Nicotinamide for Skin-Cancer Chemoprevention in Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Immunosuppressed organ-transplant recipients have an increased incidence of, and mortality from, skin cancer. Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) enhances the repair of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced DNA damage, reduces the cutaneous immunosuppressive effects of UV radiation, and reduces the incidence of keratinocyte cancers (including squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinomas) and actinic keratoses among high-risk immunocompetent patients. Whether oral nicotinamide is useful for skin-cancer chemoprevention in organ-transplant recipients is unclear. METHODS: In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, organ-transplant recipients who had had at least two keratinocyte cancers in the past 5 years to receive 500 mg of nicotinamide or placebo twice daily for 12 months. Participants were examined for skin lesions by dermatologists at 3-month intervals for 12 months. The primary end point was the number of new keratinocyte cancers during the 12-month intervention period. Secondary end points included the numbers of squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinomas during the 12-month intervention period, the number of actinic keratoses until 6 months after randomization, safety, and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 158 participants were enrolled, with 79 assigned to the nicotinamide group and 79 to the placebo group. The trial was stopped early owing to poor recruitment. At 12 months, there were 207 new keratinocyte cancers in the nicotinamide group and 210 in the placebo group (rate ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.3; P = 0.96). No significant between-group differences in squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinoma counts, actinic keratosis counts, or quality-of-life scores were observed. Adverse events and changes in blood or urine laboratory variables were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this 12-month, placebo-controlled trial, oral nicotinamide therapy did not lead to lower numbers of keratinocyte cancers or actinic keratoses in immunosuppressed solid-organ transplant recipients. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council; ONTRANS Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12617000599370.).

Hypereosinophilic syndrome with cutaneous manifestations successfully treated with Dupilumab as a sole agent: A case report.

Hypereosinophilic syndrome describes a process in which eosinophils in the peripheral blood are persistently increased, with variable clinical manifestations. Finding efficacious treatments for this disease can be challenging. This case describes a 72-year-old man with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome with cutaneous manifestations who was successfully treated with dupilumab as a single agent therapy. There was complete clinical and biochemical resolution of disease (eosinophils levels decreased from 4.13 to 0.92) without complications.

Palisading neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis as a presentation of Hodgkin lymphoma: A case and review.

Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD) is a histopathological diagnosis, characterized by a pattern of granulomatosis, which may be associated with leukocytoclastic vasculitis. PNGD most commonly occurs in association with systemic inflammatory disorders, typically autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythromatosus. There are very rare reports of PNGD in patients with lymphoma. We report the case of a 53-year-old female with an erythematous, papular eruption occurring in association with Hodgkin lymphoma. Histopathological evaluation of the rash confirmed PNGD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of PNGD occurring in association with Hodgkin lymphoma. Although extremely rare, underlying malignancy should be considered in patients with PNGD, particularly in individuals with constitutional symptoms and the absence of an obvious inflammatory etiology.

Trichodysplasia spinulosa: a benign adnexal proliferation with follicular differentiation associated with polyomavirus.

Trichodysplasia spinulosa is a rare polyomavirus-associated cutaneous eruption occurring in the setting of immunosuppression. Clinically it is characterised by multiple centrofacial folliculocentric papules with spinous protuberances. The histopathology is distinct and treatment with antiviral agents appears to be the most effective.

Skin cancer prevention in Australia.

BACKGROUND: Australia and New Zealand have the greatest burden of skin cancer in the world. General Practitioners (GPs) are the first interaction for most patients with skin cancer concerns and are well placed to provide information regarding primary and secondary skin cancer prevention. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to discuss primary and secondary prevention of skin cancer in Australia. DISCUSSION: GPs can help reduce the incidence of skin cancer by identifying high-risk individuals in primary care clinics, enrolling them in a surveillance program and tailoring skin cancer prevention advice. GPs should encourage patients to practise sun safety through the use of shade, photo-protective clothing, sunglasses and sunscreen and being aware of the ultraviolet index through tools such as the SunSmart App to guide behaviours and activities.

The hidden Australian skin cancer epidemic, high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a narrative review.

Deaths from non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) have almost doubled in Australia in recent years. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) constitutes approximately 20% of NMSCs, but is responsible for most of the deaths. Most skin cancers are easy to diagnose and treat and therefore cSCC are often trivialised; however, there is a high-risk subgroup of cSCC (HRcSCC) that is associated with a high risk of metastasis and death. The definition of early HRcSCC and our ability to identify them is evolving. Many significant prognostic factors have been identified, but a universally accepted prognostic index does not exist. Guidelines for workup, treatment, and follow-up leave many important decisions open to broad interpretation by the treating physician or multidisciplinary team. Some of the treatments used for metastatic cSCC are not supported by robust evidence and the prognosis of metastatic cSCC is guarded. In this review, we highlight the rapid rise in NMSC deaths and discuss some of the deficiencies in our knowledge of how to define, diagnose, stage, and manage HRcSCC.

Management of basal cell carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis.

A man in his 50s presented with an ulcerative lesion within the left axillary fold that had progressively worsened over 18 months. Biopsy revealed an ulcerative basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which was surgically managed. CT chest scans done 7 months later assessed post-treatment of radiotherapy. This revealed pulmonary lesions, which were biopsy-proven metastatic BCC. Sonidegib, a hedgehog signalling inhibitor, was used for first-line treatment. Due to progressive disease, sonidegib was ceased. Cemiplimab, a checkpoint inhibitor, was used as second-line treatment based on a phase II trial demonstrating efficacy in the setting of metastatic BCC. CT reports were initially consistent with response but after 6 months of cemiplimab treatment, repeat CT chest scans revealed a decrease in size of the previously cited pulmonary lesions.This is a rare case of BCC metastases which has limited treatment options. This case provides insight of the patient experience on such treatment.

Pulmonary elimination rate of inhaled 99mTc-sestamibi radioaerosol is delayed in healthy cigarette smokers.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT: * Very little is known about the physiology of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in the lungs. * Ex vivo evidence based on resected lung tissue suggests that pulmonary P-gp is upregulated by cigarette smoke, but there are no in vivo studies to date. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: * The novel observation that healthy cigarette smokers have a delayed pulmonary elimination rate of inhaled (99m)Tc-sestamibi, a P-gp substrate, provides for the first time a potential method for quantifying functional pulmonary P-gp expression that may inform about drug therapy by inhalation as well as provide a non-invasive, quantitative, human biomarker for assessing P-gp modulators. AIM: To explore inhaled technetium-99m-labelled hexakis-methoxy-isobutyl isonitrile ((99m)Tc-sestamibi) for quantifying pulmonary P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression. METHODS: The elimination rate from the lungs of (99m)Tc-sestamibi was recorded scintigraphically for 30 min following inhalation as an aerosol in healthy smokers, nonsmokers and patients with lung disease. RESULTS: (99m)Tc-sestamibi elimination rates [% min(-1) (SD; P vs. healthy nonsmokers)] were: healthy nonsmokers, 0.43 (0.083); healthy smokers, 0.19 (0.056; P < 0.001); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, 0.26 (0.077; P < 0.001). Elimination rates in three patients with interstitial lung disease were not accelerated. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoke upregulates lung P-gp. (99m)Tc-sestamibi elimination in normal smokers could be used to test new P-gp modulators. The findings also have implications for inhaled drug delivery.

Hyperpigmentation, nail dystrophy and alopecia with generalised intestinal polyposis: Cronkhite-Canada syndrome.

A 62-year-old Malaysian woman presented with a constellation of skin signs including alopecia, hyperpigmentation and nail dystrophy. On questioning, a history of diarrhoea, taste disturbance and weight loss was found. The onset of these changes coincided with the administration of thyroxine prescribed for a benign multinodular goitre. Hormonal investigations showed no abnormality and no underlying malignancy was found. Investigation of the diarrhoea showed a protein-losing enteropathy with generalized intestinal polyposis and non-specific histology. A diagnosis of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome was made. Treatment with prednisone and nutritional support has been partially effective.