Finding out fast about the impact of Covid-19: The need for policy-relevant methodological innovation.

In this viewpoint we explore one joint research initiative in Bangladesh to illustrate how methodological innovations using mobile phone technologies and pre-existing survey databases can generate rapid and insightful data on the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic with significant policy influence. Situating this innovation within theoretical and methodological antecedents for rapid appraisal, we show how strong local ownership can facilitate innovation, rapid research and strong policy engagement amidst even the most difficult research conditions. Such rapid surveys and analysis must remain a research priority in times of crisis. Academic researchers in partner organisations further afield must ask important questions around how they can best support such locally-led research initiatives: in preparing for, analysing or writing up the research or in joining efforts to communicate them to wider communities of policy-makers and practitioners globally.

COVID-19 and the case for global development.

COVID-19 accentuates the case for a global, rather than an international, development paradigm. The novel disease is a prime example of a development challenge for all countries, through the failure of public health as a global public good. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the falsity of any assumption that the global North has all the expertise and solutions to tackle global challenges, and has further highlighted the need for multi-directional learning and transformation in all countries towards a more sustainable and equitable world. We illustrate our argument for a global development paradigm by examining the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic across four themes or 'vignettes': global value chains, digitalisation, debt, and climate change. We conclude that development studies must adapt to a very different context from when the field emerged in the mid-20th century.

What Is the Place of Clozapine in the Treatment of Early Psychosis in Canada?

Research and development of early intervention (EI) services for first-episode psychosis have brought much-needed transformation of service delivery for this serious mental disorder to many jurisdictions. The effectiveness of the EI model of service delivery is contingent on timely access to all evidence-informed treatment interventions, including a rational approach to pharmacotherapy. In this perspective paper, we present a brief review of the well-established effectiveness of clozapine in patients who clearly show lack of response to regular antipsychotic therapy. We concentrate, in particular, on the need to identify eligibility for clozapine therapy very early on following failure of treatment on 2 antipsychotic medications. We suggest that attention to the low use of clozapine in the very early phase of treatment of psychosis may be of particular value, as the response to clozapine at this stage is likely to produce larger benefits in other domains of outcomes because of the greater retention of patients' personal and social agency.

"Worried about relapse": Family members' experiences and perspectives of relapse in first-episode psychosis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding on the subject of relapse from the perspectives of family members of young people receiving services for a first-episode psychosis (FEP). METHODS: A qualitative descriptive approach, using focus group methods, was used to elicit experiences, understandings, and knowledge of relapse in FEP. Family members were recruited from 4 specialized early intervention programmes for psychosis in Canada. A total of 24 (6 male, 18 female) family members participated in the study. Thematic analysis was used to examine the data. RESULTS: The core underlying theme in all focus groups was worrying about relapse, which was often accompanied by significant levels of fear and anxiety, and was influenced by: (1) impact of an episode of psychosis; (2) limited confidence in recognizing and coping with relapse; (3) unmet needs for coping skills and emotional support and (4) unmet needs regarding frequency and continuity of communication with clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: Family members' unmet needs for relapse-focused education, support and communication with service providers and peers, can have a negative impact on relapse prevention. Addressing family members' education and support needs in a tailored manner (including preferences for types of peer support) can contribute positively to their confidence and ability to recognize and respond to relapse. This can help reduce fear and anxieties about relapse, and positively influence the ability to function as caregivers. Future research should focus on best approaches for providing education, sustained contact with the clinical team and family peer support.

A qualitative study of experiences with and perceptions regarding long-acting injectable antipsychotics: Part I-patient perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the well-acknowledged problem of poor adherence to antipsychotic (AP) medication, long-acting injectables (LAIs) that could improve adherence are underused in Canada. Attitudes concerning LAIs among patients and psychiatrists may contribute to this underuse. Our objective was to investigate perceptions of and attitudes toward LAIs among patients in Canada. METHOD: Focus groups were conducted with 34 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum psychoses in 4 Canadian provinces. The focus groups inquired about experiences with and attitudes toward LAI APs. The sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were coded using a combination of deductive and inductive methods. RESULTS: Four themes emerged: awareness of and knowledge about LAIs; perceptions about LAIs; cost and convenience considerations; and issues arising from the coercive context under which LAIs were often prescribed. Nine patients had never heard about LAIs, and some others reported not having understood what was discussed with them regarding LAIs. Patients had typically heard about LAIs in either a context of coercion or of medication nonadherence. Patients had positive and negative perceptions concerning LAIs. The positive perceptions centred on relapse prevention and reduced effort in ensuring adherence, and the negative perceptions centred on financial costs and the inconvenience of appointments to receive injections. CONCLUSION: To enhance LAI usage, some of the issues that need to be addressed are the inadequacy of information given to patients, the element of coercion involved in LAI introduction, the pragmatic barriers to LAI uptake by patients, and negative subjective perceptions about LAIs.

Objectif : Malgré le problème largement reconnu de la mauvaise observance des antipsychotiques (AP), les injectables à action prolongée (IAP) qui pourraient améliorer l'observance sont sous-utilisés au Canada. Les attitudes à l'égard des IAP chez les patients et les psychiatres peuvent contribuer à cette sous-utilisation. Notre objectif était d'enquêter sur les perceptions et les attitudes des patients à l'égard des IAP au Canada. Méthode : Des groupes de discussion ont été formés de 34 patients ayant reçu un diagnostic de psychose du spectre de la schizophrénie dans 4 provinces canadiennes. Les groupes de discussion portaient sur les expériences avec les AP IAP et les attitudes à leur égard. Les séances ont fait l'objet d'un enregistrement sonore et ont été transcrites textuellement, et ces transcriptions ont été codées à l'aide d'une combinaison de méthodes déductives et inductives. Résultats : Quatre thèmes se sont dégagés : conscience et connaissance des IAP; perceptions des IAP; considérations concernant le coût et la commodité; et les questions liées au contexte coercitif dans lequel les IAP sont souvent prescrits. Neuf patients n'avaient jamais entendu parler des IAP, et d'autres ont déclaré ne pas avoir compris lorsqu'on a discuté avec eux des IAP. Les patients avaient habituellement entendu parler des IAP dans un contexte soit de coercition, soit de non-observance des médicaments. Les patients avaient des perceptions positives et négatives à l'égard des IAP. Les perceptions positives étaient axées sur la prévention de la rechute et l'effort réduit pour maintenir l'observance, et les perceptions négatives portaient sur les coûts financiers et la complication des rendez-vous pour recevoir les injections. Conclusion : Afin d'accroître l'utilisation des IAP, il faut aborder certaines questions, notamment l'insuffisance de l'information donnée aux patients, l'élément de coercition présent dans l'instruction aux IAP, les obstacles pratiques à la prise d'IAP par les patients, et les perceptions subjectives négatives à l'égard des IAP.

A qualitative study of experiences with and perceptions regarding long-acting injectable antipsychotics: part II-physician perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: In many countries, including Canada, a small proportion of people with psychotic disorders receive long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics (APs), despite their demonstrated effectiveness and possible advantages for improving adherence rates. Attitudes regarding LAIs among physicians may influence their prescribing practices and thereby contribute to the underuse of LAIs. Here, we report on a qualitative study of perceptions and attitudes toward LAIs among psychiatrists in Canada. METHOD: Focus groups were conducted with 24 psychiatrists in 4 Canadian provinces. The focus groups inquired about experiences with and attitudes toward LAI APs. The sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were coded using a hybrid process of deductive and inductive methods. A brief pre-focus group questionnaire was administered. RESULTS: The pre-focus group questionnaires indicated that psychiatrists in our study prescribed the oral formulation of APs most of the time and had limited experience with LAIs. The focus groups yielded 4 main themes: limited knowledge about and experience with LAIs; attitudes toward LAIs (beliefs about negative perceptions of patients regarding LAIs, personal bias against needles, and consensus about some advantages of LAIs); prescribing practices around LAIs (generally seen as a last-resort option for patients with a history of nonadherence); and pragmatic barriers to using LAIs (for example, cost, storage, and staffing). CONCLUSION: Several factors may be contributing to the underuse of LAIs and the continuing stigmatized and coercive image of LAIs. Psychiatrists may benefit from better education about LAIs, and from self-examination of their attitudes to LAIs and their prescribing practices.

Objectif : Dans de nombreux pays, dont le Canada, seule une petite proportion de personnes souffrant de troubles psychotiques reçoit des antipsychotiques (AP) injectables à action prolongée (IAP), malgré leur efficacité démontrée et leurs avantages possibles d'améliorer les taux d'observance. Les attitudes des médecins à l'égard des IAP peuvent influencer leurs pratiques de prescription et subséquemment contribuer à la sous-utilisation des IAP. Ici, nous faisons le compte rendu d'une étude qualitative des perceptions et des attitudes à l'égard des IAP chez les médecins du Canada. Méthode : Des groupes de discussion ont été formés de 24 psychiatres dans 4 provinces canadiennes. Les groupes de discussion portaient sur les expériences avec les AP IAP et les attitudes à leur égard. Les séances ont fait l'objet d'un enregistrement sonore et ont été transcrites textuellement, et ces transcriptions ont été codées à l'aide d'une procédure hybride de méthodes déductives et inductives. Un questionnaire abrégé a été administré avant le groupe de discussion. Résultats : Les questionnaires précédant le groupe de discussion ont indiqué que les psychiatres de notre étude prescrivaient la formule orale des AP la plupart du temps, et qu'ils avaient une expérience limitée des IAP. Les groupes de discussion ont dégagé 4 principaux thèmes : une expérience et des connaissances limitées des IAP; les attitudes à l'égard des IAP (croyances que les patients ont des perceptions négatives à l'égard des IAP, préjugés personnels contre les aiguilles, et consensus à propos de certains avantages des IAP); les pratiques de prescription des IAP (généralement vus comme une option de derniers recours pour les patients ayant des antécédents de non-observance); et les obstacles pratiques (par exemple, coût, entreposage, et dotation en personnel) à l'utilisation des IAP. Conclusion : Plusieurs facteurs peuvent contribuer à la sous-utilisation des IAP et à l'image coercitive et stigmatisée des IAP qui se poursuit. Les psychiatres pourraient bénéficier d'une meilleure formation sur les IAP, et d'un auto-examen de leurs attitudes à l'égard des IAP et de leurs pratiques de prescription.

Long-acting injectable antipsychotics: evidence of effectiveness and use.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence for the role of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics (APs), especially the second-generation AP (SGA) LAIs, in the treatment of schizophrenia and to discuss the use rates of LAIs in Canada. METHOD: A search of online medical databases was conducted of the published literature (1995-2012) of the effects of LAIs on the domains of remission, adherence, relapse, and hospitalization. Results obtained from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and large-scale observational studies were included. Expert consensus data were also solicited on LAI use within a Canadian context. RESULTS: While the efficacy of LAIs, compared with placebo, is well established, the evidence from RCTs is equivocal for any specific advantage for SGA LAIs, compared with oral medications, probably owing to challenges in conducting such RCTs. Evidence from methodologically less rigorous studies and from clinical practice suggests some advantages in achieving and maintaining remission, risk of relapse, and hospitalization. The rate of LAI (first-generation AP and SGA) use from published outpatient studies is low at 6.3% in Canada, compared with 15% to 80% worldwide. However, there is a relatively high rate of use in specific early psychosis programs and in conjunction with community treatment orders in Canada. CONCLUSIONS: LAIs are at least as effective as oral APs in the treatment of psychotic disorders. The former may have specific advantages for patients who demonstrate covert nonadherence. The underuse of LAIs in Canada needs to be better understood and addressed.

Objectif : Examiner les données probantes sur le rôle des antipsychotiques (AP) injectables à action prolongée (IAP), spécialement ceux de la deuxième génération (APDG) IAP, dans le traitement de la schizophrénie et discuter des taux d'utilisation des IAP au Canada. Méthode : Une recherche des bases de données médicales a été menée dans la littérature publiée (1995­2012) sur les effets des IAP sur les domaines de la rémission, l'observance, la rechute, et l'hospitalisation. Les résultats obtenus des essais randomisés contrôlés (ERC), des revues systématiques, des méta-analyses, et des études d'observation à grande échelle ont été inclus. Les données de consensus des experts ont aussi été sollicitées en ce qui concerne l'utilisation des IAP dans un contexte canadien. Résultats : Bien que l'efficacité des IAP, comparativement aux placebos, soit bien établie, les données probantes des ERC sont équivoques quant à un avantage spécifique des APDG IAP, comparativement aux médicaments oraux, ce qui est probablement attribuable aux difficultés de mener de tels ERC. Les données probantes d'études moins rigoureuses sur le plan méthodologique et de la pratique clinique suggèrent certains avantages pour atteindre et maintenir la rémission, le risque de rechute, et l'hospitalisation. Le taux d'utilisation des IAP (AP de première génération et APDG), tiré des études publiées sur les patients externes, est faible à 6,3 % au Canada, comparativement à 15 % à 80 % dans le monde. Cependant, le taux d'utilisation est relativement élevé dans des programmes spécifiques de psychose précoce et conjointement avec les ordonnances de traitement en milieu communautaire au Canada. Conclusions : Les IAP sont au moins aussi efficaces que les AP par voie orale dans le traitement des troubles psychotiques. Les IAP peuvent présenter des avantages spécifiques pour les patients qui démontrent une non-observance secrète. La sous-utilisation des IAP au Canada doit être mieux comprise et traitée.