RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Current practice in clinical neurophysiology is limited to short recordings with conventional EEG (days) that fail to capture a range of brain (dys)functions at longer timescales (months). The future ability to optimally manage chronic brain disorders, such as epilepsy, hinges upon finding methods to monitor electrical brain activity in daily life. We developed a device for full-head subscalp EEG (Epios) and tested here the feasibility to safely insert the electrode leads beneath the scalp by a minimally invasive technique (primary outcome). As secondary outcome, we verified the noninferiority of subscalp EEG in measuring physiologic brain oscillations and pathologic discharges compared with scalp EEG, the established standard of care. METHODS: Eight participants with pharmacoresistant epilepsy undergoing intracranial EEG received in the same surgery subscalp electrodes tunneled between the scalp and the skull with custom-made tools. Postoperative safety was monitored on an inpatient ward for up to 9 days. Sleep-wake, ictal, and interictal EEG signals from subscalp, scalp, and intracranial electrodes were compared quantitatively using windowed multitaper transforms and spectral coherence. Noninferiority was tested for pairs of neighboring subscalp and scalp electrodes with a Bland-Altman analysis for measurement bias and calculation of the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: As primary outcome, up to 28 subscalp electrodes could be safely placed over the entire head through 1-cm scalp incisions in a â¼1-hour procedure. Five of 10 observed perioperative adverse events were linked to the investigational procedure, but none were serious, and all resolved. As a secondary outcome, subscalp electrodes advantageously recorded EEG percutaneously without requiring any maintenance and were noninferior to scalp electrodes for measuring (1) variably strong, stage-specific brain oscillations (alpha in wake, delta, sigma, and beta in sleep) and (2) interictal spikes peak-potentials and ictal signals coherent with seizure propagation in different brain regions (ICC >0.8 and absence of bias). DISCUSSION: Recording full-head subscalp EEG for localization and monitoring purposes is feasible up to 9 days in humans using minimally invasive techniques and noninferior to the current standard of care. A longer prospective ambulatory study of the full system will be necessary to establish the safety and utility of this innovative approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04796597.