Correction to: Electroacupuncture induces antihyperalgesic effect through endothelin-B receptor in the chronic phase of a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome type I.

The original version of this article contains an error. The Author Francisco José Cidral-Filho incorrectly listed as Francisco José Cidra-Filho. The correct spelling is presented above. The original article has been corrected.

Electroacupuncture induces antihyperalgesic effect through endothelin-B receptor in the chronic phase of a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome type I.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disorder that involves abnormal inflammation and nerve dysfunction frequently resistant to a broad range of treatments. Peripheral nerve stimulation with electroacupuncture (EA) has been widely used in different clinical conditions to control pain and inflammation; however, the use of EA in the treatment of CRPS is under investigation. In this study, we explore the effects of EA on hyperalgesia and edema induced in an animal model of chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP model) and the possible involvement of endothelin receptor type B (ETB) in this effect. Female Swiss mice were subjected to 3 h hind paw ischemia/reperfusion CPIP model. EA treatment produced time-dependent inhibition of mechanical and cold hyperalgesia, as well as edema in CPIP mice. Peripheral administration (i.pl.) of BQ-788 (10 nmol), an ETB antagonist, prevented EA-induced antihyperalgesia while intrathecal administration prolonged EA's effect. Additionally, peripheral pre-treatment with sarafotoxin (SRTX S6c, 30 pmol, ETB agonist) increased EA anti-hyperalgesic effect. Furthermore, the expression of peripheral ETB receptors was increased after EA treatments, as measured by western blot. These results may suggest that EA's analgesic effect is synergic with ETB receptor activation in the periphery, as well as central (spinal cord) ETB receptor blockade. These data support the use of EA as a nonpharmacological approach for the management of CRPS-I, in an adjuvant manner to ETB receptor targeting drugs.

Aquatic exercise and Far Infrared (FIR) modulates pain and blood cytokines in fibromyalgia patients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study.

Fibromyalgia (FM) has an inflammatory component, as elevated serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers are associated with its diagnosis. Treatments decreased pain, body temperature, improved quality of life and reduced serum levels of IL-6 in both groups; however, these beneficial effects were more pronounced in aquatic exercise (AE) + Far-Infrared (FIR) group. The findings of the present study suggest that the association of AE to FIR increases the benefits of aquatic exercise in patients with FM.

Effects of Different Parameters of Continuous Training and High-Intensity Interval Training in the Chronic Phase of a Mouse Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I.

This study evaluated the effects of continuous and interval running on a treadmill on mechanical hyperalgesia in an animal model of chronic postischemia pain and analyzed the mechanism of action of this effect. Different groups of male Swiss mice with chronic postischemia pain, induced by 3 hours of paw ischemia followed by reperfusion, ran on the treadmill in different protocols-the speed (10, 13, 16, or 19 m/min), duration (15, 30, or 60 minutes), weekly frequency (3 or 5 times), weekly increase in continuous and interval running speed-were tested. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated by von Frey filament 7, 14, and 21 days after paw ischemia followed by reperfusion. On day 11 after paw ischemia followed by reperfusion and after 5 days of continuous and interval running, concentrations of cytokines, oxidative stress parameters, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT 1/2/3 expression in the spinal cord were measured. The results showed that continuous running has an antihyperalgesic effect that depends on intensity and volume. Interval running has a longer-lasting antihyperalgesic effect than continuous running. The antihyperalgesic effect depends on intensity and volume in continuous running, and increasing speed maintains the antihyperalgesic effect in both protocols. In the spinal cord, both runs decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels and increased interleukin-10. Both running protocols reduced oxidative damage in the spinal cord. Only interval running had lower concentrations of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the spinal cord. Interval running presented a great antihyperalgesic potential with more promising results than continuous running, which may be owing to the fact that the interval running can activate different mechanisms from those activated by continuous running. PERSPECTIVE: A minimum of .5-hour sessions of moderate to high intensity ≥3 times a week are essential parameters for continuous and interval running-induced analgesia. However, interval running was shown to be more effective than continuous running and can be an important adjuvant treatment to chronic pain.

Foot Reflexotherapy Induces Analgesia in Elderly Individuals with Low Back Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effects of foot reflexotherapy on pain and postural balance in elderly individuals with low back pain. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled pilot study. Participants (n = 20) were randomly assigned to 2 groups: individuals submitted to conventional foot massage (control group) or foot reflexotherapy (RT, intervention group) for a period of 5 weeks. Questionnaires on pain and disability (visual analogue scale [VAS] and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire [RMDQ]), heart rate variability, and orthostatic balance and baropodometric analysis were assessed at two intervals: before and after intervention. RESULTS: RT group showed statistically significant differences when compared to control group in the following parameters: decrease in VAS scores for pain throughout the study, decrease in parasympathetic activity, and improvement in RMDQ scores. The two groups did not statistically differ in either orthostatic balance or baropodometric analyses. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that foot reflexotherapy induced analgesia but did not affect postural balance in elderly individuals with low back pain.

Análise da ativddade eletromiográfica do músculo tibial anterior de idosos, em solo estável e instáell / Electromygraphic activity analysis of tibialis anterior muscle in elderlly in stable and unstable soil

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a atividade eletromiográfica do músculo tibial anterior em solo estável e instável em idosos e comparar os sinais entre os gêneros e entre os solos. A amostra foi composta por 13 idosos, de idades entre 60 e 70 anos, sendo 6 homens e 7 mulheres. A coleta do sinal eletromiográfico do músculo tibial anterior foi realizada inicialmente em apoio unipodal em solo estável (solo), em apoio unipodal em solo instável (cama elástica) e finalmente em contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM). Os indivíduos também foram submetidos ao teste Agilidade e Equilíbrio Dinâmico (AGIL). Para a análise estatística entre os sujeitos do mesmo grupo foi utilizado o teste t student paramétrico, e entre grupos diferentes foi utilizado o teste t student não paramétrico, para intervalo de confiança p<0,05. Quanto aos resultados verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa na % do Root Mean Square (RMS) da CIVM do músculo tibial anterior entre os gêneros e os solos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os gêneros no AGIL. Entretanto os resultados das médias dos valores de RMS do músculo tibial anterior, em solo instável, dos indivíduos idosos do presente estudo (166µV no gênero feminino e 204µV no gênero masculino) são consideravelmente maiores que os valores de RMS de indivíduos jovens em outros estudos (90µV). Ressalta-se com os resultados, a importância do trabalho de propriocepção para a melhora da reatividade e do padrão de recrutamento neuromuscular em idosos buscando a melhora da capacidade funcional.

The study aimed to analyze the electromyographic activity of the tibialis anterior muscle in stable and unstable soil in the elderly and compare the signals between genders and between soils. The sample consisted of 13 elderly, aged between 60 and 70 years, 6 men and 7 women. The EMG signal from the tibialis anterior muscle was initially performed on one foot on stable ground (soil) in one foot on unstable ground (trampoline) and finally voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The subjects were also tested with Agility and Dynamic Equilibrium (AGIL). Statistical analysis between the subjects of the same group was used parametric Student t test, and between different groups we used the Student t test nonparametric confidence interval for p <0.05. As the results showed that there was no significant difference in% Root Mean Square (RMS) of the tibialis anterior muscle MVIC between genders and soils. There was no significant difference between genders in AGIL. However the results of mean RMS values of the tibialis anterior muscle in unstable soil, the elderly subjects in this study (166?V 204?V in females and in males) are considerably larger than the RMS values of young individuals in other studies (90?V). It is emphasized by the results, the importance of the work of proprioception to improve the reactivity and the pattern of neuromuscular recruitment in elderly seeking improved functional capacity.