROIs) and defines infarct as the tissue with a set number of standard deviations (SD) above the signal intensity of remote nulled myocardium. There is no consensus on what the set number of SD is supposed to be. Little is known about how size and location of ROIs and underlying signal properties in the LGE images affect results. Furthermore, the method is frequently used elsewhere in medical imaging often without careful validation. Therefore, the usage of the "n-SD" method warrants a thorough validation. METHODS: Data from 214 patients from two multi-center cardioprotection trials were included. Infarct size from different remote ROI positions, ROI size, and number of standard deviations ("n-SD") were compared with reference core lab delineations. RESULTS: Variability in infarct size caused by varying ROI position, ROI size, and "n-SD" was 47%, 48%, and 40%, respectively. The agreement between the "n-SD from remote" method and the reference infarct size by core lab delineations was low. Optimal "n-SD" threshold computed on a slice-by-slice basis showed high variability, n = 5.3 ± 2.2. CONCLUSION: The "n-SD from remote" method is unreliable for infarct quantification due to high variability which depends on different placement and size of remote ROI, number "n-SD", and image signal properties related to the CMR-scanner and sequence used. Therefore, the "n-SD from remote" method should not be used, instead methods validated against an independent standard are recommended.

Cryptogenic stroke and TIA: Suggested diagnostic approach while waiting for evaluation and treatment guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Empiric strategies for secondary prevention in cryptogenic stroke and cryptogenic TIA are lacking. The best therapy to prevent recurrence depends on the cause of stroke. Attempting a correct diagnosis is therefore the fundamental goal of stroke treatment. Further investigation into the source of embolism if suspected, and determination of the etiology, even if demanding, is the needed prerequisite for optimal secondary prevention and risk reduction. AIMS: This paper discusses evaluation and treatment of cryptogenic stroke in light of recent years' clinical trials results and developments in cardiology and neuroradiology. No ethical approval was needed for this work. RESULTS: Cardioembolism due to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, patent foramen ovale, or cardiomyopathy; occult atherosclerosis from unstable plaques and hypercoagulable conditions seem to be the most common underlying causes to be revealed by further investigations. Treatment of these conditions can reduce the stroke recurrence significantly. CONCLUSIONS: An individual approach and targeted diagnostics using advanced medical technologies in selected patients, who may benefit from a tailored treatment regimen, can help reveal a probable cause in the majority of strokes and TIAs previously classified as cryptogenic.

Do We Really Need Aspirin Loading for STEMI?

Aspirin loading (chewable or intravenous) as soon as possible after presentation is a class I recommendation by current ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) guidelines. Earlier achievement of therapeutic antiplatelet effects by aspirin loading has long been considered the standard of care. However, the effects of the loading dose of aspirin (alone or in addition to a chronic maintenance oral dose) have not been studied. A large proportion of myocardial cell death occurs upon and after reperfusion (reperfusion injury). Numerous agents and interventions have been shown to limit infarct size in animal models when administered before or immediately after reperfusion. However, these interventions have predominantly failed to show significant protection in clinical studies. In the current review, we raise the hypothesis that aspirin loading may be the culprit. Data obtained from animal models consistently show that statins, ticagrelor, opiates, and ischemic postconditioning limit myocardial infarct size. In most of these studies, aspirin was not administered. However, when aspirin was administered before reperfusion (as is the case in the majority of studies enrolling STEMI patients), the protective effects of statin, ticagrelor, morphine, and ischemic postconditioning were attenuated, which can be plausibly attributable to aspirin loading. We therefore suggest studying the effects of aspirin loading before reperfusion on the infarct size limiting effects of statins, ticagrelor, morphine, and/ or postconditioning in large animal models using long reperfusion periods (at least 24 h). If indeed aspirin attenuates the protective effects, clinical trials should be conducted comparing aspirin loading to alternative antiplatelet regimens without aspirin loading in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

A Comprehensive Review of the Pleiotropic Effects of Ticagrelor.

AIMS: This review summarizes the findings of preclinical studies evaluating the pleiotropic effects of ticagrelor. These include attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), inflammation, adverse cardiac remodeling, and atherosclerosis. In doing so, it aims to provide novel insights into ticagrelor's mechanisms and benefits over other P2Y12 inhibitors. It also generates viable hypotheses for the results of seminal clinical trials assessing ticagrelor use in acute and chronic coronary syndromes. METHODS AND RESULTS: A comprehensive review of the preclinical literature demonstrates that ticagrelor protects against IRI in the setting of both an acute myocardial infarction (MI), and when MI occurs while on chronic treatment. Maintenance therapy with ticagrelor also likely mitigates adverse inflammation, cardiac remodeling, and atherosclerosis, while improving stem cell recruitment. These effects are probably mediated by ticagrelor's ability to increase local interstitial adenosine levels which activate downstream cardio-protective molecules. Attenuation and augmentation of these pleiotropic effects by high-dose aspirin and caffeine, and statins respectively may help explain variable outcomes in PLATO and subsequent randomized controlled trials (RCTs). CONCLUSION: Most RCTs and meta-analyses have not evaluated the pleiotropic effects of ticagrelor. We need further studies comparing cardiovascular outcomes in patients treated with ticagrelor versus other P2Y12 inhibitors that are mindful of the unique pleiotropic advantages afforded by ticagrelor, as well as possible interactions with other therapies (e.g., aspirin, statins, caffeine).

Randomized, open-label, crossover trial comparing the pharmacokinetic profile of a novel oral aspirin solution and a chewed aspirin tablet.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic profiles of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) after administration of two different formulations of aspirin under fasting and fed conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, 2-arm crossover study conducted at a single center. Healthy subjects were randomized to receive 300 mg of aspirin in either a 15-mL oral solution (pre-packaged vial containing powder and solvent that are combined at the time of administration) or a single solid tablet to be chewed and swallowed with 150 mL of water. Treatment visits were separated by a 10-day wash-out period. RESULTS: At 3 minutes, ASA concentrations for the oral solution fed state and fasting state arms exceeded those for the chewed tablet (fed 299 vs. 139 ng/mL; fasting 356 vs. 204 ng/mL). Compared to the chewed tablet, the mean plasma ASA concentration was 74% greater with the oral solution under fasting conditions, and 115% greater under fed conditions. Similarly, at 3 minutes, the mean SA plasma concentration with the oral solution under fed and fasting conditions exceeded those for the chewed tablet (fed 310 vs. 160 ng/mL; fasting 330 vs. 185 ng/mL). Under fasting conditions, the mean plasma ASA AUC0-last, with the oral solutions was 168,076.8 min.ng/mL compared to 163,726.3 min.ng/mL with the chewed tablet. Under fed conditions, the mean plasma ASA AUC0-last, with the oral solutions was 179,116.7 min.ng/mL compared to 164,704.3 min.ng/mL with the chewed tablet. CONCLUSION: This phase 1 study showed that use of an aspirin oral solution provided more rapid exposure to higher plasma concentration levels of ASA and SA than chewing a solid tablet.

Cardiovascular phenotype of long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid abusers compared with strength-trained athletes.

INTRODUCTION: Abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) has been linked to a variety of different cardiovascular (CV) side effects, but still the clinical effects of AAS abuse on CV risk are not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the CV phenotype of a large cohort of men with long-term AAS use compared with strength-trained athletes without AAS use. METHODS: Fifty one strength-trained men with ≥3 years of AAS use was compared with twenty one strength-trained competing athletes. We verified substance abuse and non-abuse by blood and urine analyses. The participants underwent comprehensive CV evaluation including laboratory analyses, 12-lead ECG with measurement of QT dispersion, exercise ECG, 24 h ECG with analyses of heart rate variability, signal averaged ECG, basic transthoracic echocardiography, and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). RESULTS: Hemoglobin levels and hematocrit were higher among the AAS users compared with non-users (16.8 vs. 15.0 g/dl, and 0.50% vs. 0.44%, respectively, both p < 0.01) and HDL cholesterol significantly lower (0.69 vs. 1.25 mmol/L, p < 0.01). Maximal exercise capacity was 270 and 280 W in the AAS and the non-user group, respectively (p = 0.04). Echocardiography showed thicker intraventricular septum and left ventricular (LV) posterior wall among AAS users (p < 0.01 for both), while LV ejection fraction was lower (50 vs. 54%, p = 0.02). Seven AAS users (17%) had evidence of coronary artery disease on CCTA. There were no differences in ECG measures between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: A divergent CV phenotype dominated by increased CV risk, accelerated coronary artery disease, and concentric myocardial hypertrophy was revealed among the AAS users.

Cost-effectiveness of a rule-out algorithm of acute myocardial infarction in low-risk patients: emergency primary care versus hospital setting.

AIMS: Hospital admissions of patients with chest pain considered as low risk for acute coronary syndrome contribute to increased costs and crowding in the emergency departments. This study aims to estimate the cost-effectiveness of assessing these patients in a primary care emergency setting, using the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 0/1-h algorithm for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, compared to routine hospital management. METHODS: A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted. For the primary care estimates, costs and health care expenditure from the observational OUT-ACS (One-hoUr Troponin in a low-prevalence population of Acute Coronary Syndrome) study were compared with anonymous extracted administrative data on low-risk patients at a large general hospital in Norway. Patients discharged home after the hs-cTnT assessment were defined as low risk in the primary care cohort. In the hospital setting, the low-risk group comprised patients discharged with a non-specific chest pain diagnosis (ICD-10 codes R07.4 and Z03.5). Loss of health related to a potential increase in acute myocardial infarctions the following 30-days was estimated. The primary outcome measure was the costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of applying the ESC 0/1-h algorithm in primary care. The secondary outcomes were health care costs and length of stay in the two settings. RESULTS: Differences in costs comprise personnel and laboratory costs of applying the algorithm at primary care level (€192) and expenses related to ambulance transports and complete hospital costs for low-risk patients admitted to hospital (€1986). Additional diagnostic procedures were performed in 31.9% (181/567) of the low-risk hospital cohort. The estimated reduction in health care cost when using the 0/1-h algorithm outside of hospital was €1794 per low-risk patient, with a mean decrease in length of stay of 18.9 h. These numbers result in an average per-person QALY gain of 0.0005. Increased QALY and decreased costs indicate that the primary care approach is clearly cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Using the ESC 0/1-h algorithm in low-risk patients in emergency primary care appears to be cost-effective compared to standard hospital management, with an extensive reduction in costs and length of stay per patient.

The Role of ECG in the Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Acute Coronary Syndromes: an Old but Indispensable Tool.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Since its inception in 1902 by Willem Einthoven, the electrocardiogram (ECG) has fundamentally undergone minimal technological advances. Nevertheless, its clinical utility is critical, and it remains an essential tool to diagnose, risk stratify, and guide reperfusion and invasive strategies in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. ECG reading can be demanding, with many healthcare professionals lacking the necessary expertise to accurately interpret them. This is exacerbated by the need to constantly revisit old dogmas pertinent to the interpretation of ECGs. RECENT FINDINGS: Notably, ECG leads record the global electrical activity of the heart toward and away from each electrode rather than local events. The long-held central paradigm that the various ECG leads record local events underneath specific electrodes should therefore be reassessed. For example, ST segment elevation in leads V1 and V2 usually denote antero-apical rather than septal infarction, often a misnomer utilized by the majority of clinicians. The ECG diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is sometimes challenging and discerning it from non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is of paramount importance to implement timely acute reperfusion therapy. In fact, when qualifications for emergency reperfusion therapy are based on STEMI ECG criteria, nearly one-third of cases with acute coronary occlusion are missed. Diagnostic ST elevation in the absence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy or left bundle-branch block (LBBB) is defined by a specific set of sex-specific criteria for new ST elevation at the J point in contiguous precordial or limb leads. However, other ECG criteria need to be kept in mind. These include, but are not limited to, new or presumably new left bundle branch block (LBBB), which is often considered as an STEMI-equivalent; ST depression in two or more precordial leads (V1-V4), denoting a true inferolateral transmural myocardial infarction; and the infrequent presentation with hyperacute T-wave changes. As our understanding of the pathology of ischemic reperfusion injury has evolved and following the introduction of new imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, we need to re-assess the old dogmas pertinent to the interpretation of ECGs and update the terms and classifications.