Prevalence of Polysubstance Abuse and Dual Diagnosis in Patients Admitted to Alcohol Rehabilitation Units for Alcohol-Related Problems in Italy: Changes in 15 Years.

AIMS: Alcohol abuse has long been known as a disease with social and economic burden to society. Given the complex nature of alcohol treatment, it is worthwhile to examine the change over time of patients admitted to residential alcohol abuse rehabilitation units. METHODS: The data were collected from two Italian projects on alcoholics performed in the mid-1990s (ASSALT) and in 2009 (CORRAL), respectively. Categorical variables were considered in terms of absolute and relative frequencies. Comparisons of relative frequencies between groups were assessed by means of Fisher's exact test. Mixed logistic regression models were fitted to CORRAL data to identify the predictors of the probability of being a polysubstance abuser or having a dual diagnosis. The association estimates were reported as adjusted odds ratios and relative 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Compared to the mid-1990s, in 2009 patients were older (P= 0.0003), with a higher level of education (P= 0.0204), with fewer comorbidities (liver disease except cirrhosis, P < 0.0001; polyneuropathy, P= 0.0001), more frequently polysubstance abusers (P < 0.0001), affected by dual diagnosis (P < 0.0001). In 2009, the probability of being a polysubstance abuser was higher in younger and in patients with dual psychiatric diagnosis. Female gender and polysubstance abuse were positively associated to the probability of being affected by dual psychiatric diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The increment of patients admitted to residential programs for alcohol dependence with polysubstance abuse and/or dual psychiatric diagnoses suggests the need to pay more attention to both psychological/psychiatric interventions and internal medicine/physical rehabilitation. SHORT SUMMARY: The results of this study suggest that further research is needed to identify the best treatment strategy that is safe and effective for the new population of alcoholics.

[Alcohol-addiction inpatient: characteristics of patients and rehabilitation program]. / La residenzialità alcologica ospedaliera: caratteristiche dei pazienti e dei percorsi terapeutici/riabilitativi.

AIM: The treatment of alcohol addiction in Italy has had a progressive evolution of therapeutic structures for in-and outpatients. During the last 20 years there had been a crescent presence of short residential treatment facilities (1-6 months) characterized by a high level of medical and psychotherapeutic intervention. About two years ago 12 of them jointed together in an association called CORRAL (COordinamento of Residenzialità Riabilitive Alcologiche). The aim of this study was to describe the socio-demographic medical and other characteristics of the patients coming for this type of treatment and to describe the characteristics of the residential treatment itself including referring and aftercare. METHODS: Two thousand sixty-one hospitalized patients of the 12 rehabilitative alcohol units were examined by using a questionnaire and collecting various sociodemographic variables and clinical diagnosis of the patients. Even it was asked who had referred the patients, the characteristics of the residential treatment and of the planned aftercare. RESULTS: The present residential facilities are mainly distributed in the North of Italy. The typical patient is male, with a high school instruction and with a comorbidity regarding psychiatric and liver disorders. The majority of the patients were referred by the public ambulatory services for addictions (SerT/SerD). The characteristics of the residential treatment were medical, pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions with a high intensity and the presence of a general-purpose staff. CONCLUSIONS: This study outlined a model of residential rehabilitation of alcohol disorders characterized by short duration and a complex, intense therapeutic intervention mainly addressed to patients with a severe clinical condition and a low level of social problems. Further research should be useful to understand better which sort of patient characteristics obtain a better clinical result and for that even economically a major effectiveness from this type of residential treatment.

The double photoionization of HCl: an ion-electron coincidence study.

The double photoionization of HCl molecules by synchrotron radiation has been studied in the energy range between 30 and 50 eV. The HCl(2+) and Cl(2+) product ions have been detected by a photoelectron-photoion-coincidence technique, while the H(+)+Cl(+) formation, which follows the double ionization of HCl, has been studied by photoelectron-photoion-photoion coincidence. The photon energy threshold for the production of HCl(2+) ions has been found to be 35.4+/-0.6 eV, while for the dissociative channel leading to H(+)+Cl(+), it has been measured a threshold at 36.4+/-0.6 eV and a change in the slope of the cross-section energy dependence at 38.7+/-0.7 eV. The production of H+Cl(2+) occurs with a threshold photon energy of 42.8+/-1.1 eV. These results appear to be in a good agreement with previous data by different experimental techniques and recent theoretical calculations performed by our laboratory.