[Efficacy of Zhibai Dihuang Decoction on energy metabolism of spermatogenic cells in Ureaplasma urealyticum-infected rats: A study based on AMPK and PPARα signaling pathways].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the serum containing Zhibai Dihuang Decoction (ZDD) on the energy metabolism of spermatogenic cells infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) in rats and its action mechanism. METHODS: Healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups, normal control, UU-infection (UUI) model control, doxycycline, and low-, medium- and high-dose ZDD-containing serum. After successful establishment of the UUI model in vivo in the latter five groups, the rats in the normal control group were treated with simple serum and those in the latter five with respective agents. Then primary spermatogenic cells were harvested from the rats for examination of the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells, contents of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glucose disposal rate (GDR) and expressions of AMPK and PARα proteins in the spermatogenic cells, and other related parameters. RESULTS: The apoptosis rate of the spermatogenic cells was dramatically increased in the UUI model controls compared with that in the normal controls (ï¼»49.24 ± 0.86ï¼½% vs ï¼»10.09 ± 0.52ï¼½%, P < 0.01), but significantly decreased in the doxycycline and low-, medium- and high-dose ZDD groups (ï¼»11.21 ± 1.02ï¼½%, ï¼»30.64 ± 0.99ï¼½%, ï¼»35.54 ± 1.17ï¼½% and ï¼»42.95 ± 1.31ï¼½%) in comparison with that in the UUI model control group (P < 0.01).The content of LDH in the spermatogenic cells was also remarkably increased in the UUI model controls compared with that in the normal controls (ï¼»201.12 ± 2.88ï¼½ vs ï¼»60.72 ± 1.83ï¼½) mU/ml, P < 0.01), but significantly decreased in the doxycycline and low-, medium- and high-dose ZDD groups (ï¼»90.66 ± 1.61ï¼½, ï¼»94.74 ± 1.20ï¼½, ï¼»101.24 ± 2.03ï¼½ and ï¼»111.04 ± 3.35ï¼½ mU/ml) in comparison with that in the UUI model control group (P < 0.01). The GDR in the spermatogenic cells was markedly reduced in the UUI model controls compared with that in the normal controls (ï¼»49.42 ± 1.70ï¼½% vs ï¼»99.86 ± 1.26ï¼½%, P < 0.01), but significantly elevated in the doxycycline and low-, medium- and high-dose ZDD groups (ï¼»86.90 ± 2.03ï¼½%, ï¼»84.14 ± 1.21ï¼½%, ï¼»80.30 ± 1.37ï¼½% and ï¼»75.18 ± 1.76ï¼½% in comparison with that in the UUI model control group (P < 0.01). The content of ATP was also dramatically decreased in the UUI model controls compared with that in the normal controls (ï¼»19.76 ± 1.46ï¼½ vs ï¼»58.94 ± 1.95ï¼½ µmol/L, P < 0.01), but significantly increased in the doxycycline and low-, medium- and high-dose ZDD groups (ï¼»48.34 ± 1.34ï¼½, ï¼»42.82 ± 1.30ï¼½, ï¼»38.70 ± 2.03ï¼½ and ï¼»34.78 ± 0.82ï¼½ µmol/L) in comparison with that in the UUI model control group (P < 0.01). The mitochondrial membrane potential was remarkably elevated in the UUI model controls compared with that in the normal controls (ï¼»8.53 ± 0.71ï¼½% vs ï¼»2.43 ± 0.25ï¼½%, P < 0.01), but markedly reduced in the doxycycline and low-, medium- and high-dose ZDD groups (ï¼»3.92 ± 0.36ï¼½%, ï¼»4.43 ± 0.27ï¼½%, ï¼»4.65 ± 0.22ï¼½% and ï¼»4.88 ± 0.10ï¼½% in comparison with that in the UUI model control group (P < 0.01). The phosphorylation levels of AMPK and PPARα proteins were significantly up-regulated in the UUI model controls compared with that in the normal controls (P < 0.01), but down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner in the ZDD groups. CONCLUSIONS: Zhibai Dihuang Decoction can significantly improve the damage to the mitochondrial structure and inhibit UU infection-induced apoptosis of spermatogenic cells and secretion of LDH by increasing the ATP content and GDR and regulating the phosphorylation of AMPK and PARα signaling pathway.

[Impact of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection on the MRPS22 protein expression in rat spermatogenic cells and intervening effect of Zhibai Dihuang Decoction].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection (UUI) on the expression of the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S22 (MRPS22) in rat spermatogenic cells and the intervening effect of Zhibai Dihuang Decoction (ZBDH). METHODS: Forty-five SD male rats were randomly divided into four groups of equal number: normal control, UUI model control, ZBDH and azithromycin, and the UUI model was made by bladder injection of the standard UU strain in the latter three groups. After modeling, the rats in the ZBDH and azithromycin groups were treated intragastrically with ZBDH at 1 g/kg/d and azithromycin at 0.105 g/kg/d respectively, while those in the normal and UUI model control groups with normal saline at 1 ml/kg/d. At 21 days after intervention, all the animals were sacrificed and their testes harvested for observation of the apoptosis and mitochondrial ultrastructure of the spermatogenic cells, measurement of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by flow cytometry, and determination of the mRNA and protein expressions of MRPS22 by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: The apoptotic index of the rat sperma-togenic cells was significantly higher in the UUI model control than in the ZBDH and azithromycin groups (ï¼»11.23 ± 1.65ï¼½ % vs ï¼»6.62 ± 0.49ï¼½ % and ï¼»7.82 ± 0.81ï¼½ %, P < 0.01), but lower in the ZBDH than in the azithromycin group (P < 0.05). The mitochondrial ultrastructure of the spermatogenic cells was markedly improved in the ZBDH and azithromycin groups as compared with that in the model control. The MMP level was remarkably lower in the model control than in the normal control (ï¼»8.77 ± 1.73ï¼½ % vs ï¼»22.33 ± 1.66ï¼½ %, P < 0.01), but higher in the ZBDH (ï¼»18.26 ± 1.32ï¼½ %) than in the model control (P < 0.01) and the azithromycin group (ï¼»15.91 ± 1.69ï¼½ %) (P < 0.01). The mRNA and protein expressions of MRPS22 were significantly lower in the model control (8.02 ± 3.21 and 22.65 ± 5.31) than in the normal control (15.43 ± 2.54 and 33.31 ± 7.09), ZBDH (11.26 ± 3.82 and 33.35 ± 3.96), and azithromycin group (8.79 ± 2.03 and 28.11 ± 4.13) (all P < 0.01), but both higher in the ZBDH than in the azithromycin group (P < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between the MRPS22 protein expression and MMP (r = 0.639, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: UU infection induces the apoptosis of rat spermatogenic cells by inhibiting the mRNA and protein expressions of MRPS22 and reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential, while ZBDH can decrease the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells by improving the mRNA and protein expressions of MRPS22 and enhancing the mitochondrial membrane potential.

[Zhibai Dihuang Decoction improves sperm mitochondrial permeability transition in rats with ureaplasma urealyticum infection].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Zhibai Dihuang Decoction (ZDD) on sperm mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in the rat model of ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection (UUI). METHODS: Ninety male SD rats were randomly divide into five groups: normal control, UUI model control, ZDD, doxycycline, and ZDD + doxycycline. The UUI model was established in the latter four groups of rats by UU injection into the bladder. On the second day after modeling, the animals of the normal control and UUI model control groups were treated intragastrically with 0.9% sodium chloride solution and those in the other groups with corresponding drugs, all for 21 consecutive days. At 24 hours after drug withdrawal, epididymal samples were obtained for detection of the protein and mRNA expressions of VDAC2 and ANT4 in the sperm mitochondria by RT-PCR and Western blot respectively and determination of the contents of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and energy charge (EC) in the sperm mitochondria by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The protein expressions of VDAC2 and ANT4 in the rat sperm mitochondria were 0.626 ± 0.074 and 0.527 ± 0.096 in the normal control group, 0.039 ± 0.011 and 0.044 ± 0.011 in the UUI model control group, 0.101 ± 0.037 and 0.127 ± 0.040 in the ZDD group, 0.236 ± 0.070 and 0.253 ± 0.054 in the doxycycline group, and 0.475 ± 0.064 and 0.367 ± 0.086 in the ZDD + doxycycline group, significantly lower in the UUI model control than in the normal control group (P<0.05 and P<0.01), but remarkably higher in the doxycycline and ZDD + doxycycline groups than in the UUI model control (P<0.01) and the ZDD group (P<0.05 and P<0.01), and the expression of VDAC2 was markedly higher in the ZDD + doxycycline than in the doxycycline group (P<0.01). The mRNA expressions of VDAC2 and ANT4 were 0.008 ± 0.001 035 and 0.026 50 ± 0.003 401 in the normal control group, 0.000 79 ± 0.000 226 and 0.001 64 ± 0.000 205 in the UUI model controls, 0.002 06 ± 0.000 861 and 0.005 04 ± 0.002 537 in the ZDD group, 0.003 34 ± 0.000 229 and 0.008 57 ± 0. 000 690 in the doxycycline group, and 0.004 85 ± 0.000 495 and 0.013 13 ± 0.000 826 in the ZDD + doxycycline group, significantly lower in the UUI model control than in the normal control group (P<0.05 and P<0.01), but remarkably higher in the ZDD, doxycycline and ZDD + doxycycline groups than in the UUI model controls (P<0.01) as well as in the doxycycline and ZDD + doxycycline groups than in the ZDD group (P<0.01) and in the ZDD + doxycycline than in the doxycycline group (P<0.01). The levels of ATP, ADP, AMP and EC in the sperm mitochondria were (203.41 ± 13.16) mg/L, (129.87 ± 14.68) mg/L, (149.05 ± 5.65) mg/L and 0.56 ± 0.01 in the normal control group, (96.22 ± 12.55) mg/L, (99.87 ± 3.28) mg/L, (212.53 ± 19. 43) mg/L and 0.36 ± 0.03 in the UUI model control group, (101.99 ± 5.97) mg/L, (104.99 ± 16.40) mg/L, (183.97 ± 12.43) mg/L and 0.40 ± 0.01 in the ZDD group, (159.44 ± 33.16) mg/L, (118.51 ± 12.99) mg/L, (160.64 ± 14.19) mg/L and 0.50 ± 0.06 in the doxycycline group, and (194.07 ± 9.36) mg/L, (121.62 ± 9.41) mg/L, (150.21 ± 12.87) mg/L and 0.55 ± 0.01 in the ZDD + doxycycline group. The levels of ATP and EC were significantly lower and that of AMP higher in the UUI model control than in the normal control group (P<0.01), while the former two were remarkably higher and the latter one lower in the doxycycline and ZDD + doxycycline groups than in the UUI model controls (P<0.05 and P<0.01). Compared with the ZDD + doxycycline group, the ZDD group showed significantly decreased ATP and EC but increased AMP, while the doxycycline group exhibited decreases in both ATP and EC (P<0.05 and P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: ZDD can upregulate the decreased protein and mRNA expressions of VDAC2 and ANT4 in the sperm mitochondria and improve sperm mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial energy metabolism in rats with UU infection, which may be one of its action mechanisms in the treatment of UU infection-induced male infertility.

[Zhibai Dihuang Decoction improves the activity of sperm mitochondrial respiratory chain complex in rats with Ureaplasma urealyticum infection].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Zhibai Dihuang Decoction (ZDD) on the sperm mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (MRCC) in rats with Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection. METHODS: Ninety male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups, sham operation, UU infection model control, ZDD (crude drug at 8.56 g per kg of the body weight per day), doxycycline (DC, at 20 mg per kg of the body weight per day), and ZDD+DC. The model of UU infection was established by injecting UU into the bladder of all the rats except those of the sham operation group. After modeling, the rats were treated intragastrically with respective drugs for 21 days and then executed and their epididymides harvested for examination of sperm quality and determination of the activities of sperm MRCCs I, II, III and IV by spectrophotometry. RESULTS: At 10 days after modeling, the UU-positive rates in the model control, sham operation, ZDD, DC and ZDD+DC groups were 92.9%, 0%, 33.3%, 26.7% and 20.0%, respectively, significantly higher in the model control than in the other groups (P<0.05). The epididymal sperm concentrations in the five groups were (0.97±0.23), (3.02±0.52), (1.21±0.35), (1.02±0.31) and (1.52±0.28) ×106 ml, the sperm motilities were (58.62±15.36), (80.45±7.21), (75.52±8.78), (68.43±10.25) and (78.25±7.67)%, and rates of grade a+b sperm were (6.15±1.02), (10.32±1.14), (10.12±1.08), (9.01+1.27) and (10.74±1.03)%, respectively, all remarkably lower in the model control than in the sham operation group (P<0.01), but markedly higher in the ZDD and ZDD+DC groups than in the model controls (P<0.05). The activities of MRCC I in the model control, sham operation, ZDD, DC and ZDD+DC groups were (31.54±16.25), (136.86±6.34), (100.68±14.41), (81.68±6.78) and (124.06±5.54) µmol/(min·mg), those of MRCC II were (9.50±3.86), (20.34±0.37), (10.88±1.04), (12.93±1.07) and (16.23±0.60) µmol/(min·mg), those of MRCC III were (5.58±1.79), (19.60±0.61), (11.34±1.35), (13.87±1.23) and (15.96±0.69) µmol/(min·mg), and those of MRCC IV were (9.54±1.34), (28.98±3.33), (17.02±2.04), (18.41±2.67) and (21.66±2.93) µmol/(min·mg), respectively, all significantly lower in the model control than in the sham operation group (P<0.01), with the activities of MRCCs I, III and IV remarkably higher in the ZDD, DC and ZDD+DC groups (P<0.01) and that of MRCC II higher in the DC and ZDD+DC groups than in the model control (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ZDD can improve the epididymal sperm quality and the activity of the sperm MRCC in UU-infected rats, which may be one of the mechanisms of ZDD acting on male infertility caused by UU infection.

The relationship between follicle-stimulating hormone and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in men.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between male hormones and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in males. METHODS: Data from the Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey (FAMHES) were used to analyze the male hormone levels between MAFLD patients and controls. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for MAFLD. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic performance of male hormones for MAFLD. RESULT: A total of 1578 individuals were included, with 482 individuals (30.54%) of MAFLD, including 293 (18.57%) with mild disease and 189 (11.98%) with moderate-to-severe disease. The MAFLD patients were significantly older than those without MAFLD. The LH, FSH, and SHBG levels in the MAFLD patients were significantly greater than those in the control group. Age, FSH, LH, SHBG, and estradiol were all risk factors for MAFLD. Age, FSH, and LH were risk factors for moderate-to-severe MAFLD. FSH was an independent risk factor for MAFLD and moderate-to-severe MAFLD. FSH showed an excellent diagnostic value, with an AUC of 0.992 alone and 0.996 after adjusting age. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that FSH may be a potential diagnostic and predictive biomarker for MAFLD.

Exploring the Mechanism of Zhibai Dihuang Decoction in the Treatment of Ureaplasma Urealyticum-Induced Orchitis Based on Integrated Pharmacology.

Background: Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection is the most common cause of male infertility. Zhibai Dihuang Decoction (ZBDHD) can improve the rate of forwarding motility sperm, sperm deformity rate, seminal plasma zinc and refined berry sugar levels. Methods: The potential targets of ZBDHD are obtained from The Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM). Orchitis-related targets were collected from the Genecards and OMIM databases. The Cytoscape and the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) were utilized to construct and analyzed the networks. Finally, a rat model of orchitis caused by UU infection was used to detect related indicators of mitochondrial energy metabolism using TUNEL apoptosis detection technology, loss cytometry, Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot. Results: A total of 795 ZBDHD targets and 242 orchitis-related targets were obtained. The "ZBDHD- orchitis PPI network" was constructed and analyzed. ZBDHD can regulate signaling pathways and biological processes related to mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results of experimental studies have shown that ZBDHD maintains the integrity of sperm mitochondrial respiratory chain function by enhancing mitochondrial Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities, promotes the synthesis of mitochondrial ATP, and improves sperm energy supply, thereby improving the motility, vitality and survival rate of sperm, and effectively improving the quality of semen in UU-infected rats (p < 0.05). Conclusion:This study discovered the multi-pathway mechanism of ZBDHD intervention in UU-induced orchitis through integrated pharmacological strategies, which provides a reference for further research on the mechanism of ZBDHD intervention in orchitis in the direction of mitochondrial energy metabolism.