Intradialytic resistance training: an effective and easy-to-execute strategy.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) alters the morphology and function of skeletal muscles, thereby decreasing patient physical capacity (PC) and quality of life (QoL). Intradialytic resistance training (IRT) is a pragmatic tool used to attenuate these complications. However, IRT has not been strongly adopted in nephrology care centers. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a low-cost, easy-to-use IRT protocol. METHODS: The study enrolled 43 patients (52.8 ± 13.85 years) on HD for five to 300 months followed from April 2014 to July 2017. The efficacy of IRT was assessed based on PC - derived from muscle strength (MS) and preferred walking speed (PWS) - and QoL. The occurrence of adverse events was used as a measure of safety. The IRT protocol consisted of exercises of moderate to high intensity for the main muscle groups performed three times a week. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 9.3 ± 3.24 months, for a total of 4,374 sessions of IRT. Compliance to the protocol was 96.5 ± 2.90%, and patients presented significant improvements in MS (from 27.3 ± 11.58 Kgf to 34.8 ± 10.77 Kgf) and PWS (from 0.99 ± 0.29 m/s to 1.26 ± 0.22 m/s). Physical and emotional components of QoL also increased significantly. CONCLUSION: IRT led to significant increases in PC and higher scores in all domains of QoL. Important adverse events were not observed during intradialytic resistance training.

Sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease not yet on dialysis: Analysis of the prevalence and associated factors.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia is a chronic condition that is associated with aging and characterized by a reduction of muscle mass, strength, and function. Sarcopenia is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as cardiovascular complications. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis and its correlation with clinical and laboratory variables and inflammatory markers. METHODS: A total of 100 patients of both sexes aged over 18 were evaluated. Sarcopenia was defined using the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project. Sociodemographic and clinical data, activities of daily living, functional capacity, and physical activity were also evaluated. Inflammation was assessed by the serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin (IL) 4 and 6. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 11.9% and 28.7% using the EWGSOP and FNIH criteria, respectively. Sarcopenia was more prevalent in the more advanced stages of CKD (34.5% in stages 2 and 3A; and 65.5% in stages 3B, 4, and 5) and associated with worse performance in activities of daily living (p = 0.049), lower walking speeds (p < 0.001), and higher body mass indexes (BMIs) (p = 0.001) in the non-adjusted model. In addition, patients with sarcopenia had lower functional capacity (p = 0.012) and higher prevalence of physical inactivity (p = 0.041) compared with patients without sarcopenia. After adjustment for confounding variables, sarcopenia was still significantly correlated with walking speed (p = 0.004) and BMI (p = 0.002). HsCRP levels were inversely correlated with appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI (p = 0.007) and were also positively associated with BMI (p = 0.001). IL4 levels were positively correlated with walking speed (p = 0.007) and lean mass in the lower limbs (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia is common in patients with CKD, particularly in the most advanced stages of the disease. We observed an association between the levels of inflammatory markers and peripheral lean body mass, physical performance, and BMI. This association between sarcopenia and modifiable factors highlights the importance of early diagnosis and the implementation of therapeutic measures to minimize adverse outcomes in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis.

Intradialytic resistance training: an effective and easy-to-execute strategy / Treinamento resistido intradialítico: uma estratégia eficaz e de fácil execução

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) alters the morphology and function of skeletal muscles, thereby decreasing patient physical capacity (PC) and quality of life (QoL). Intradialytic resistance training (IRT) is a pragmatic tool used to attenuate these complications. However, IRT has not been strongly adopted in nephrology care centers. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a low-cost, easy-to-use IRT protocol. Methods: The study enrolled 43 patients (52.8 ± 13.85 years) on HD for five to 300 months followed from April 2014 to July 2017. The efficacy of IRT was assessed based on PC - derived from muscle strength (MS) and preferred walking speed (PWS) - and QoL. The occurrence of adverse events was used as a measure of safety. The IRT protocol consisted of exercises of moderate to high intensity for the main muscle groups performed three times a week. Results: The mean follow-up time was 9.3 ± 3.24 months, for a total of 4,374 sessions of IRT. Compliance to the protocol was 96.5 ± 2.90%, and patients presented significant improvements in MS (from 27.3 ± 11.58 Kgf to 34.8 ± 10.77 Kgf) and PWS (from 0.99 ± 0.29 m/s to 1.26 ± 0.22 m/s). Physical and emotional components of QoL also increased significantly. Conclusion: IRT led to significant increases in PC and higher scores in all domains of QoL. Important adverse events were not observed during intradialytic resistance training.

Resumo A doença renal crônica (DRC) promove alterações morfofuncionais dos músculos esqueléticos, gerando redução da capacidade físico-funcional (CF) e pior qualidade de vida (QV). O treinamento resistido intradialítico (TRI) é considerado uma ação pragmática para atenuar tais complicações. Contudo, nota-se baixa inserção do TRI nos centros de tratamento em nefrologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e a segurança de uma proposta metodológica de TRI de fácil execução e de baixo custo. Métodos: 43 pacientes (52,8±13,85 anos), com tempo em HD entre cinco e 300 meses, foram acompanhados entre abril de 2014 e julho de 2017. A eficácia do TRI foi mensurada pela CF, avaliada pela força muscular (FM) e pela velocidade de caminhada usual (VCU) e pela QV. Como critério de segurança adotou-se a ocorrência de intercorrências clínicas. O protocolo de TRI consistiu em exercícios de moderada a alta intensidade para os principais grupos musculares, realizados três vezes por semana. Resultados: o tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 9,3 ± 3,24 meses, totalizando 4.374 sessões de TRI. A aderência ao protocolo foi de 96,5 ± 2,90, e os pacientes apresentaram melhora significativa da FM (de 27,3±11,58 Kgf para 34,8±10,77 Kgf) e da VCU (de 0,99 ± 0,29 m/s para 1,26 ± 0,22 m/s). Quanto à QV, tanto os domínios do componente físico quanto do emocional aumentaram significativamente. Conclusão: o TRI promoveu aumento significativo da CF e melhora de todos os domínios da QV, e não foram observadas intercorrências importantes com a realização dos exercícios intradialíticos.

Impacts of frailty on the negative health outcomes of elderly Brazilians / Impactos da Fragilidade sobre desfechos negativos em saúde de idosos brasileiros

Abstract Objective: to verify the association between frailty and the occurrence of falls, hospitalization and death among Brazilian elderly persons. Methods: a representative sample of elderly persons from the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, who had been evaluated with regard to frailty, socio-demographic conditions and health in 2009, were reevaluated in terms of negative health outcomes between 2014 and 2015 (n=304). Results: The results revealed a greater incidence of falls, hospitalization, and death among frail elderly persons. The frail group also had an increased risk (1.5, crude estimate) of death during the follow-up period than the robust individuals. The pre-frail elderly had a 55% (crude) and 58% (adjusted) greater risk of falls, and an 89% (crude) greater risk of death than robust individuals. Conclusion: frailty, as well as pre-frailty, can increase the risk of adverse events in the health of the elderly. AU

Resumo Objetivos: verificar a relação da fragilidade com a ocorrência de quedas, hospitalização e óbito em idosos brasileiros. Métodos: Para tal, uma amostra representativa de idosos moradores do município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil, a qual foi avaliada quanto à fragilidade, condições sociais, demográficas e de saúde no ano de 2009, foi reavaliada quanto aos desfechos negativos em saúde entre os anos de 2014 e 2015 (n=304). Resultados: Os resultados demonstram uma maior incidência de quedas, hospitalização e óbito entre os frágeis. O grupo frágil também apresentou risco aumentado (1.5, bruto) de falecer durante o seguimento do que os robustos. Já os pré-frágeis, exibiram risco 55% (bruto) e 58% (ajustado) superior de quedas e 89% (bruto) de falecer em relação aos indivíduos robustos. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a fragilidade, assim como a pré-fragilidade, podem aumentar o risco de eventos negativos na saúde de idosos.AU