No detection of Besnoitia besnoiti DNA in the semen of chronically infected bulls.

Bovine besnoitiosis is a chronic and debilitating disease observed in many European countries that may cause important economic losses in cattle. The recent widespread of the parasite in Europe had led the European Food Safety Authority to declare bovine besnoitiosis as a re-emerging disease in Europe. Many aspects of the epidemiology of bovine besnoitiosis such as the main routes of transmission are still unclear and need to be further studied. Among the different hypotheses, a sexual transmission has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Besnoitia besnoiti DNA in the semen of naturally infected bulls by using a highly sensitive method (real-time qPCR). Both pre-sperm and sperm fractions of 40 bulls, including seronegative (n = 11), seropositive subclinically (n = 17), and seropositive clinically (n = 12) infected animals, were collected by electroejaculation and analyzed by real-time qPCR. No B. besnoiti DNA was detected in 27 pre-sperm and 28 sperm fractions of the 40 examined bulls, suggesting that the transmission of B. besnoiti infection by the semen of chronically infected bulls is very unlikely.

Does bovine besnoitiosis affect the sexual function of chronically infected bulls?

Bovine besnoitiosis is a reemerging disease in Europe. The clinically Besnoitia besnoiti infection in bulls is characterized by fever, nasal discharge, and orchitis in the acute phase and by scleroderma in the chronic phase. However, in many bulls, B besnoiti infection remains at a subclinical stage. Bull infertility is an economically relevant consequence of besnoitiosis infection. It is not clear, however, if semen quality returns to normal levels when infected animals have clinically recovered. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between chronic besnoitiosis and bull sexual function in a region of eastern France, where the disease is reemerging, by comparing semen quality and genital lesions in 11 uninfected, 17 subclinically infected, and 12 clinically infected bulls. The presence of anti-B besnoiti antibodies was detected by Western blot test. Semen was collected by electroejaculation. Bulls clinically infected with B besnoiti showed significantly more genital tract alterations than uninfected or subclinically infected bulls. No relationship was evidenced between besnoitiosis infectious status and semen quality, whereas a significant relationship was noted between genital lesions and semen score. This means that in the absence of moderate to severe genital lesions, chronic bovine besnoitiosis is unlikely to alter semen quality. However, as the presence of infected animals could lead to spread of the disease, culling or separation of clinically infected bulls from the remaining healthy animals is strongly recommended.

Bovine mastitis and intramammary drug delivery: review and perspectives.

Intramammary infections (IMIs) represent a major feature in bovine pathology. The treatment of IMIs concern antimicrobial substances. Therapeutic strategies involve administration of immediate release formulations during lactation with or without long-acting formulations during the dry period. Current treatments are not very successful and cure rates are poor, especially towards Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for chronic infections and huge economic losses. New strategies have recently been investigated. These include particular immunomodulators like lysostaphin or cytokines, and novel formulations (e.g. liposomes, microparticles or nanoparticles) that allow uptake of the active component by phagocytes and thus prolong an enhanced antibacterial activity.

Circadian profile and production rate of melatonin in the cow.

Five adult pasture-bred French Friesian cows were used to qualify the circadian profile and characterized pulsatility of plasma melatonin, and to estimate melatonin secretion rate, around the summer solstice. Plasma concentrations of melatonin were low (5 pg/ml) during the photophase, began to rise at sunset (light intensity less than 20 lx) and reached a maximum (about 90 pg/ml) in the middle of the scotophase. The mean amplitude of peaks was 48.67 +/- 23.01 pg/ml, their mean duration was 32.30 +/- 21.50 min and the frequency was 1.5 +/- 0.3 peak/hr during the secretory period (537 +/- 42.3 min). The plasma clearance (ClB) was 0.0247 +/- 0.0013 1/kg per min, the steady state volume of distribution (Vss) was 1.404 +/- 0.225 1/kg, the elimination half life (t1/2 beta) was 66.66 +/- 11.30 min, the mean residence time was 51.37 +/- 9.92 min and the mean production rate was 399.9 +/- 57.37 ng/kg per 24 hr. These results support the concept of linearity for melatonin kinetics in cattle and the plasma clearance value suggest a first-pass hepatic effect.

Does the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation affect the fertility of Blonde d'Aquitaine breed bulls?

The effects of the 1/29 translocation upon male fertility were studied by analysis of the results of 1,350,385 first artificial inseminations with the semen of Blonde d'Aquitaine or Coopelso-93 bulls (n=220). A binomial logit model was designed, taking into account the translocation of sire, breed of sire, breed of dam, year, AI center, and all interactions between translocation, and breed of sire, and breed of dam. Male fertility was not affected by the 1/29 translocation, and the nonreturn rates at 60 to 90 days of Blonde d'Aquitaine females inseminated with the semen of carrier bulls (135,632 first AI) or noncarrier bulls (585,949 first AI) were 74.88% and 74.75%, respectively.

Effect of precocious collection on semen output and quality in young Holstein bulls.

Semen production units compete heavily with each other, so they tend to select and collect bulls at the earliest possible age, even before puberty, in order to reduce the interval between generations. This study is a retrospective analysis of the effect of precocious collection on semen quality in Holstein bulls. The semen parameters of early- and late-maturing bulls collected before and after 410 days of age, respectively, were compared over two periods, 1991-1995 and 1997-1999. These periods were defined in relation to the collection rhythms (three collections of two ejaculates at 15 days interval before 1996 and adaptation of the collection rhythms to individual physiological capacity after 1996) and the collection conditions. The effects of age, precocious collection and the interaction between age and precocious collection on mean semen parameters (volume of the ejaculate, sperm motility, percent of motile spermatozoa per ejaculate, total sperm concentration and mobile sperm concentration) measured on collections 1-6 (n = 358 for 1991-1995 and n = 121 for 1997-1999), 7-12 (n = 255 for 1991-1995 and n = 80 for 1997-1999) and 13-18 (n = 92 for 1991-1995 and n = 36 for 1997-1999) were studied by covariance analysis. The semen quality of bulls collected at the early age differed from that of bulls collected after 410 days of age for the first period when the collection rhythm was intense. No effect of precocious collection was evidenced for the second period, suggesting the importance of individual adaptation of the collection rhythm to sexual maturation in young bulls. Early collections at a semen production unit reduced the time needed to obtain the number of insemination straws required for the progeny-testing program by 40 days. Early sperm collection is, thus, of economic and technical interest in well managed semen production units.

Contagious agalactia of small ruminants: current knowledge concerning epidemiology, diagnosis and control.

Contagious agalactia of small ruminants is a syndrome which principally affects the mammary glands, joints and eyes. The main causal agents are Mycoplasma agalactiae in sheep, and M. agalactiae, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony type and M. capricolum subsp. capricolum in goats. In addition, M. putrefaciens can produce a similar clinical picture, particularly in goats. Contagious agalactia occurs on all five continents and is often enzootic. The evolution of the infection tends to be chronic in affected animals and herds. Symptomless shedding of mycoplasmas, mainly in the milk, may persist for a long time. These insidious infections, associated with carriage in the ears of healthy animals, are difficult to diagnose and to control. The main mode of transmission between flocks is related to the sale of carrier animals and contact during transhumance, whereas transmission within a flock occurs through contact, suckling and milking. This review discusses the clinical features, epidemiology, treatment, prevention and control of the disease.

Absence of circadian rhythm in the disposition of melatonin in the cow.

Five adult pasture-bred Prim Holstein cows were used to document the time invariance of melatonin disposition in the cow. Melatonin was administered by an intravenous route as a bolus (5 micrograms/kg of body weight) at either 1430 or 2230. Data were analysed according to a three-compartment open model with melatonin elimination from the central compartment. The mean (+/- SD) kinetic parameters describing melatonin disposition, during day and night, respectively, were plasma clearances: 0.0267 +/- 0.0084 l/kg per min and 0.0229 +/- 0.0031 l/kg per min; steady state volume of distribution: 0.826 +/- 0.229 l/kg and 0.780 +/- 0.193 l/kg; terminal half lives: 58.9 +/- 23.7 min and 64.1 +/- 33.7 min; mean residence times: 32.0 +/- 8.8 min and 33.9 +/- 6.2 min. No statistical difference was found between diurnal and nocturnal values for these parameters. These results support the concept of time invariance for melatonin kinetics in cattle and validate the use of diurnal experiments for the study of melatonin kinetics.

[Can melatonin be used in out-of-season reproduction in domestic mammals?]. / La mélatonine permet-elle la reproduction à contre-saison chez les mammifères d'élevage?

Melatonin, synthetized by the pineal gland, is the chemical messenger which allows seasonal animals to perceive day length changes. The nervous message, transformed into a hormonal one, triggers pulsatile activity of the LHRH neurons. Its sites and mode of actions are not completely elucidated. The most frequent mode of distribution is the sub-cutaneous implant, which induces an advance of the cyclical ovulatory activity of ewes and goats. The date of fertilization is advanced and fecundity of females is improved. It can be used alone, or in association with other hormonal treatments, or after an artificial photoperiodic treatment. Under these conditions, it allows a quantitative and qualitative increase in out-of-season sperm production in rams and he-goats.

Characterization and analysis of a stable serotype-associated membrane protein (P30) of Mycoplasma agalactiae.

The gene for a 30-kDa immunodominant antigen, P30, of Mycoplasma agalactiae was cloned from type strain PG2 and expressed in Escherichia coli. P30 is encoded on a monocistronic operon determined by two -10 boxes and a possible -35 region constituting the potential promoter, and a transcription termination site. The gene for the 266-amino-acid protein is preceded by a polypurine-rich region designed as the consensus sequence for a ribosome-binding site. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of P30 revealed the presence of a recognition site for a prokaryotic signal peptidase II at amino acid (aa) 24, indicating that P30 is a transmembrane protein. Moreover, Triton X-114 phase partitioning of M. agalactiae PG2 total antigen revealed that P30 is strongly hydrophobic and hence a possible membrane component. Immunoblot analysis using the monospecific polyclonal anti-P30-His serum indicated that P30 is specific to M. agalactiae. Furthermore, PCR amplification with specific primers for p30 and Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of the gene in all M. agalactiae strains tested and its absence in the other mycoplasma species. Among 27 strains of M. agalactiae studied, 20 strains belonging to the common serotypes A to D, including PG2, expressed P30 or part of it as detected by the monospecific polyclonal anti-P30 antibodies. The other seven strains belonging to the rarely isolated serotypes E to H were negative for P30. The p30 gene was sequenced in 15 strains of M. agalactiae, 10 of which expressed P30 or at least part of it and 5 of which did not express P30. The negative strains carried mutations in both -10 boxes of the promoters. These mutations seem to be responsible for the lack of P30 expression in these strains. Analysis of sera from sheep that were experimentally infected with M. agalactiae revealed that P30 induced a strong and persistent immune response which was still very high two months after infection. In contrast, currently used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology gave only low titers.