[Iron deficiency anemia in elderly and senile patients.]

Anemic syndrome is common in 1/3 of the population, including iron deficiency anemia - in 1,5 billion people. Geriatric patients are one of the main risk group for anemia. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia lead to a decrease in quality of life, an increase in morbidity and mortality, what requires timely diagnosis and treatment. The diagnostic algorithm includes the analysis of iron metabolism, inflammation markers and instrumental tests to verify the cause of anemia. Modern oral and parenteral iron preparations are used for treatment under control of blood indexes and iron metabolism parameters.

Chiral Surface Twists and Skyrmion Stability in Nanolayers of Cubic Helimagnets.

Theoretical analysis and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) investigations in an FeGe wedge demonstrate that chiral twists arising near the surfaces of noncentrosymmetric ferromagnets [Meynell et al., Phys. Rev. B 90, 014406 (2014)] provide a stabilization mechanism for magnetic Skyrmion lattices and helicoids in cubic helimagnet nanolayers. The magnetic phase diagram obtained for freestanding cubic helimagnet nanolayers shows that magnetization processes differ fundamentally from those in bulk cubic helimagnets and are characterized by the first-order transitions between modulated phases. LTEM investigations exhibit a series of hysteretic transformation processes among the modulated phases, which results in the formation of the multidomain patterns.

[ANEMIC SYNDROME AND ITS SPECIFICS IN SENIOR PATIENTS].

Clinical practice confirms high frequency of anemic syndrome. Anemia is diagnosed more often in senior patients than on the average. The most prevalent type of anemia in senior groups are iron deficiency anemia and B12-deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic diseases and anemia caused by kidney diseases. The cause of anemic syndrome in 25% of senior patients remains unclear. Anemia leads to impairment of life quality, increased morbidity and mortality in senior people except for patients with anemia of unknown origin.

[Heavy metals as a factor of possible environmentally caused illnesses in the Astrakhan region].

There are presented data about heavy metals as pollutants of the environment and the factors of environment-related diseases. There is given the brief information about the appearance of heavy metals in the environmental objects and the possible occurrence of diseases caused by trace elements deficiency in the region. There are discussed difficulties of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis, associated with general symptoms of many diseases and lack in the medical facilities the equipment for objective detection of heavy metals in human biosubstrates.

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals.

Since the 1950s, Heisenberg and others have addressed the problem of how to explain the appearance of countable particles in continuous fields. Stable localized field configurations were searched for an ingredient for a general field theory of elementary particles, but the majority of nonlinear field models were unable to predict them. As an exception, Skyrme succeeded in describing nuclear particles as localized states, so-called 'skyrmions'. Skyrmions are a characteristic of nonlinear continuum models ranging from microscopic to cosmological scales. Skyrmionic states have been found under non-equilibrium conditions, or when stabilized by external fields or the proliferation of topological defects. Examples are Turing patterns in classical liquids, spin textures in quantum Hall magnets, or the blue phases in liquid crystals. However, it has generally been assumed that skyrmions cannot form spontaneous ground states, such as ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic order, in magnetic materials. Here, we show theoretically that this assumption is wrong and that skyrmion textures may form spontaneously in condensed-matter systems with chiral interactions without the assistance of external fields or the proliferation of defects. We show this within a phenomenological continuum model based on a few material-specific parameters that can be determined experimentally. Our model has a condition not considered before: we allow for softened amplitude variations of the magnetization, characteristic of, for instance, metallic magnets. Our model implies that spontaneous skyrmion lattice ground states may exist generally in a large number of materials, notably at surfaces and in thin films, as well as in bulk compounds, where a lack of space inversion symmetry leads to chiral interactions.

[Peculiarities of treatment of elderly and old patients with femoral neck fractures].

The article presents a review of recent issues of diagnostics and general and surgical treatment of the aged patients with cervical hip fractures. The authors describe an approach of surgical treatment of these fractures requiring enhanced "vital" indications for operation in case of the aged patients due to their desperate state. In compliance with a patient's general state, level of physical activity, bone tissue state the authors formulate indications for inner osteosynthesis, unipolar, bipolar or total endoprosthesis replacement.

Precursor phenomena at the magnetic ordering of the cubic helimagnet FeGe.

We report on detailed magnetic measurements on the cubic helimagnet FeGe in external magnetic fields and temperatures near the onset of long-range magnetic order at T(C)=278.2(3) K. Precursor phenomena display a complex succession of temperature-driven crossovers and phase transitions in the vicinity of T(C). The A-phase region, present below T(C) and fields H<0.5 kOe, is split in several pockets. The complexity of the magnetic phase diagram is theoretically explained by the confinement of solitonic kinklike or Skyrmionic units that develop an attractive and oscillatory intersoliton coupling owing to the longitudinal inhomogeneity of the magnetization.

Quantum order in the chiral magnet MnSi.

Systems lacking inversion symmetry, such as selected three-dimensional compounds, multilayers and surfaces support Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) spin-orbit interactions. In recent years DM interactions have attracted great interest, because they may stabilize magnetic structures with a unique chirality and non-trivial topology. The inherent coupling between the various properties provided by DM interactions is potentially relevant for a variety of applications including, for instance, multiferroic and spintronic devices. The, perhaps, most extensively studied material in which DM interactions are important is the cubic B20 compound MnSi. We review the magnetic field and pressure dependence of the magnetic properties of MnSi. At ambient pressure this material displays helical order. Under hydrostatic pressure a non-Fermi liquid state emerges, where a partial magnetic order, reminiscent of liquid crystals, is observed in a small pocket. Recent experiments strongly suggest that the non-Fermi liquid state is not due to quantum criticality. Instead it may be the signature of spin textures and spin excitations with a non-trivial topology.

[S. P. Botkin--the founder of the domestic clinical gerontology].

The first in the world large-scale gerontology investigation where 2620 elderly patients were examined was carried out by guidance professor S. P. Botkin in St.-Petersburg. The results were published in 1890 in the special book and consisted of 93 papers, including 102 tables.

Three-dimensional chiral skyrmions with attractive interparticle interactions.

We introduce a new class of isolated three-dimensional skyrmion that can occur within the cone phase of chiral magnetic materials. These novel solitonic states consist of an axisymmetric core separated from the host phase by an asymmetric shell. These skyrmions attract one another. We derive regular solutions for isolated skyrmions arising in the cone phase of cubic helimagnets and investigate their bound states.

Skyrmions in nematic liquid crystals.

Analytical solutions for static two-dimensional axisymmetric localized states minimizing the Frank free energy for nematic liquid crystals have been derived. These solitonic structures (skyrmions) include the well-known Belavin-Polyakov solutions as a special case for equal elastic constants. The structure and the equilibrium parameters of these nematic skyrmions crucially depend on values of the elastic constants. Stability limits of these structures and the possibility to observe them in nematic liquid crystals are discussed.

[Epidemiology and risk factors of ischemic stroke in the Middle Ob region]. / Epidemiologiia i faktory riska ishemicheskogo insul'ta v Srednem Priob''e.

Based on the methods of the Brain Stroke Register, a study was made of epidemiology and risk factors (RF) of ischemic brain stroke (IBS) in one of the cities of the Middle Ob region, numbering 220 thousand population. Based on 615 cases of IBS, a noticeable rise of the disease incidence was revealed in a group of subjects aged 40-49 years as was a high level of the morbidity and mortality among persons over 60 years. Studies into RF discovered a high portion of arterial hypertension (75.1%), atherosclerosis (44.3%), aggravated heredity (28.6%), coronary heart disease (27.9%), alcohol abuse (17.9%). In 90.8% of cases, IBS developed in the presence of unfavorable fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, temperature, and the rate of air movement.

[Vertebrobasilar stroke]. / Vertebral'no-baziliarnye insul'ty.

As many as 112 residents of a town in the North of the Tyumen region were examined for the clinical course of vertebral basilar stroke (VBS). The latter ones occurred in 22.9% of patients with ischemic stroke, treated at the neurological hospital. The age of 66% of patients did not exceed 60 years. In 40% of cases, VBS developed within the first 5 years of the living in the Tyumen region and were dependent to a definite measure on the regional meteofactors.

[Comparative clinical characteristics of ischemic stroke with reversible and stable neurological deficit]. / Sravnitel'naia klinicheskaia kharakteristika ishemicheskikh insul'tov s obratnym i stoikim nevrologicheskim defitsitom.

Fifty-four patients with minor and 54 with complete brain stroke were examined for the effect of the patients' age, nature of the underlying disease, its course, acuity of development, initial intensity, and successive dynamics of focal symptoms on the course of brain stroke. It has been discovered that the patients' sex or age, or the nature of the underlying disease do not produce any effect on the development of minor or complete brain stroke. The tendency towards decrease of the intensity of focal symptoms within the first 24 hours since the disease onset and early hospitalization of the patients was of paramount importance in cases with a complete regression of focal symptoms. The highest percentage of minor brain strokes was recorded if the patients were hospitalized within 12 hours since the disease manifestation.

[Vegetative disorders in the clinical picture of temporal lobe tumors]. / Vegetativnye narusheniia v klinike opukholei visochnykh dolei mozga.

Permanent and paroxysmal vegetative disorders were detected in 68,8% of the cases with temporal brain tumors. The intensity of the vegetative disorders was determined by intralobal localizations of the tumor, by the phase of the tumorous process and the histological structure of the neoplasm. Electrophysiological (rheographical) studies of cardiovascular changes detected in most cases marked to a varied extent regional cerebral and systemic disturbances of hemodynamics. Analysis of the cardiac activity demonstrated an increase in the physiological asynchronism of the systolic phases in the right and left ventricles, due to a pronounced disturbance of the right ventricle contractility.

[Experience with the treatment of duodenal ulcer using H2-histamine receptor blockers]. / Opyt lecheniia iazvennoi bolezni dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki blokatorami H2-gistaminovykh retseptorov.

The authors compared the efficacy of the blockers of H2-histamine receptors with the conventional multimodality treatment in patients with peptic ulcer of the duodenum and explored the effect of cimetidine on the secretory and motor functions of the stomach and on the endocrine status of the patients. It was established that cimetidine made the healing of duodenal ulcers more rapid as compared with the use of the multimodality therapy. It was also found that the drug efficacy was mainly related to the suppression of hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach and to the recovery of motor activity of the stomach and duodenum. It is demonstrated that cimetidine has a broad-range action on the endocrine system, which should be taken into consideration in administering cimetidine.

[Receptor characteristics of the duodenal mucosa in peptic ulcer: a new approach to the individual selection of the therapy]. / Retseptornaia kharakteristika duodenal'noi slizistoi pri iazvennoi bolezni: novyi podkhod k individualizirovannomu vyboru terapii.

The radioligand-receptor method was used to assay the M-cholinereceptors and opioid binding centers in biopsy specimens of the duodenal mucosa from 40 patients with duodenal ulcer as compared with the results of subsequent therapy by means of gastrocepin (20 patients) and dalargin (20 patients). Analysis of the isothermal curve of 3H-QNB-binding with duodenal mucosa membranes within Skatchard's coordinates showed the presence of 2 subtypes of muscarinic receptors blocked (M1) and not blocked (M2) by gastrocepin. The majority of the patients in both groups demonstrated a significant decrease of the dissociation constant as compared to the control (20 patients). In patients with high receptor sensitivity to gastrocepin and dalargin, ulcer cicatrization was noted during the treatment in all the cases. Meanwhile the treatment proved little effective in patients with appreciably decreased receptor sensitivity to the drugs under consideration. The data obtained indicate the possibility of predicting the results of duodenal ulcer treatment by means of the radioreceptor analysis, providing the basis for the individualized treatment choice.

[Evaluation of current preparations and local application in treating peptic ulcer exacerbation]. / Otsenka nekotorykh sovremennykh preparatov i mestnogo vozdeistviia v lechenii obostreniia iazvennoi bolezni.

The effects of modern antiulcerous drugs and local action on the gastric mucosa by endoscopy were studied and compared. The endocrine characteristics of the blood serum were analysed in patients with duodenal ulcer after acute and prolonged use of antiulcerous drugs. The treatment with high doses of phosphalugel and cimetidine was shown to compare very favourably with conventional therapy. Duogastron was found to have a low antiulcerous activity. Cimetidine, duogastron and reglan exerted a marked effect on the endocrine system, which should be taken into consideration on prolonged drug use. Local action on the gastric mucosa by means of endoscopy appeared to be effective in patients resistant to drug therapy.