The circlet effects of Covid-19 pandemic and major crisis faced by developing nation: Now and beyond.

COVID-19 has taken over the world as the largest viral outbreak in the past 100 years. With over 13 million confirmed cases and 0.5 million-plus people dead, it has affected the life around us. With Pakistan being amongst the top 15 countries affected by it, the government of Pakistan has started vaccination, issued SOPs on daily life and smart lockdown continues in the country, but a part of this activity developing countries are still facing even greater difficulties in handling this crisis. This paper was designed to evaluate the status of scientific literature available on Covid-19 pandemic and to relate this situation from Pakistan perspective. A detailed review of published literature was conducted from March 2020 to August 2020. Covid-19, pandemic, Pakistan, healthcare setup, psychological impact, educational activities and challenges SOPs were utilized as key vocabulary. Miscellaneous searching tools including, Science Direct, Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar and Covid-19 portal from Government of Pakistan were visited for relevant information. A total of 30 research commentaries, articles, opinions and editorial letters were selected based on the required information. This article discusses the effects of COVID-19 on society and focus on SOPs introduced and their effects on the physical and mental health of the general public.

Exploration of clinical management system: Career ladders, working model and reforms; a cross sectional estimate from Karachi, Pakistan.

Clinical and hospital pharmacy services are not just medical and pharmaceutical sciences but also occupy significant placement in healthcare system. Pakistan is a developing state with a huge prerequisite for changes in the general wellbeing framework, specially hospital and clinical aspect of pharmaceutical services. The principal intention of this study is to analyze the services offered by different pharmacies in hospitals of Karachi in terms of infrastructure and personnel service qualities. The study was conducted in a cross sectional way that included stratified sampling technique. Reactions were broken down utilizing descriptive and inferential insights of measurements. The fundamental result procedures incorporated the scope of hospital pharmacy services, the general recruitment of clinical drug specialists (pharmacist), the product and equipment used in hospital pharmacy services, the background of staff (educational), acquisition of proficient training mode, practical involvement and experience. The clinical pharmacy facilities coverage mutually on the departmental scale (median =22.43%) and patient scale (median =17.25%) do not comply the 100% coverage that is obligatory for standard practices. In addition, 48.65% of the pooled hospitals data has shown absence of distinct administration rules for hospital and clinical pharmacists, and 45.33% lacks the use of rational drug software. It is concluded that important parameters like drug monitoring, medication records keeping; appropriate drug information software's and quality assurance in hospitals still need attention for better patient outcomes.

ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS: FACTORS AND ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN THEIR PREVENTION.

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the undesirable effects of drugs even when administered in daily normal doses. It has been seen that ADRs may arise even after single administration of drug(s), however, long term therapies are more prone to ADRs. Currently it has become a burning issue all around the world and connected with financial expansion owing to hospitalization. Pharmacists are the custodians of drugs especially clinical pharmacists play a vital role in preventing the risks of ADRs. This review deals with the factors leading to possible ADRs, its prevention and the role of pharmacist in management of ADRs.

Understanding the reasons for refusal of polio vaccine by families in Quetta Block, Pakistan.

Background: Global polio eradication is a goal yet to be achieved in countries like Pakistan. In recent years, the Polio Eradication Initiative has been making steady progress with good campaign coverage and low numbers of polio cases. However, in 2019 Pakistan reported 146 cases compared to 12 in 2018. A major factor cited for this regression was a surge in vaccine refusals by parents and caretakers. Aims: To assess the reasons for the refusal of polio vaccination in Quetta Block, Balochistan. Methods: The study was conducted using data acquired from 2 polio vaccination campaigns over 3 months in 2019. The data were collected in Quetta Block, a highly endemic zone having continuous transmission of the polio virus over several years. The data were analysed using the statistical software, SPSS, version 20. We used descriptive statistics to demonstrate the characteristics of the study population. Categorical variables were measured as frequencies and percentages. Results: Refusal rates were almost 8.6% for the polio campaign of April and 8.1% for June 2019. Misconceptions about vaccines made up 56.4% of reasons for refusals, followed by religion 16%. Conclusion: Misconceptions about the vaccine are the main driving force behind vaccine refusals in the study setting. Efficient strategies are required to address misconceptions in this red zone of poliovirus transmission in Balochistan.