Weighing the Options: Which PrEP (Pre-exposure Prophylaxis) Modality Attributes Influence Choice for Young Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States?

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV transmission, but uptake and adherence among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) remains suboptimal. New PrEP formulations may enhance PrEP use, but little is known about their acceptability. We enrolled 39 cis- and transgender YMSM (age 18-34) from Boston, MA; Jackson, MS; Birmingham, AL; and New Orleans, LA, who participated in video-based focus groups (n = 30) or in-depth interviews (n = 9) to examine how new PrEP products (e.g., injections, monthly pills, implants) are perceived and might be improved for YMSM. Focus groups were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using grounded theory and content analysis. Nearly half (46%) of participants were Black; 11% identified as Hispanic. Seventy-nine percent were PrEP experienced. Product preference was driven by the desire for flexible, safe, effective, and affordable PrEP options. A majority of participants preferred subcutaneous injections every 6 months or monthly pills dispersed in 3 or 4 doses. Subcutaneous injections and batched monthly pills were favored by those with demanding schedules and those who desired fewer provider visits; monthly pills were more appealing for those who feared needles. Despite broad preferences for longer-acting products for convenience, participants raised concerns regarding side effects and waning protection after missed doses. Participants felt that more education about safety and efficacy profiles of new products could influence their attitudes. These findings suggest that it is important to prioritize YMSM's dynamic lifestyles during product development, and that product safety and efficacy information should be accessible in youth-friendly language.

Longitudinal Analysis of Overlapping Psychosocial Factors Predicting Incident Hospitalization Among Mixed HIV Serostatus Men who have Sex with Men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk for certain types of chronic diseases and mental health problems. Despite having extended survival in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, MSM living with HIV contend with aging-related diseases and complications with treatment. Consequent hospitalizations incur high costs, fear, low quality of life, and frailty. Unlike heterosexual men, MSM experience more structural violence and "syndemics" of psychosocial factors that not only accelerate HIV acquisition and transmission risk but also may increase morbidity, leading to greater rates of hospitalization. We aim to examine the impact of "syndemic" psychosocial factors on the incidence of hospitalization among geographically diverse MSM in the US. Participants were 1760 MSM from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) between 2004 and 2019. We examined the relationship between six psychosocial factors (depression, stimulant use, smoking, heroin use, childhood sexual abuse, and intimate partner violence) and incident hospitalization (admission to a hospital for treatment). We found a positive dose-response relationship between the number of syndemic factors and hospitalization. MSM reporting five or more syndemic factors had over twice the risk of hospitalization compared to MSM without syndemic factors [aRR = 2.14 (95% CI = 1.56, 2.94)]. Psychosocial factors synergistically increased hospitalizations over time. The positive dose-response relationship between the number of syndemic factors and hospitalization and the synergistic effects of these factors underscore the need for interventions that disentangle the syndemics to reduce hospitalization and related costs and improve the quality of life among MSM.

Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of the "PrEPare for Work" intervention to enhance PrEP uptake and optimize adherence for HIV prevention among male sex workers in the U.S.

BACKGROUND: Male sex workers (MSWs), specifically cisgender men who exchange sex for money, goods, drugs, or other items of value with other cisgender men, are at high risk for HIV infection. Compared to men not engaged in sex work, MSWs are more likely to engage in frequent condomless sex with paying and non-paying sexual partners. While MSWs are often included as a subgroup of gay and bisexual men, data show that a large proportion identify as heterosexual; additionally, most MSWs do not identify as "sex workers." This places MSWs in a unique position where they may not engage with traditional HIV prevention programs, and when they do, they may not feel comfortable, leading to poor retention. Thus, HIV prevention interventions that address MSWs' unique life circumstances and provide support in exploring their sexual health options are needed. METHODS: In this protocol paper, we describe the design and procedures for a National Institute of Health-funded, randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of "PrEPare for Work,"- a theory-based, manualized PrEP uptake and adherence intervention for MSW - using a 2-stage randomization design. Stage 1: MSWs are equally randomized to receive either the "PrEPare for Work Stage 1 intervention" (strength-based case management and facilitated PrEP linkage) or Standard of Care (SOC) to evaluate successful PrEP uptake (prescription filled) within two months post-randomization. Stage 2: Those who initiate PrEP are then equally re-randomized to receive either the "PrEPare for Work Stage 2 intervention" (1-on-1 skills training, problem-solving, and motivational interviewing adherence counseling and personalized, daily text message reminders) or SOC to assess adherence (Tenofovir concentrations in hair) over 12 months of follow up. Planned analyses will examine intervention efficacy, specific conceptual mediators, and hypothesized moderators. DISCUSSION: Based on our extensive preliminary research, multi-component, theory-informed interventions targeting this subpopulation of MSWs' unique life circumstances are urgently needed. In this study, we are evaluating whether "PrEPare for Work" can improve PrEP uptake and adherence among MSWs. If this intervention is efficacious, it would be readily disseminated to diverse community organizations that serve MSWs and possibly other community or clinic-based settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT05736614, registered February 8, 2023.

Correlates of fentanyl preference among people who use drugs in Rhode Island.

BACKGROUND: Fentanyl is increasingly pervasive in the unregulated drug supply and is a driver of drug overdose deaths in the United States. The aims of this study were to characterize and identify correlates of fentanyl preference among people who use drugs (PWUD) in Rhode Island (RI). METHODS: Using bivariate analysis, we examined associations between fentanyl preference and sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics at baseline among participants enrolled in the RI Prescription Drug and Illicit Drug Study from August 2020-February 2023. Fentanyl preference was operationalized based on responses to a five-point Likert scale: "I prefer using fentanyl or drugs that have fentanyl in them." Participants who responded that they "strongly disagree," "disagree," or were "neutral" with respect to this statement were classified as not preferring fentanyl, whereas participants who responded that they "agree" or "strongly agree" were classified as preferring fentanyl. RESULTS: Among 506 PWUD eligible for inclusion in this analysis, 15% expressed a preference for fentanyl or drugs containing fentanyl as their drug of choice. In bivariate analyses, preference for fentanyl was positively associated with younger age, white race, lifetime history of overdose, history of injection drug use, past month enrollment in a substance use treatment program, past month treatment with medications for opioid use disorder, and preferences for heroin and crystal methamphetamine (all p < 0.05). Descriptive data yielded further insight into reasons for fentanyl preference, the predominant having to do with perceived effects of the drug and desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Only a relatively small subset of study participants preferred drugs containing fentanyl. Given the increased prevalence of fentanyl contamination across substances within the unregulated drug market, the result for PWUD is increasingly less agency with respect to choice of drug; for example, people may be forced to use fentanyl due to restricted supply and the need to mitigate withdrawal symptoms, or may be using fentanyl without intending to do so. Novel and more effective interventions for PWUD, including increased access to age-appropriate harm reduction programs such as fentanyl test strips and overdose prevention centers, are needed to mitigate fentanyl-related harms.

Association between willingness to use an overdose prevention center and probation or parole status among people who use drugs in Rhode Island.

BACKGROUND: Overdose prevention centers (OPCs) are being implemented in the United States as a strategy to reduce drug-related mortality and morbidity. Previous studies have suggested that people who use drugs (PWUD) with a history of criminal legal system (CLS) involvement (e.g. current probation/parole) are at greater risk of overdose but may also encounter significant barriers to OPC use. The objective of this study was to explore the association between willingness to use an OPC and probation/parole status in a sample of PWUD in Rhode Island. METHODS: This study utilized data from the Rhode Island Prescription and Illicit Drug Study, which enrolled adult PWUD from August 2020 to February 2023. We used Pearson's chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests to assess bivariate associations between willingness to use an OPC and probation/parole status (current/previous/never), as well as other sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. In multivariable Poisson analyses, we examined the association between willingness to use an OPC and probation/parole status, adjusting for key sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. RESULTS: Among 482 study participants, 67% were male, 56% identified as white, 20% identified as Hispanic/Latine, and the median age was 43 (IQR 35-53). Nearly a quarter (24%) had never been on probation/parole, 44% were not currently on probation/parole but had a lifetime history of probation and parole, and 32% were currently on probation/parole. Most participants (71%) reported willingness to use an OPC, and in both bivariate and multivariable analyses, willingness to use an OPC did not vary by probation/parole status. Crack cocaine use and lifetime non-fatal overdose were associated with greater willingness to use an OPC (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate high willingness to use OPC among PWUD in Rhode Island regardless of CLS-involvement. As OPCs begin to be implemented in Rhode Island, it will be imperative to engage people with CLS-involvement and to ensure access to the OPC and protection against re-incarceration due to potential barriers, such as police surveillance of OPCs.

Patient and Provider Perspectives on a Novel, Low-Threshold HIV PrEP Program for People Who Inject Drugs Experiencing Homelessness.

BACKGROUND: HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs (PWID) and experience homelessness are increasing across the USA. Despite high levels of need, multilevel barriers to accessing antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention persist for this population. The Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) initiated a low-threshold, outreach-based program to support engagement in PrEP services among PWID experiencing homelessness. METHODS: To inform dissemination efforts, we explored patient and provider perspectives on key program components. From March to December 2020, we conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with current and former BHCHP PrEP program participants and prescribers, patient navigators, and outreach workers (i.e., providers). Thematic analysis explored perspectives on key program components. RESULTS: Participants (n = 21) and providers (n = 11) identified the following five key components of BHCHP's PrEP program that they perceived to be particularly helpful for supporting patient engagement in PrEP services: (1) community-driven PrEP education; (2) low-threshold, accessible programming including same-day PrEP prescribing; (3) tailored prescribing supports (e.g., on-site pharmacy, short-term prescriptions, medication storage); (4) intensive outreach and navigation; and (5) trusting, respectful patient-provider relationships. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that more patient-centered services formed the basis of BHCHP's innovative, successful PrEP program. While contextual challenges including competing public health emergencies and homeless encampment "sweeps" necessitate ongoing programmatic adaptations, lessons from BHCHP's PrEP program can inform PrEP delivery in a range of community-based settings serving this population, including syringe service programs and shelters.

PrEPare for Work: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intervention to Optimize HIV PrEP Outcomes Among Male Sex Workers.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use is limited among male sex workers, who are at exceptionally high-risk for HIV infection. We developed a theory-informed, two-pronged intervention ("PrEPare-for-Work") to optimize PrEP initiation and adherence among male sex workers, which was preliminarily evaluated in a two-stage pilot randomized controlled trial of 110 male sex workers in the US Northeast. Individuals randomized to the Stage 1 PrEPare-for-Work Case Management arm were three times as likely as those in the standard of care (SOC) arm to initiate PrEP (RR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.57-5.57). Participants who initiated PrEP and were randomized to the Stage 2 PrEPare-for-Work Adherence Counseling arm had higher rates of prevention-effective adherence (measured via tenofovir in hair) compared to those in the SOC arm (RR = 1.7, 95% CI 0.64-4.77; 55.6% vs. 28.6%, respectively); though not statistically significant. Given the need and the promise of this pilot RCT, further efficacy testing is warranted and should be prioritized.

RESUMEN: El uso de la profilaxis prexposición (PrEP) para prevenir la adquisición del VIH es limitado entre trabajadores sexuales masculinos, que están en muy alto riesgo de contraerlo. Desarrollamos una intervención de dos partes basada en la teoría para optimizar el inicio y la observancia del tratamiento de la PrEP entre trabajadores sexuales masculinos, que se evaluó preliminarmente en un ensayo piloto controlado y aleatorizado (ECA) de dos fases de 110 trabajadores sexuales masculinos en el noreste de Estados Unidos. Las personas aleatorizadas al grupo de intervención (la primera fase de nuestro programa "PrEPare for Work" ­ la atención individualizada) eran tres veces más probable que las aleatorizadas al grupo control (la norma de atención) a iniciar la PrEP (RR = 2.95, 95% IC = 1.57­5.57). Los participantes que iniciaron la PrEP y se aleatorizaron al grupo de intervención (la segunda fase de "PrEPare for Work" ­ la terapia para aumentar la adherencia al tratamiento) tenían tasas más altas de adherencia al tratamiento (medido por tenofovir en el cabello) que los aleatorizados al grupo control (RR = 1.7, 95% IC 0.64­4.77; 55.6% vs. 28.6%, respectivamente); aunque la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. En vista de la necesidad y el potencial de este ECA piloto, más pruebas de eficacia son necesarias y deben ser priorizadas.

A qualitative exploration of how to support PrEP adherence among young men who have sex with men.

New HIV infections disproportionately affect young men who have sex with men (YMSM). PrEP is effective in preventing HIV acquisition; however, adherence is critical and is often suboptimal among YMSM. Interventions addressing the unique PrEP adherence challenges faced by YMSM are needed. We conducted qualitative interviews with 20 HIV-negative, YMSM (ages 15-24) with a PrEP indication and 11 healthcare professionals to inform adaption of a PrEP adherence intervention (Life-Steps for PrEP) for YMSM. We explored environmental, healthcare, and individual factors influencing uptake, adherence, attitudes, and perspectives (including desired modifications) on the Life-Steps intervention. Interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Of YMSM study participants (mean age 21.6) 55% were White, 15% Hispanic, and 5% Black. Most YMSM were PrEP-experienced (70%). Healthcare professionals (6 prescribers, 1 nurse, 2 health educators, 2 other/unspecified) averaged 6.9 years of experience caring for YMSM. All described stigma as a barrier to PrEP; YMSM expressed concern around being perceived as "risky" and concern about inadvertent PrEP disclosure if family/friends found their medication, or if parental insurance was used. Difficulty with planning for potential adherence challenges were identified by both groups. YMSM highlighted benefits of a nurse-led intervention (i.e., adding "legitimacy"), but stressed need for nonjudgmental, "savvy" interventionists. YMSM expressed a desire for comprehensive YMSM-specific sexual health information. These findings informed modification and expansion of Life-Steps content. Results highlight key potential barriers, many of which center around privacy. Content that addresses PrEP stigma, disclosing PrEP use, navigating insurance, and planning ahead in a nonjudgmental environment by trusted providers emerged as important components of a YMSM-focused delivery of Life-Steps for PrEP.

PrEP disclosure and discussions within social networks of people who inject drugs experiencing homelessness: a brief report.

BACKGROUND: In the context of increasing injection-related HIV outbreaks across the United States, particularly among people who inject drugs (PWID) experiencing homelessness, there is an urgent need to expand access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. Peer-based interventions for PrEP could be helpful for promoting PrEP uptake, yet the social experiences of using PrEP among PWID experiencing homelessness have not been thoroughly explored. METHODS: To better understand social experiences surrounding PrEP use among PWID experiencing homelessness, we conducted qualitative interviews from March-December 2020 with current and former PrEP patients of an innovative, low-threshold program implemented by Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) in Boston, MA. Thematic analysis of coded interview data explored participants' perspectives and experiences with PrEP disclosure and discussions within their social networks. RESULTS: Among interviews with 21 participants, we identified the following four interrelated aspects of their social experiences using PrEP: (1) participants' were aware of increasing HIV transmission within their social networks, which motivated their PrEP use and disclosure; (2)  participants generally avoided disclosing their PrEP use within public spaces or casual conversations; (3)  participants expressed greater willingness to discuss PrEP with their close social contacts; and (4)  some participants self-identified as leaders or expressed interest in leading the dissemination of PrEP information within their social networks. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the significance of PrEP disclosure and discussions within the social networks of PWID experiencing homelessness, suggesting a need for continued social network and intervention research-particularly to establish the feasibility and acceptability of peer-based interventions for promoting PrEP-with this marginalized population.

Study protocol for an efficacy trial of the "PrEP for Health" intervention to increase HIV PrEP use among people who inject drugs.

BACKGROUND: HIV incidence has recently increased among people who inject drugs (PWID) across the United States, with outbreaks occurring in states with long-standing syringe service programs (SSPs) including Massachusetts (MA). Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an evidence-based HIV prevention strategy recommended for PWID, but uptake in this marginalized population is extraordinarily low. METHODS: We describe the design and procedures for a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded (R01) randomized controlled trial (RCT) testing the efficacy of "PrEP for Health," a multicomponent behavioral intervention to increase PrEP uptake, adherence, and persistence among HIV-negative PWID attending SSPs in two areas of the U.S. Northeast that are heavily affected by injection-related HIV transmission. Participants are equally randomized to receive the "PrEP for Health" intervention (involving individually tailored HIV and PrEP education, motivational interviewing, problem-solving skills and planning, and ongoing navigation support) or an enhanced standard of care (eSOC) control condition involving a brief educational video on the utility of PrEP for HIV prevention. Co-primary outcomes are PrEP uptake (using medical/pharmacy records) and adherence (using tenofovir quantification in hair samples); a secondary outcome is PrEP persistence (using medical/pharmacy records) over 12 months. Major assessments occur at baseline, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits. Planned analyses will examine intervention efficacy, specific hypothesized conceptual mediators of the intervention effect (e.g., self-perceived HIV risk; PrEP knowledge, interest in use, motivation, and behavioral skills) and epidemiologically linked moderators (e.g., age; gender; condomless vaginal or anal sex). DISCUSSION: Findings from our extensive preliminary research with the study population revealed that a multicomponent, theory-based intervention targeting PrEP knowledge, motivation, self-efficacy, behavioral skills, and structural barriers to PrEP access is urgently needed for PWID who are at risk of HIV acquisition. We also learned that SSPs represent a highly acceptable service setting for delivering such interventions. In this study, we are evaluating the efficacy of the "PrEP for Health" intervention. If efficacious, findings from our implementation evaluation could help guide its dissemination to diverse SSPs and possibly other community-based settings accessed by this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT04430257, registered June 12, 2020.

Next Generation Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Young Men who have Sex with Men: Lessons from System and Provider-level barriers to oral PrEP.

Next generation pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) modalities that do not require daily regimens may address some of the barriers to daily oral PrEP among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). We conducted online semi-structured interviews with 30 YMSM to examine experiences and preferences related to HIV prevention care that may inform implementation of next generation PrEP. Barriers to PrEP care included initiating conversations about sexuality with providers; confidentiality concerns regarding disclosure of sexual practices and PrEP use to family; gaps in access to healthcare; and limited availability of affordable health services. Future implementation of next generation PrEP may benefit from providers addressing confidentiality concerns when discussing PrEP with YMSM; PrEP programs accounting for discontinuities in healthcare access among YMSM while strengthening access to affordable services; and collaborations between generalist providers and specialized clinics and providers to address providers' education needs, which may increase as next generation PrEP becomes available. We have linked affiliation 9 to author name "Katie B. Biello". Please check and confirm. Okay!

RESUMEN: Las modalidades de próxima generación de la profilaxis pre-exposición (PrEP) que no requieren un régimen diario pueden disminuir las barreras de tomar la PrEP oral diariamente por hombres jóvenes que tienen sexo con hombres (YMSM). Llevamos a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas en línea con 30 YMSM para entender sus experiencias y preferencias relacionadas con el cuidado de la prevención del VIH que puedan informar la implementación de la próxima generación de la PrEP. Las barreras al cuidado de la PrEP incluyeron tender conversaciones sobre la sexualidad con proveedores médicos; las preocupaciones de confidencialidad al divulgar información sobre las relaciones sexuales y el uso de la PrEP con la familia; las brechas en el acceso al cuidado médico; y la disponibilidad limitada de servicios de salud accesibles. La futura implementación de la próxima generación de la PrEP se puede beneficiar de proveedores que hablan sobre las preocupaciones de confidencialidad al discutir la PrEP con YMSM; los programas de la PrEP que tienen en cuenta las discontinuidades en el acceso de salud por YMSM mientras que fortalezcan acceso a servicios accesibles; y las colaboraciones entre proveedores de atención primaria y proveedores especializados para entender las necesidades educativas de proveedores, que puedan aumentar cuando la próxima generación esté disponible.

PrEParing for NextGen: Cognitive Interviews to Improve Next Generation PrEP Modality Descriptions for Young Men Who have Sex with Men.

Next generation PrEP formulations may circumvent factors that impede daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). We conducted video-based cognitive interviews with 20 YMSM (age 16-24) recruited in the US Northeast to assess participants' attitudes and comprehension of written descriptions of next generation PrEP modalities. Participants were predominately racial/ethnic minorities and half used daily oral PrEP. We identified four main areas for improvement of descriptions: defining scientific terms and balancing medical jargon and casual language; referencing more established products to contextualize PrEP formulations (e.g., hormonal implants); ensuring clarity and reducing redundancy; and including imagery (e.g., rectal douche applicator). The refined descriptions serve as exemplar text that may be used in future studies examining YMSM's preferences across next generation PrEP modalities. Accurate descriptions of next generation PrEP products strengthen measurement accuracy and can help roll-out products that become approved for clinical use.

RESUMEN: Las formulaciones de próxima generación para la profilaxis pre-exposición (PrEP) pueden eludir los factores que impiden el uso diario del PrEP oral en hombres jóvenes que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres (YMSM). Realizamos entrevistas cognitivas usando videoconferencia con 20 YMSM (de 16 a 24 años) reclutados del noreste de los Estados Unidos con el fin de evaluar sus actitudes y su comprensión de las definiciones desarrolladas para describir las modalidades de PrEP de próxima generación. Los participantes eran predominantemente minorías raciales/étnicas y la mitad usaba PrEP oral diariamente. Identificamos cuatro áreas principales para mejorar las descripciones: definir términos científicos y equilibrar la jerga médica y el lenguaje casual; hacer referencia a productos más establecidos para contextualizar las formulaciones de PrEP (por ejemplo, implantes hormonales); garantizar la claridad y reducir la redundancia; e incluir imágenes (por ejemplo, aplicador de duchas rectales). Las descripciones refinadas sirven como texto ejemplar y pueden usarse en estudios futuros que examinen las preferencias de modalidades de PrEP de próxima generación entre YMSM. Las descripciones precisas de los productos PrEP de próxima generación fortalecen la precisión de la medición y pueden ayudar a implementar productos que se aprueben para uso clínico.

Uptake and Acceptability of MyChoices: Results of a Pilot RCT of a Mobile App Designed to Increase HIV Testing and PrEP Uptake Among Young American MSM.

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) remain at disproportionate risk for HIV acquisition in the United States (US), yet use of evidence-based prevention strategies, including routine HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), remain low. Smartphones and mobile app usage are nearly ubiquitous in this population. Given the potential for scalability, a mobile app to increase HIV testing and PrEP use among YMSM has the potential to make an extraordinary public health impact if efficacious. Based on extensive formative, community-engaged research, we developed a theory-driven mobile app-MyChoices-to increase HIV testing and PrEP uptake among YMSM. In a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT), participants (n = 60) were randomized 2:1 to receive MyChoices or standard of care (SOC). Data from 3 to 6-month post-baseline assessments demonstrate that the app was highly acceptable (System Usability Score; mean = 75.8, SD = 10.7) and feasible (94% used the MyChoices app at least once; mean = 15.3 sessions, SD = 9.8). While not powered to assess efficacy, those in the MyChoices arm had 22% higher prevalence of HIV testing over follow-up compared to those in the SOC arm (NS). There was no difference in PrEP uptake. A fully-powered efficacy trial is warranted; if efficacy is demonstrated, the MyChoices app could be easily scaled to reach YMSM across the US.

The need for targeted behavioural HIV-related interventions for transgender women in India: A scoping review.

Background & objectives: Transgender women (TGW) in India are at high risk of HIV infection. Despite behavioural interventions aimed at reducing HIV risk, no literature synthesis exists so far to evaluate their potential for reducing HIV incidence in India This review was aimed to identify and evaluate HIV-focussed behaviour change interventions for TGW in India. Methods: Literature from three databases were reviewed up to June 2, 2021, for studies describing behavioural interventions for HIV prevention among TGW in India. The inclusion criteria were studies that included TGW and reported intervention effects on HIV prevention-related behaviour. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results: Of the 146 articles screened, only three met the inclusion criteria. All three interventions were at the open pilot trial stage and included other high-risk groups (e.g. men who have sex with men). The interventions used behavioural counselling, increased sexually transmitted infection screening and sexual healthcare visits and leveraged community-based organizations to improve the outcomes. All these interventions showed modest improvements in health-seeking behaviour and access to services. However, none specifically targeted TGW. Interpretation & conclusions: The scoping review highlights the need for behavioural interventions for HIV prevention tailored to TGW in India. This study emphasizes the need for research to move to the next stage of intervention development and testing utilizing more rigorous evaluation methods, such as a randomized controlled trial.

Association of anticipated HIV testing stigma and provider mistrust on preference for HIV self-testing among cisgender men who have sex with men in the Philippines.

BACKGROUND: New HIV infections in the Philippines are increasing at an alarming rate. However, over three quarters of men who have sex with men (MSM) have never been tested for HIV. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may increase overall testing rates by removing barriers, particularly fear of stigmatization and mistrust of providers. This study aimed to determine if these factors are associated with preference for HIVST among Filipino cisgender MSM (cis-MSM), and whether there is an interaction between anticipated HIV testing stigma and provider mistrust on preference for HIVST. METHODS: We conducted secondary analysis of a one-time survey of 803 cis-MSM who were recruited using purposive sampling from online MSM dating sites and MSM-themed bar locations in Metro Manila, Philippines. Summary statistics were computed to describe participant characteristics. Multivariable modified Poisson regression analyses were conducted to determine if anticipated HIV testing stigma and provider mistrust were associated with preference for HIVST among cis-MSM. Other variables such as age, education, monthly income, relationship status, HIV serostatus, and knowing where to get HIV testing were the minimal sufficient adjustment set in the analyses. RESULTS: Average age of participants was 28.6 years (SD = 8.0); most had received college degrees (73%) and were employed (80%). Most respondents (81%) preferred facility-based testing, while 19% preferred HIVST. A high percentage of participants reported anticipated HIV testing stigma (66%) and provider mistrust (44%). Anticipated HIV testing stigma (aPR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.01-2.25, p = 0.046) and provider mistrust (aPR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.07-2.09, p = 0.020) were independently associated with a preference for HIVST. There was a positive, additive interaction between provider mistrust and anticipated HIV testing stigma on preference for HIVST (RERI = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.20-2.06; p = 0.017), indicating that the association between anticipated HIV testing stigma and preference for HIVST is greater among those with provider mistrust compared to those without provider mistrust. CONCLUSIONS: HIVST should be offered as a supplement to traditional facility-based HIV testing services in the Philippines to expand testing and reach individuals who may not undergo testing due to anticipated HIV testing stigma and provider mistrust.

Transitioning from Face to Face to the Digital Space: Best Practices and Lessons Learned Leveraging Technology to Conduct HIV-Focused Interventions.

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted researchers' ability to continue to deliver HIV prevention and treatment interventions face to face. Although telehealth has been an important strategy to maintain research operations during the current pandemic, participants at increased risk of or living with HIV are often at higher risk of also experiencing poverty, housing instability, and other challenges that may present obstacles to successful remote delivery. Methods: We provide descriptions of remote adaptations to two randomized controlled efficacy trials of behavioral interventions for primary and secondary HIV prevention with descriptive enrollment and retention data. Results and Conclusions: Best practices for implementing telemedicine and e-health procedures are discussed, including procedures for addressing remote participation barriers (economic, health literacy, etc.) and other challenges, such as building rapport and staff support (NCT03092531 and NCT03175159).

"Health Is on the Back Burner:" Multilevel Barriers and Facilitators to Primary Care Among People Who Inject Drugs.

BACKGROUND: The estimated 2.2 million people who inject drugs (PWID) in the USA experience significant gaps in preventive healthcare and a high burden of infectious, psychiatric, and other chronic diseases. Many PWID rely on emergency medical services, which are costly and not designed to deliver preventive services, manage chronic conditions, or address social needs. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore barriers and facilitators to primary care utilization from the perspectives of PWID in New England, a region highly affected by the overdose crisis. DESIGN: Participants completed semi-structured qualitative interviews exploring substance use and healthcare utilization patterns. PARTICIPANTS: We recruited 78 PWID through community-based organizations (e.g., syringe service programs) in 16 urban and non-urban communities throughout Massachusetts and Rhode Island. APPROACH: Thematic analysis identified barriers and facilitators to primary care utilization at the individual, interpersonal, and systemic levels. KEY RESULTS: Among 78 PWID, 48 described recent primary care experiences; 33 had positive experiences and 15 described negative experiences involving discrimination or mistrust. Individual-level barriers to primary care utilization included perceived lack of need and competing priorities (e.g., avoiding opioid withdrawal, securing shelter beds). Interpersonal-level barriers included stigma and perceived low quality of care for PWID. Systemic-level barriers included difficulty navigating healthcare systems, inadequate transportation, long wait times, and frequent provider turnover. Participants with positive primary care experiences explained how appointment reminders, flexible hours, addiction medicine-trained providers, case management services, and transportation support facilitated primary care utilization and satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Findings regarding the multilevel barriers and facilitators to accessing primary care among PWID identify potential targets for programmatic interventions to improve primary care utilization in this population. Based on these findings, we make recommendations for improving the engagement of PWID in primary care as a means to advance individual and public health outcomes.

The Past, Present, and Future of PrEP implementation Among People Who Use Drugs.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent HIV outbreaks among people who use drugs (PWUD) necessitate additional HIV prevention tools. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly efficacious yet uptake among PWUD remains exceedingly low. To address multilevel, complex barriers to PrEP use among PWUD, a range of intervention strategies are needed. RECENT FINDINGS: The literature on interventions to optimize PrEP use among PWUD is nascent, comprising small pilots and demonstration projects in early phases of intervention development. Initial studies suggest that structural, healthcare, interpersonal, and individual-level interventions can improve PrEP use for PWUD, and a number of efficacy trials are underway. Future studies are needed to optimize the use of new PrEP modalities (e.g., injectable PrEP), simultaneously target multilevel challenges to PrEP use, and evaluate the integration of PrEP into other service settings and substance use treatment modalities.

Delivering Preexposure Prophylaxis to People Who Use Drugs and Experience Homelessness, Boston, MA, 2018-2020.

Despite high need, HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) utilization among people who use drugs (PWUD) remains low. Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program implemented an innovative "low-threshold" PrEP Program for PWUD experiencing homelessness in Boston, Massachusetts. From October 1, 2018 to February 29, 2020, 239 clients were linked to PrEP services, and 152 were prescribed PrEP (mean = 8.9/month), over twice the number of PrEP prescriptions over the previous 12 months (n = 48; mean = 4/month). The cumulative probability of remaining on PrEP for 6 months was 44% (95% confidence interval = 36%, 52%).

HIV Treatment Cascade and PrEP Care Continuum Among Serodiscordant Male Couples in the United States.

A large proportion of HIV infections among men who have sex with men occur within primary partnerships, however, there is a lack of research focused on serodiscordant male couples. We used baseline data collected as part of Project Stronger Together-a randomized controlled trial to improve treatment outcomes among 155 serodiscordant male couples. We described engagement in HIV care/prevention using the HIV treatment cascade and PrEP care continuum. Among partners living with HIV, 86.5% were linked to care, 77.4% retained in care, 81.3% prescribed ART, 60.7% adherent, and 67.7%virally suppressed. Among HIV-negative partners, 62.6% were willing to take PrEP, 48.4% had ever taken PrEP, and 26.5% were adherent to PrEP. Black partners living with HIV had lower odds of being virally suppressed compared to White partners. Our findings provide evidence to suggest designing programs to address the racial disparities in viral suppression, addressing barriers to HIV prevention/treatment, and improving PrEP education.