Gender differences in sense of coherence among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic halted everyday life in higher education along with social and psychological impacts. The objective of our study was to explore the factors related to sense of coherence (SoC) from a gender perspective among university students in Turkey. This is a cross-sectional survey conducted online with a convenience sampling method as part of the international COVID-Health Literacy (COVID-HL) Consortium. SoC was measured by a nine-item questionnaire that was adapted to the Turkish language, including socio-demographic information and health status, including psychological well-being, psychosomatic complaints, and future anxiety (FA). 1595 students from four universities, of whom 72% were female, participated in the study. Cronbach's alpha for the SoC scale was 0.75. Based on the median split of the individual scores, levels of SoC showed no statistically significant difference according to gender. Logistic regression analysis indicated that higher SoC was associated with medium and high subjective social status, studying in private universities, high psychological well-being, low FA, and none/one psychosomatic complaint. While results were similar among female students, type of university and psychological well-being showed no statistically significant association with SoC among males. Our results indicate that structural (subjective social status) and contextual (type of university) factors, along with gender-based variations, are associated with SoC among university students in Turkey.

The state of ethics education at medical schools in Turkey: taking stock and looking forward.

BACKGROUND: Ethics teaching is globally considered an essential part of medical education fostering professionalism. It does not only provide knowledge for good clinical conduct, but also trains medical students as virtuous practitioners. Although Turkey has had a considerable experience in ethics education of healthcare professionals, the general state of ethics curricula at medical schools in Turkey is unknown. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to collect comprehensive data about the ethics education programs at medical schools in Turkey. To this aim, we designed a cross-sectional descriptive questionnaire survey which focuses on the content, teaching years, teaching, assessment and evaluation methodologies, workforce and infrastructure. We delivered the questionnaire to all medical schools in Turkey. Seventy-nine medical schools participated in this study (response rate: 78%). RESULTS: Although most institutions had an undergraduate ethics curriculum (91.1%), the findings suggest deficiency of teaching personnel (34.2% had no instructors). Furthermore, the distribution and composition of the workforce was imbalanced. The content varies largely among institutions. Medical schools with an ethics department were more likely to diversify teaching topics. However, ethics education was largely based on the four-principle approach. The content was usually conveyed to students theoretically. Around 90% of schools had classroom lectures. It is the only method used at one-third of them. Clinical ethics education was mostly lacking. Multiple-choice tests were widely used to assess and evaluate student attainments (86.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Staff qualified to teach ethics and ethics education integrated into the six-year medical curriculum given by a multidisciplinary team are urgent necessities. Considering teaching, assessment and evaluation methodologies used, most medical schools seem to fall short of fostering students to develop ethical attitudes. Endeavors aiming for modern topics should be encouraged. As the organization ethics education change continuously, we think that a platform for monitoring ethics education at medical schools in Turkey should be established. Such a body would help ethics instructors to network and find solutions to current problems and build shared wisdom.

Plasma concentrations of isoniazid and rifampin are decreased in adult pulmonary tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus.

Plasma isoniazid and rifampin concentrations, but not pyrazinamide and ethambutol concentrations, were decreased by about 50% (P < 0.05) in diabetic pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The prevalences of subnormal plasma isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol concentrations were 49% or 100% (P < 0.01), 66% or 100% (P < 0.05), 30% or 50% (P = 0.198), and 32% or 21% (P = 0.742) in nondiabetic or diabetic tuberculosis patients, respectively. These data show that plasma concentrations of isoniazid and rifampin were greatly reduced in diabetic tuberculosis patients.

Biomass smoke exposure as a serious health hazard for women.

INTRODUCTION: Lung diseases caused by biomass exposure cause a significant health hazard particularly amongst women. The present study was designed to investigate biomass exposure in women suffering from lung disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 women [mean (SD) age: 55.13 (17.65) years] hospitalized for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis or interstitial lung disease were included in this study conducted between September 2008-March 2009 in three chest disease clinics at Sureyyapasa Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital. Data collection on biomass exposure was based on application of hospital-based survey questionnaire including items on occupation, level of education, place of birth (location, region), exposure to biomass fuel fumes for heating and cooking purposes (animal dung, wood, charcoal, dried plant) and years of exposure with animal dung, wood, charcoal, dried plant. RESULTS: COPD in 22% patients, lung carcinoma in 12%, bronchitis in 8%, tuberculosis in 26%, and interstitial lung disease in 17% were the diagnosis for hospitalization. The most identified occupation was housewifery 86%. Active, former and non-smokers composed 6%, 22% and 72% of the population. Birth place was village in 67% patients while districts in 9%. According to regional distribution, the most common place of birth was Central Anatolia region in (29%). Exposure to biomass fuels was identified in all of patients including wood (92%), animal dung (30%), charcoal (23%), and dry plant (23%). Mean (SD) years of exposure was identified to be 52.6 (17.9) years for wood, 40.8 (17.9) years for animal dung, 48.1 (20.8) years for dry plant and 38.5 (21.4) years for charcoal. The most common type of biomass exposure was wood in village (97%), city (79%) and county (89%). CONCLUSION: Findings indicating impact of biomass exposure in women seem to emphasize the need for analytic epidemiologic studies assessment measuring biomass exposure levels-particularly for women and young children.

The outcome of tuberculosis cases with persistent smear positivity at the end of extended initial phase.

INTRODUCTION: To present the treatment outcome in tuberculosis patients with sputum smear positivity in the third month of category 1 treatment regimes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1024 patients with tuberculosis treated in Ministry of Health Sureyyapasa Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital from January 2004 to December 2005 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Categorization and appropriate treatment of tuberculosis was performed according the World Health Organization guidelines. RESULTS: Of overall 1024 patients, 655 (64%) were determined to receive category 1 treatment while sputum smear positivity was identified in 11 of them [2%; mean (SD) age: 46 (17.9) years] in the third month. Continuation phase treatment was initiated in these 11 patients. Sputum conversion was evident in six of 10 cases in the 4th month, in three cases in the 5th month and in one case in the 6th month. None had culture positivity after the 3rd month. Of 11 cases, 10 completed therapy with major drugs in six months and treatment outcome was cure. No relapse was identified after five years later. CONCLUSION: Based on our data we recommend that the continuing phase should be started in cases with positive sputum smear at the end of the extended initial phase.

Occupation and tuberculosis: a descriptive study in Turkish patients with tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION: The present study was designed to determine the distribution of tuberculosis patients according to their occupations in Turkey. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 757 patients with bacteriologically and histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis and under the tuberculosis treatment were included in this retrospective descriptive study. Medical records of patients admitted to the Ministry of Health Sureyyapasa Chest Diseases and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital between the years of 2004 and 2007 were evaluated in terms of patient demographics and the occupations. Occupations were classified into 10 groups according to the International Standardization Classification Occupation (ISCO-88). RESULTS: Males composed 67% of the overall population [mean age (SD) was 41.3 (16.4) years]. Recurrent and newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients composed 81 and 19% of the patients, respectively. The most frequently identified major occupational groups were; craft and related workers (32%), plant and machine operators and assembler (10%), followed by the subgroups of textile, garment and related trades workers (12.9%), motor vehicle drivers (5.8%). The youngest subgroup among the most popular subgroups with a mean age (SD) of 29.5 (11.1) years, was textile, garment and related trades workers while the subgroup of mining and construction laborers was the oldest with a mean age (SD) of 63.9 (7.9) years. In all occupational subgroups, the frequency of males was higher than females. In female patients, the most frequently identified subgroup was, textile, garment and related trades workers while, mining and construction laborers, motor vehicle drives, building frame and related trades workers were composed solely of males. The frequency of newly diagnosed patients was significantly higher than former tuberculosis patients in the occupational subgroups. CONCLUSION: It seems crucial to improve conditions of workplaces with arrangements enabling healthier environment such as adequate ventilation, appropriate living space as well as routine health controls of employees especially for the textile industry.

Management of and risk factors related to hepatotoxicity during tuberculosis treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatotoxicity is one of the most frequent adverse events occurring during tuberculosis treatment that may negatively affect treatment compliance, clinical outcome. This study was designed to evaluate management, risk factors related to hepatotoxicity during tuberculosis treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Hospitalized patients for tuberculosis treatment at Sureyyapasa Chest Diseases, and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital were included, between January 2004 and December 2007. Prevalence of hepatotoxicity, risk factors were evaluated among tuberculosis patients under anti-tuberculosis treatment according to World Health Organization (WHO) guideline. Hepatotoxicity was defined any elevated liver function tests with accompanying symptoms. Age, gender, past history of anti-tuberculosis treatment, extensity of radiological findings, co-morbid disorders and drug resistance were the risk factors evaluated in terms of development and recurrence of hepatotoxicity. RESULTS: Of 1443 patients (38.37 ± 16.74 years; 64.5% were males), 106 (7.3%) was identified to develop hepatotoxicity on an average of 20 days after beginning treatment and lasting an average of 14 days. Hepatotoxicity for once in 78.3% (n= 83) of patients and more than once in 21.7% (n= 23) patients. All anti-tuberculosis drugs was continued at full dosage after the normalization of liver enzyme in 76.4% (n= 81). In recurrence a step-by-step treatment was re-started by exclusion of responsible drug/s. Treatment was administered without modification of WHO regimes in 79.2%. Pyrazinamide was omitted in 15 cases while rifampicin only in one patient. Triple drug regimen with isoniazid, ethambutol and streptomycin was used in six cases. Quinolon was added to treatment only in one patient. Presence of a co-morbidity was determined to be significant predictor of hepatotoxicity development OR= 3.093 (CI= 1.95-4.89; p= 0.000) past history of anti-tuberculosis treatment was significantly associated with recurrence (p= 0.027). There was no hepatotoxicity dependent mortality. CONCLUSION: Hepatotoxicity can be successfully management of hepatotoxicity without second line tuberculosis drugs in ongoing treatment regime.

Load sharing within a human thoracic vertebral body: an in vitro biomechanical study.

OBJECTIVE: The vertebral body is the major load bearing part of the vertebra and consists of a central trabecular core surrounded by a thin cortical shell. The aim of this in vitro biomechanical study is to determine the debated issue of load sharing in a vertebral body. METHODS: A series of non-destructive compressive testing on excised human thoracic vertebral bodies were performed. The testing process consisted of a stepwise removal of the vertebrae's trabecular centrum and measurement of surface strains. RESULTS: Load sharing of cortical shell of osteopenic vertebrae (48.1+/-7.6) was significantly higher than that of normal vertebrae (44.3+/-10.6). Load sharing of middle thoracic vertebrae (49.4+/-10.0) was significantly higher than that of lower thoracic vertebrae (42.4+/-8.5). According to general linear model analysis, test speed and load were not found to be effectual on load sharing with the exception that osteopenic vertebrae showed lower cortical load sharing under higher loads. CONCLUSIONS: The cortical shell takes nearly 45% of physiological loads acting upon an isolated thoracic vertebra. Load sharing between cortical shell and trabecular centrum is significantly affected by spinal level and bone mineral density. The load borne by trabecular bone increases towards the lower spinal levels, and decreases by osteoporosis.

Vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination in a district of Istanbul.

BACKGROUND: In order to control and eliminate the vaccine preventable diseases it is important to know the vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination. The primary objective of this study was to determine the complete vaccination rate; the reasons for non-vaccination and the predictors that influence vaccination of children. The other objective was to determine coverage of measles vaccination of the Measles Immunization Days (MID) 2005 for children aged 9 month to 6 years in a region of Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey. METHODS: A '30 x 7' cluster sampling design was used as the sampling method. Thirty streets were selected at random from study area. Survey data were collected by a questionnaire which was applied face to face to parents of 221 children. A Chi-square test and logistic regression was used for the statistical analyses. Content analysis method was used to evaluate the open-ended questions. RESULTS: The complete vaccination rate for study population was 84.5% and 3.2% of all children were totally non-vaccinated. The siblings of non-vaccinated children were also non-vaccinated. Reasons for non-vaccination were as follows: being in the village and couldn't reach to health care services; having no knowledge about vaccination; the father of child didn't allow vaccination; intercurrent illness of child during vaccination time; missed opportunities like not to shave off a vial for only one child. In logistic regression analysis, paternal and maternal levels of education and immigration time of both parents to Istanbul were found to influence whether children were completely vaccinated or non-vaccinated. Measles vaccination coverage during MID was 79.3%. CONCLUSION: Efforts to increase vaccination coverage should take reasons for non-vaccination into account.

Intra- and interobserver agreement on cervical volume and flow indices during pregnancy using transvaginal 3-dimensional ultrasonography and Doppler angiography.

OBJECTIVES: To assess intra- and interobserver agreement in cervical volume and flow indices measurements. METHOD: We prospectively examined 126 patients by two seperate observers using transvaginal 3D gray-scale and power Doppler ultrasound. The two acquired volume datasets were analyzed using the VOCAL imaging program for assessing cervical volume, vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI). Reproducibility of volume and vascularity measurement was assessed by calculating intraclass (intra-CC) and interclass (inter-CC) correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS: Both intraobserver and interobserver cervical volume measurements were in perfect agreement with intra-CC values of 0.95, 0.96 for both examiners and with an inter-CC value of 0.95. Intraobserver agreement for VI, FI and VFI measurements were as good as the interobserver agreement for VI, and VFI measurements were adequate but less for FI measurements (inter-CC 0.67). Overall, volumetric data were more reliably acquirable than power Doppler measurements. CONCLUSIONS: 3D ultrasound gray-scale and power Doppler measurement of cervical volume and vascularization have acceptable intra- and interobserver variations and thus may be used in clinical research of cervical physiology and pathophysiology during pregnancy.

Effect of smoking on pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, and nuchal translucency in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Data were collected from 1275 pregnant Turkish women screened prospectively for chromosomal anomalies to determine whether first-trimester levels of maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and the thickness of nuchal translucency are affected by smoking and other covariables. Only normal singleton pregnancies were included. After weight correction, comparisons were made between smokers and nonsmokers. Mean values of PAPP-A and beta-hCG were reduced in women who smoked 5 or more cigarettes a day compared with nonsmokers. The median beta-hCG level decreased significantly as gravidity and parity increased; no effect was noted on PAPP-A. Median PAPP-A and beta-hCG levels tended to increase, but not significantly in women who had had 2 or more miscarriages. Smoking alters maternal levels of serum analytes, with the magnitude of the impact related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. This effect can be detected in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Ischemic involvement of the primary motor cortex is a prognostic factor in acute stroke.

BACKGROUND: The location of the primary motor cortex can be detected in healthy adults using the findings of 'T2 hypointensity' and the 'double layer sign' on 3 T diffusion-weighted imaging. The aim of this study was to assess whether ischemic involvement of the primary motor cortex can be identified on 3 T diffusion-weighted imaging within six-hours after stroke onset and to evaluate whether this finding could predict clinical outcome three-months after ischemic stroke. METHODS: Sixty-five patients who had paralysis and ischemia of the anterior circulation underwent 3 T magnetic resonance imaging within six-hours of symptom onset. Follow-up MRI was obtained at 72 h. Anatomic localization and ischemic involvement of the primary motor cortex were evaluated on diffusion-weighted imaging by two investigators. Ischemic involvement on the primary motor cortex was classified into three grades. Ischemic lesion volumes were measured. We compared the favorable outcomes at three-months between subjects with and without ischemic involvement on the primary motor cortex using the NIHSS and modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS: Ischemic involvement on the primary motor cortex was identified in 52% of patients. Interrater agreement coefficients were 0·93 for the identification of ischemic involvement of primary motor cortex. As defined by scores on the modified Rankin Scale, among the patients with ischemic involvement of the primary motor cortex were worse than the patients without ischemic involvement of the primary motor cortex (P = 0·01). The mean ischemic lesion volume at baseline diffusion-weighted imaging was 38·7 ± 41·7 cm(3) and was 89·8 ± 93·6 cm(3) at follow-up T2-WI. Ischemic involvement on the primary motor cortex (odds ratio: 14·7) was a determinant for worse outcome. CONCLUSIONS: 3T diffusion-weighted imaging can identify ischemic involvement on the primary motor cortex and may provide useful information for predicting outcome during the hyperacute stage. Ischemic involvement on the primary motor cortex has a significant negative impact on recovery.

The utility of cytokeratins 7 and 20 (CK7/20) immunohistochemistry in the distinction of short-segment Barrett esophagus from gastric intestinal metaplasia: Is it reliable?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present correlative immunohistochemical study was to assess the utility of cytokeratin (CK7 and CK20) expression in the diagnosis of short-segment Barrett esophagus, particularly its efficacy in differentiating Barrett mucosa from intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia and corpus. METHODS: Two groups of endoscopic biopsy specimens were examined, including 20 endoscopic biopsy specimens of short-segment Barrett esophagus (Group A) and equal number exhibiting Helicobacter pylori associated intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia and corpus (Group B). All were investigated by immunohistochemistry using the standard ABC method for CK7 and CK20 expression. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis of Barrett CK7/20 and gastric CK7/20 patterns between the groups. RESULTS: The anticipated pattern of reactivity in Barrett mucosa (CK7: strong diffuse positivity in superficial and deep glands; CK20: positivity in surface epithelium and superficial glands) was seen in 2 cases of Group A specimens. The expected gastric pattern (CK7: patchy immunostaining with variable involvement of deep glands; CK20: patchy immunostaining of superficial and deep glands in incomplete intestinal metaplasia / absence of CK7 immunoreactivity with strong CK20 staining in superficial and deep glands in complete intestinal metaplasia) was seen in 8 cases of Group B specimens. The respective sensitivity and false-negativity values of CK7/20 staining for Barrett pattern in Group A were 10% and 90%, respectively. These values for gastric pattern in Group B were 40% and 60%, respectively. The specificity and false-positivity values of both patterns were same (100% and 0%, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference for Barrett pattern between the two groups (P = 0.487), while the observation of gastric pattern was significantly higher in Group B than in Group A (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that these hypothesized and recently applied diagnostic criteria involving CK7 and CK20 immunoreactivity are not reliable in distinguishing short-segment Barrett esophagus from intestinal metaplasia as seen in gastric cardia and corpus.

Iodine status in Turkish populations and exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors.

Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are competitive inhibitors of the sodium iodide symporter of the thyroid membrane. These inhibitors can decrease iodine uptake by the symporter into the thyroid gland and may disrupt thyroid function. This study assesses iodine status and exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors of non-pregnant and non-lactating adult women living in three different cities in Turkey (Istanbul, Isparta and Kayseri). We measured iodine and iodide uptake inhibitors in 24-hr urines collected from study participants (N = 255). All three study populations were mildly iodine deficient, with median urinary iodine (UI) levels of 77.5 µg/L in Istanbul, 58.8 µg/L in Isparta, and 69.8 µg/L in Kayseri. Perchlorate doses were higher in the study population (median 0.13 µg/kg/day), compared with a reference population (median 0.059 µg/kg/day), but lower than the U.S. EPA reference dose (0.7 µg/kg/day). Urinary thiocyanate levels increased with increasing exposure to tobacco smoke, with non-smokers (268 µg/L) significantly lower than light smokers (1110 µg/L), who were significantly lower than heavy smokers (2410 µg/L). This pilot study provides novel data indicating that study participants were moderately iodine deficient and had higher intakes of the iodide uptake inhibitor perchlorate compared with a reference population. Further investigation is needed to characterize the thyroid impact resulting from iodine deficiency coupled with exposure to iodide uptake inhibitors such as perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrate.

Breaking the silence of the lambs: integrating medical staff in prevention of human trafficking / Rompiendo el silencio de los corderos: integrar el personal médico en la prevención de tráfico humano / Quebrando o silêncio dos cordeiros: integrando o pessoal médico na prevenção do tráfico de seres humanos

Introduction: Human trafficking, including forced prostitution, is a form of human rights violation regarding right to life and respect for human dignity. The Physician-patient relationship may serve as a process for victim identification on the basis of physicians’ responsibilities to detect human trafficking. Method: This empirical study was based on a survey among physicians who may have been in contact with foreign sex workers. Almost eighty physicians in three health facilities were selected according to their high potentiality for coming into contact with foreign sex workers as patients. 228 physicians selected to that aim. 82 of them responded to the questionnaire which was performed in order to evaluate their perception and knowledge human trafficking and their attitudes towards sex work. Results: All physicians think that some women among the sex workers are exploited, exposed to violence and coerced to work against their will (100%). Almost all of them know that it is compulsory for the healthcare professionals to inform the security forces of the women who are exploited (80.0%). Nearly half of them have given medical care to a sex worker (46.9%) and 39.0 percent have thought that it may be related to human trafficking. The ones who have informed the police of a human trafficking case are only 10 per cent. Conclusions: We think that the professional should be equipped with ethical values encompassing both a patient’s dignity and general welfare. This may include the professional’s responsibility to make an assessment as to whether the patient is a victim or a sex worker. Furthermore human trafficking in sex work and sexual health are public health issues therefore it should be covered under standards of practice and ethical codes of conduct.

Introducción: El tráfico humano, incluyendo prostitución forzada, es una forma de violación de derechos humanos relacionada con el derecho a la vida y el respeto a la dignidad humana. La relación médico-paciente puede servir como un proceso para identificar víctimas, con base en la responsabilidad del médico de detectar tráfico humano. Método: Este estudio empírico se basó en un cuestionario aplicado a médicos que podían haber estado en contacto con trabajadores sexuales extranjeros. Se seleccionaron unos 80 médicos de tres centros de salud, de acuerdo con su alta probabilidad de entrar en contacto con trabajadores sexuales extranjeros como pacientes. Se seleccionaron 228 médicos para ese objetivo. De estos, 82 respondieron al cuestionario desarrollado para evaluar su percepción y conocimiento del tráfico humano y sus actitudes hacia el trabajo sexual. Resultados: Todos los médicos piensan que algunas mujeres trabajadoras sexuales son explotadas, expuestas a violencia y forzadas a trabajar en contra de su voluntad (100%). Casi todos saben que es obligatorio para el profesional de la salud el informar a las fuerzas de seguridad sobre las mujeres que son explotadas (80,0%). Casi la mitad han proporcionado cuidado médico a un trabajador sexual (46,9%) y 39,0% ha pensado que puede estar relacionado con el tráfico humano. Solo un 10% ha informado a la policía sobre un caso de tráfico humano. Conclusiones: Pensamos que los profesionales deberían formarse en valores éticos incluyendo tanto la dignidad del paciente como su bienestar general. Esto puede incluir la responsabilidad profesional de evaluar si el paciente es una víctima o un trabajador sexual. Además, el tráfico humano en el trabajo sexual y la salud sexual son temas de salud pública, por lo tanto debieran cubrirse de acuerdo con los estándares de la práctica y códigos éticos de conducta.

Introdução: O tráfico de pessoas, incluindo a prostituição forçada, é uma forma de violação dos direitos humanos sobre o direito à vida e o respeito pela dignidade humana. A relação médico-paciente pode servir como um processo para a identificação das vítimas, com base em responsabilidades dos médicos para detectar o tráfico de seres humanos. Método: Este estudo empírico foi baseado numa pesquisa entre os médicos que possam ter estado em contacto com os trabalhadores do sexo estrangeiros. Quase oitenta médicos em três unidades de saúde foram selecionados de acordo com sua alta potencialidade para entrar em contato com profissionais do sexo estrangeiros como pacientes. 228 médicos foram selecionados para esse objetivo. 82 deles responderam ao questionário que foi realizado com a finalidade de avaliar a sua percepção e o seu conhecimento sobre o tráfico de seres humanos e as suas atitudes em relação ao trabalho sexual. Resultados: Todos os médicos pensam que algumas mulheres entre os trabalhadores do sexo são exploradas, expostas à violência e coagidas a trabalhar contra a sua vontade (100%). A maioria deles sabe da obrigação dos profissionais de saúde de informar às forças de segurança sobre mulheres que são exploradas (80,0%). Quase metade deles tem dado assistência médica a trabalhadora do sexo (46,9%) e 39,0 por cento pensaram que isto pode estar relacionado ao tráfico de seres humanos. Os que informaram à polícia de um caso de tráfico de seres humanos são apenas 10 por cento. Conclusões: Nós pensamos que o profissional deve estar incorporado de valores éticos que abrangem tanto a dignidade do paciente como o bem-estar geral. Isso deve incluir a responsabilidade do profissional em avaliar se o paciente é uma vítima ou um profissional do sexo. Além disso o tráfico humano no trabalho do sexo e saúde sexual são questões de saúde pública, por isso, devem ser cobertos pelos padrões de prática e códigos éticos de conduta.

Three-dimensional ultrasound power Doppler assessment of the cervix: comparison between nulliparas and multiparas.

AIM: To assess the sonographic cervical characteristics between nulliparous and multiparous women. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound and power Doppler using the virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) program were performed on 71 nulliparas and 59 multiparas at a mean gestational age of 25.3+/-7.9 weeks. We compared the cervical volume and power Doppler vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization-flow index (VFI) between nulliparas and multiparas. RESULTS: The mean cervical volume and mean VI, VFI, FI measurements were not significantly different between multiparas and nulliparas. CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest that the morphological changes in the cervix of parous women are merely configurational without a change in cervical mass and vascularization. These configurational changes might result from the inevitable cervical stretching during labor and represent a healing process that does not involve a subsequent change in mass or vascularity.

A double-blind, crossover, randomized dose-comparison trial of granisetron for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and emesis in children receiving moderately emetogenic carboplatin-based chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Granisetron is a safe and effective prophylaxis for nausea and vomiting associated with moderate to highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Few trials have been conducted to determine the optimal effective dose of granisetron in children with cancer. The objective of this report was to compare two doses of granisetron in patients with optic pathway tumors receiving moderately emetogenic doses of carboplatin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this double-blind, crossover, randomized study, antiemetic efficacy and tolerability of two dose levels (10 and 40 microg/kg) of granisetron in the prevention of acute and delayed nausea/emesis were compared in children and young adults. A total of 18 patients (13 boys) aged 1-23 years (median 7.7 years) treated with a moderately emetogenic dose of carboplatin were randomly assigned to receive either 10 or 40 microg/kg of slow granisetron intravenous (i.v.) infusions at alternating cycles of chemotherapy in a blinded fashion until the end of the study period or until their chemotherapy regimen ended. In this way, the patients acted as their own controls. RESULTS: Patients in the granisetron 10 and 40 microg/kg groups received 104 and 121 cycles of chemotherapy, respectively. There was no significant difference in antiemetic efficacy in terms of nausea and emesis between the dose groups in the first 5 days of chemotherapy. The treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: We conclude that granisetron 10 and 40 microg/kg have comparable efficacy in controlling carboplatin-induced acute and delayed nausea/emesis and is well tolerated in children and young adults.

Natural history and risk factors of early respiratory responses to exposure to cotton dust in newly exposed workers.

OBJECTIVE: A prospective study of newly exposed cotton workers was performed to investigate the natural history of respiratory symptoms and lung function changes. METHODS: A total of 157 workers naive to cotton dust exposure were investigated by questionnaire, spirometry, and skin tests. They were examined before employment (baseline) and at the end of the first week, and the first, third, sixth, and 12th month after starting work. Acute airway response was defined as either a cross-first-shift or a cross-week fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). The longitudinal change of lung function over the year was also calculated. Five hundred seventy-two personal dust sampling and 191 endotoxin measurements were performed to assess the exposure. RESULTS: Forty percent of workers reported work-related symptoms in the first week of the study. Smoking, endotoxin, and dust concentrations were risk factors for all work-related symptoms. Acute airway responses were witnessed after immediate exposure. Female status was the only factor found to be predictive of acute airway response. The mean longitudinal fall in FEV1 at 1 year was 65.5 mL (standard error = 37.2). Age, early respiratory symptoms, and early fall in cross-week FEV1 were found to predict the 12-month fall in FEV1. Cross-first-shift and cross-week falls in FEV1 reduced in magnitude during the course of the study. CONCLUSIONS: This study of workers naive to cotton dust exposure has demonstrated that respiratory symptoms and acute airway responses develop early following first exposure, and a tolerance effect develops in those workers with the continued exposure. Current smoking and increasing exposure predicts the development of work-related lower respiratory tract symptoms, while early symptoms and acute airway changes across the working week predict the longitudinal loss of lung function at 1 year.

Across-shift lung function variation in cottonseed oil workers.

BACKGROUND: The effects of cotton dust on pulmonary function among workers employed in cotton-spinning mills are well known. However, little data exist on the prevalence of this disorder in 'non-textile' cotton industries, including cottonseed oil mills, where high levels of exposure to dust have been demonstrated. AIMS: This study was performed in order to determine the across-shift and across-week decline of FEV(1) and respiratory symptoms among workers in a cottonseed oil mill. METHODS: Sixty-six exposed and 48 unexposed workers of a cottonseed oil mill in Turkey were investigated by questionnaire and lung function test (LFT). LFTs were performed before and after shift on all the working days of the week. Acute airway response was defined as an across-shift decline in FEV(1) of 5% or more on the first working day. RESULTS: Smoking was the only risk factor for having respiratory symptoms. Acute airway response was more frequently observed in the exposed group as compared to the unexposed group (OR = 6.2, 95% CI = 2.3-16.7). The median across-shift decline in FEV(1) on the first day (120 ml) significantly improved on the following days (10, 50, 60 and -30 ml). CONCLUSION: Smoking appears to be the main risk factor for having respiratory symptoms. Cottonseed dust may cause an acute pulmonary function decline on the first working day, but not on the following days of the week. This decline is associated with respiratory symptoms in exposed workers.