A class of hydrazones are active against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

There is an urgent need for the development of shorter, simpler and more tolerable drugs to treat antibiotic tolerant populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We previously identified a series of hydrazones active against M. tuberculosis. We selected five representative compounds for further analysis. All compounds were active against non-replicating M. tuberculosis, with two compounds demonstrating greater activity under hypoxic conditions than aerobic culture. Compounds had bactericidal activity with MBC/MIC of < 4 and demonstrated an inoculum-dependent effect against aerobically replicating bacteria. Bacterial kill kinetics demonstrated a faster rate of kill against non-replicating bacilli generated by nutrient starvation. Compounds had limited activity against other bacterial species. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that hydrazones have some attractive properties in terms of their anti-tubercular activity.

Identification of Enolase as the Target of 2-Aminothiazoles in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is a massive global burden and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is increasingly resistant to first- and second-line drugs. There is an acute need for new anti-mycobacterial drugs with novel targets. We previously evaluated a series of 2-aminothiazoles with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, we identify the glycolytic enzyme enolase as the target of these molecules using pull down studies. We demonstrate that modulation of the level of enolase expression affects sensitivity to 2-aminothiazoles; increased expression leads to resistance while decreased protein levels increase sensitivity. Exposure to 2-aminothiazoles results in increased levels of metabolites preceding the action of enolase in the glycolytic pathway and decreased ATP levels. We demonstrate that 2-aminothiazoles inhibit the activity of the human α-enolase, which could also account for the cytotoxicity of some of those molecules. If selectivity for the bacterial enzyme over the human enzyme could be achieved, enolase would represent an attractive target for M. tuberculosis drug discovery and development efforts.