Adapting forest health assessments to changing perspectives on threats--a case example from Sweden.

A revised Swedish forest health assessment system is presented. The assessment system is composed of several interacting components which target information needs for strategic and operational decision making and accommodate a continuously expanding knowledge base. The main motivation for separating information for strategic and operational decision making is that major damage outbreaks are often scattered throughout the landscape. Generally, large-scale inventories (such as national forest inventories) cannot provide adequate information for mitigation measures. In addition to broad monitoring programs that provide time-series information on known damaging agents and their effects, there is also a need for local and regional inventories adapted to specific damage events. While information for decision making is the major focus of the health assessment system, the system also contributes to expanding the knowledge base of forest conditions. For example, the integrated monitoring programs provide a better understanding of ecological processes linked to forest health. The new health assessment system should be able to respond to the need for quick and reliable information and thus will be an important part of the future monitoring of Swedish forests.

Seasonal pattern of lesion development in diseased Fraxinus excelsior infected by Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus.

Ash dieback is a recent widespread disease on ash (Fraxinus sp.) that is causing important economic and ecological losses throughout Europe. The disease is initiated by the ascomycetous fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph Chalara fraxinea). The main aim of this study was to investigate seasonal pattern of lesion development associated with ash dieback. We present data on the spread of 324 natural lesions in ash shoots, branches and stems surveyed over a 32 month period. Most lesions were active and showed the greatest rate of growth during the summer; however, lesions were active throughout the year. Tree mortality was high, with more than a third of the surveyed trees dying during the study. Although many lesions permanently ceased to develop, the rate at which new lesions emerged was greater than the rate at which lesions entered a resting phase. The most common cause for a lesion going into a permanent state of rest was that it had encountered a branch-base. Genotype analysis showed that multiple infections can occur in a single tree given that different genotypes were identified in different lesions as well as in single lesions. A weak positive correlation was noted between tree health and tree size and a weak negative correlation was noted between tree overall health and lesion activity. The lower limit for H. pseudoalbidus growth in culture was between 4.0°C and 0.5°C.

New genetic markers for identifying Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini and examining genetic variation within and between lesions of Scots pine blister rust in Sweden.

Microsatellite markers were developed as an identification tool and for analysis of the genetic variation in the pathogens Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini, causing Scots pine blister rust in Pinus spp. Six reference aeciospore samples from Finland were used to examine genetic differences between the two pathogens. Genetic variation within and between 27 lesions on Scots pines from seven locations in Sweden was also investigated. Aeciospores were collected from single aecia within the lesions. Reference samples from P. pini were homozygous for all seven microsatellite loci investigated, while the three C. flaccidum samples contained heterozygous loci. These results confirm previous studies, where homozygous aeciospores were indicated to be characteristic for P. pini. The majority of aeciospores had two nuclei in both heterozygotic and homozygotic samples. Five of the Swedish lesions contained only homozygotic aecia, while the aecia in the remaining 22 lesions were heterozygotic. All lesions with homozygotic aecia contained only one single multilocus genotype, while many of the lesions with heterozygotic aecia contained several genotypes. The latter indicates the occurrence of multiple matings within a lesion between the resident spermogonia and alien fertilizing spermatia.