Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 4-oxobenzo[d]1,2,3-triazin-benzylpyridinum derivatives as potent anti-Alzheimer agents.

Novel 4-oxobenzo[d]1,2,3-triazin derivatives bearing pyridinium moiety 6a-q were synthesized and screened against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Most of the synthesized compounds showed good inhibitory activity against AChE. Among the synthesized compounds, the compound 6j exhibited the highest AChE inhibitory activity. It should be noted that these compounds displayed low anti-BuChE activity with the exception of the compound 6i, as it exhibited BuChE inhibitory activity more than donepezil. The kinetic study of the compound 6j revealed that this compound inhibited AChE in a mixed-type inhibition mode. This finding was also confirmed by the docking study. The latter study demonstrated that the compound 6j interacted with both the catalytic site and peripheral anionic site of the AChE active site. The compound 6j was also observed to have significant neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced PC12 oxidative stress, but low activity against ß-secretase.

Derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of clindamycin phosphate and tretinoin in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

A derivative spectrophotometric method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of clindamycin and tretinoin in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The measurement was achieved using the first and second derivative signals of clindamycin at (1D) 251 nm and (2D) 239 nm and tretinoin at (1D) 364 nm and (2D) 387 nm.The proposed method showed excellent linearity at both first and second derivative order in the range of 60-1200 and 1.25-25 µg/ml for clindamycin phosphate and tretinoin respectively. The within-day and between-day precision and accuracy was in acceptable range (CV<3.81%, error<3.20%). Good agreement between the found andadded concentrations indicates successful application of the proposed method for simultaneous determination of clindamycin and tretinoin in synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Quinazolinone-1,2,3-triazole-acetamide conjugates as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors: synthesis, enzyme inhibition, kinetic analysis, and molecular docking study.

In this study, new hybrids of quinazolinone-1,2,3-triazole-acetamide were designed, synthesized, and screened for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results obtained from the in vitro screening indicated that all analogs exhibited significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 values ranging from 4.8-140.2 µM) in comparison to acarbose (IC50 = 750.0 µM). The limited structure-activity relationships suggested the variation in the inhibitory activities of the compounds affected by different substitutions on the aryl moiety. The enzyme kinetic studies of the most potent compound 9c, revealed that it inhibited α-glucosidase in a competitive mode with a K i value of 4.8 µM. In addition, molecular docking studies investigated the structural perturbation and behavior of all derivatives inside the α-glucosidase active site. Next, molecular dynamic simulations of the most potent compound 9c, were performed to study the behavior of the 9c-complex during the time. The results showed that these compounds can be considered as potential antidiabetic agents.

Design and synthesis of novel nitrothiazolacetamide conjugated to different thioquinazolinone derivatives as anti-urease agents.

The present article describes the design, synthesis, in vitro urease inhibition, and in silico molecular docking studies of a novel series of nitrothiazolacetamide conjugated to different thioquinazolinones. Fourteen nitrothiazolacetamide bearing thioquinazolinones derivatives (8a-n) were synthesized through the reaction of isatoic anhydride with different amine, followed by reaction with carbon disulfide and KOH in ethanol. The intermediates were then converted into final products by treating them with 2-chloro-N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)acetamide in DMF. All derivatives were then characterized through different spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C-NMR, MS, and FTIR). In vitro screening of these molecules against urease demonstrated the potent urease inhibitory potential of derivatives with IC50 values ranging between 2.22 ± 0.09 and 8.43 ± 0.61 µM when compared with the standard thiourea (IC50 = 22.50 ± 0.44 µM). Compound 8h as the most potent derivative exhibited an uncompetitive inhibition pattern against urease in the kinetic study. The high anti-ureolytic activity of 8h was confirmed against two urease-positive microorganisms. According to molecular docking study, 8h exhibited several hydrophobic interactions with Lys10, Leu11, Met44, Ala47, Ala85, Phe87, and Pro88 residues plus two hydrogen bound interactions with Thr86. According to the in silico assessment, the ADME-Toxicity and drug-likeness profile of synthesized compounds were in the acceptable range.

Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Sunitinib in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Based on Ion-pair Complex Formation.

Three rapid spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of sunitinib based on the formation of ion-pair complex in acidic medium with bromocresol purple, bromothymol blue, and bromophenol blue. The formed ion-pair complexes, extractable with chloroform, were measured at 422 nm for bromocresol purple, 425 nm for bromothymol blue and 427 nm for bromophenol blue. All these methods were optimized for the pH of buffer and the volume of the reagent. The methods were linear over the range of 1-200 µg/mL for bromocresol purple, 1-150 µg/mL for bromothymol blue, and 2-200 µg/mL for bromophenol blue with a very low limit of quantification and acceptable accuracy and precision. Using the proposed methods for determination of sunitinib in pharmaceutical dosage forms showed reliable results comparable to previously published method.

Novel quinazolin-4(3H)-one linked to 1,2,3-triazoles: Synthesis and anticancer activity.

In this work, a wide range of novel quinazolin-4(3H)-one linked to 1,2,3-triazoles was designed, synthesized, and evaluated against a panel of three human breast (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, T-47D), lung (A549), and prostate (PC3) cancer cell lines. Our results revealed that the anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds was selectively affected by the presence of methoxy group on the linker between quinazolinone and 1,2,3-triazole moieties. According to the calculated IC50 values, compounds 6q, 6w, and 6x showed good cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines even more effective than the reference drug, etoposide. Compounds 6q and 6u were found to be potent compounds against A549, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), comparing with erlotinib. Also, the morphological analysis by acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining test and flow cytometry analysis indicated that potent compounds induced apoptosis in human cancer cell lines. Molecular docking studies were performed to clarify the inhibition mode of compounds 6g, 6u, 6w, and 6x over the EGFR active site. The most promising compounds, 6q and 6u, possessing 3-methoxy group were well oriented to the gatekeeper hydrophobic pocket of EGFR active site and interact well with Ala719, Val702, and Leu820 through hydrophobic interaction.

Diagnosing Mucopolysaccharidosis type IV a by the fluorometric assay of N-Acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity.

BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA, also known as Morquio A or MPS IV A, is an autosomal recessive disease caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). The loss of GALNS activity leads to the impaired breakdown of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) keratan sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate. The accumulation of GAGs results in multiple organ damage. The accurate and early diagnosis of this disorder helps enhance the effectiveness of the treatment. The present study uses a pre-designed protocol for testing GALNS activity in the leukocytes of Iranian patients with MPS IV A and their parents and compares it with healthy controls. METHODS: Patients with MPS IVA previously diagnosed through the measurement of enzyme activity or genetic analysis entered the study. Leukocytes were obtained from the heparinized blood of the participants. The GALNS activity was measured by a fluorometric method using 4-methylumbelliferyl-ß-D-galactoside-6-sulfate (4MU-G6S) as the substrate and proper buffer solutions and calibrators. RESULTS: The GALNS activity (nmol/17 h/mg protein) was reported as 0-7.4 in the MPSIV A patients, as 19.85-93.7 in their parents and as 38.4-164 in the healthy controls. Statistically significant differences were observed between the three groups in terms of enzyme activity. There were no significant differences in enzyme activity by age. The female subjects in both the patient and parents groups showed lower enzyme activity compared to the male subjects. CONCLUSION: The fluorometric method was validated for the measurement of GALNS activity in leukocyte samples and identifying Iranian patients with MPS IV A.

Validated Spectrophtometric Method for Simultaneous Determination of Buprenorphine and Naloxone in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms.

Buprenorphine is a partial mu agonist and kappa antagonist which is used for the treatment of pain and opioid addiction. A mixture of buprenorphine hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride has been approved for the treatment of opioid dependence. In this study a third order derivative spectrophotometric method based on zero-crossing technique has been used for the simultaneous determination of buprenorphine hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride in tablets. The measurements were carried out at wavelengths of 257.8 (zero-crossing point of naloxone hydrochloride) and 252.2 nm (zero-crossing point of buprenorphice hydrochloride) for buprenorphine hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride, respectively in the third order derivative spectra obtained in methanol and 0.1 M NaOH (50:50) as solvent. The method was found to be linear in the range of 20-80 µg/mL for buprenorphine hydrochloride and 5-20 µg/mL for naloxone hydrochloride. The within-day and between-day coefficient of variation and error values were less than 2.5% and 1.8%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully used for simultaneous determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical dosage form without any interference from excipients or need to prior separation before analysis.

A Stability Indicating HPLC Method for the Determination of Fluvoxamine in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms.

Fluvoxamine maleate is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which is used for the treatment of different types of depressive disorders. In the present study, a stability indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of fluvoxamine maleate. The chromatographic separation was carried out using a Nova-Pak CN column and a mixture of K2HPO4 50 mM (pH 7.0) and acetonitrile (60: 40, v/v) as the mobile phase. Target compounds were detected using a UV detector set at 235 nm. The developed method was linear over the concentration range of 1-80 µg/ml with acceptable precision (CV values < 2.0%) and accuracy (error values < 1.6%). The degradation studies showed that fluvoxamine maleate is relatively unstable under acidic, basic and oxidative conditions and also when exposed to UV radiation. On the other hand, the bulk powder of fluvoxamine maleate was relatively stable when exposed to visible light or heat. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of active ingredient of fluvoxamine dosage form without any interference from tablet excipients.

Development of a rapid derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen, diphenhydramine and pseudoephedrine in tablets.

A mixture of acetaminophen, diphenhydramine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is used for the symptomatic treatment of common cold. In this study, a derivative spectrophotometric method based on zero-crossing technique was proposed for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen, diphenhydramine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Determination of these drugs was performed using the (1)D value of acetaminophen at 281.5 nm, (2)D value of diphenhydramine hydrochloride at 226.0 nm and (4)D value of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride at 218.0 nm. The analysis method was linear over the range of 5-50, 0.25-4, and 0.5-5 µg/mL for acetaminophen, diphenhydramine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, respectively. The within-day and between-day CV and error values for all three compounds were within an acceptable range (CV<2.2% and error<3%). The developed method was used for simultaneous determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and no interference from excipients was observed.

Synthesis of 6-(2-Methoxynaphthyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-3-thione as a New Reagent for Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper.

A simple, sensitive, accurate, and green spectrophotometric method for the determination of Cu(II) using newly synthesized reagent, 6-(2-methoxynaphthyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-3-thione (MNDTT), has been developed. MNDTT was synthesized based on the acylation of methoxy naphthalene and reaction of the product with amyl nitrite, which upon reaction with thiosemicarbazide yielded 6-(2-meyhoxynaphthyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-3-thione. MNDTT produces a dark red complex with copper in methanol according to the 1 : 2 stoichiometry. Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration range of 2.5-20 µg/mL with r (2) = 0.992. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.33 and 1.10 µg/mL, respectively. Within-day and between-day precision values were less than 3.68%. Finally, the method has been applied to a dental alloy (110-plus) successfully and the results were compared with atomic absorption method. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods (P > 0.05).

Validated spectrophtometric method for determination of tamsulosin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

In this study a sensitive, simple and accurate spectrophotometric method was suggested for determination of tamsulosin in bulk powder and pharmaceutical dosage form based on the formation of an ion-pair complex between the drug and bromocresol green in a buffer solution at pH 3.5. The formed yellow color complex was extracted with chloroform and measured at 415 nm. The optimum reaction conditions such as pH, reagent amount, extracting solvent and the stoichiometry of the ion-pair complex were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1-160 g/mL with acceptable correlation coefficient (r(2) > 0.9997) and precision (CV < 3%) and accuracy (error < 2%). The proposed method was successfully used for the determination of tamsulosin in pharmaceutical capsule with nosignificant interferences of excipients.

Validating a stability indicating HPLC method for kinetic study of cetirizine degradation in acidic and oxidative conditions.

A stability indicating High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was validated and used to study the degradation of cetirizine dihydrochloride in acidic and oxidative conditions. The separation was carried out on a Symmetry C18 column and a mixture of 50 mM KH2PO4 and acetonitrile (60:40 v/v, pH = 3.5) was used as the mobile phase. The method was linear over the range of 1-20 µg/mL of cetirizine dihydrochloride (r(2) > 0.999) and the within-day and between-day precision values were less than 1.5%. The results showed that cetirizine dihydrochloride was unstable in 2 M HCl and 0.5% H2O2. The kinetics of the acidic degradation showed a pseudo-first-order reaction in the temperature range of 70-90°C. In addition, the kinetics of hydrogen peroxide mediated degradation was pseudo-first-order in the temperature range of 50-80°C.