[Evaluation of Psychological Distress in Obstetric Patients during the Visit Ban in Hospitals in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Prospective, Multicentre, Controlled Study]. / Evaluation der psychischen Belastung geburtshilflicher Patientinnen während des Besuchsverbots der Kliniken im Rahmen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie: Eine prospektive, multizentrische, kontrollierte Studie.

INTRODUCTION: Risk factors for postpartum depression include a lack of social support and perceived social isolation. We would like to determine whether the isolation of inpatients on the maternity wards during Covid-19 leads to increased psychological stress. METHODS: This is a multicentre, controlled study of obstetric patients who gave birth during an inpatient stay. Patients were included during the visitation ban (study group) and after the visitation ban (control group). Psychological stress was evaluated with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during the inpatient stay and six to eight weeks postpartum. RESULTS: A total of 194 women were included, 107 in the study group and 87 in the control group. The overall result of the first EPDS shows a higher score in the study group compared to the control group (7.0 vs. 4.9 points). Primipara show a higher score in the first EPDS compared to multipara (7.28 vs. 4.82). Caesarean section, regardless of isolation, shows a higher score in the first EPDS than vaginal birth (8.42 vs. 5.11). Comparison of vaginal birth shows a higher score only in the study group (5.97 vs. 4.07). CONCLUSION: In the context of Covid-19, women giving birth and new mothers, especially primipara, are exposed to increased psychological stress in the clinics. Caesarean section leads to increased psychological stress.

Evolution of Fetal Growth in Symptomatic Sars-Cov-2 Pregnancies.

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 is a viral disease with potentially devastating effects. Observational studies of pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 report an increased risk for FGR. This study utilizes data from a prospective SARS-CoV-2 registry in pregnancy, investigating the progression of fetuses to fetal growth restriction (FGR) at birth following maternal SARS-CoV-2 and evaluating the hypothesis of whether the percentage of SGA at birth is increased after maternal SARS-CoV-2 taking into account the time interval between infection and birth. MATERIALS & METHODS: CRONOS is a prospective German registry enrolling pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during their pregnancy. SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, pregnancy- and delivery-specific information were recorded. The data evaluated in this study range from March 2020 until August 2021. Women with SARS-CoV-2 were divided into three groups according to the time of infection/symptoms to delivery: Group I<2 weeks, Group II 2-4 weeks, and Group III>4 weeks. FGR was defined as estimated and/or birth weight<10% ile, appropriate for gestational age (AGA) was within 10 and 90%ile, and large for gestational age (LGA) was defined as fetal or neonatal weight>90%ile. RESULTS: Data for a total of 2,650 SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant women were available. The analysis was restricted to symptomatic cases that delivered after 24+0 weeks of gestation. Excluding those cases with missing values for estimated fetal weight at time of infection and/or birth weight centile, 900 datasets remained for analyses. Group I consisted of 551 women, Group II of 112 women, and Group III of 237 women. The percentage of changes from AGA to FGR did not differ between groups. However, there was a significantly higher rate of large for gestational age (LGA) newborns at the time of birth compared to the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Group III (p=0.0024), respectively. CONCLUSION: FGR rates did not differ between symptomatic COVID infections occurring within 2 weeks and>4 weeks before birth. On the contrary, it presented a significant increase in LGA pregnancies in Group III. However, in this study population, an increase in the percentage of LGA may be attributed to pandemic measures and a reduction in daily activity.

[SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders: Evaluation of the CRONOS National Registry]. / Hypertensive Schwangerschaftserkrankungen und SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Auswertung des nationalen CRONOS-Registers.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease are associated with an increased risk of hypertensive pregnancy disease in international registry studies. Preexisting hypertensive disorders are recognized as a risk factor of severe COVID-19 progression in pregnancy. The respective damage to the endothelium is discussed as a pathophysiological commonality of both diseases.Data of the national CRONOS registry (data status 05/2021; 1104 pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection) were analyzed regarding the association of hypertensive pregnancy disease and maternal, pregnancy, neonatal, and COVID-19 disease outcomes. In the presence of hypertensive pregnancy disease, a severe combined outcome of pregnancy (17.3 vs. 4.3%, p=0.001), mother (25.0 vs. 9.4%, p=0.001), and newborn (28.8 vs. 9.1%, p<0.0005) occurred significantly more frequent. In contrast, the outcome of COVID-19 disease did not differ (3.8 vs. 7.5%, p=0.424). The co-occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hypertensive pregnancy disease should be acknowledged as risk factor during management decisions.

[Pregnant in the Intensive Care Unit]. / Schwanger auf der Intensivstation.

Although admission to an intensive care unit during pregnancy is rare, pregnant women may become critically ill due to either obstetric or non-obstetric illness. Whilst critical illness due to obstetric reasons during the peripartum period (e.g. peripartum haemorrhage, HELLP-syndrome) is more common, it is also important to know how to care for critically ill pregnant women with non-obstetric illness (e.g. infection, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, trauma). Physiological changes during pregnancy may affect critical care treatment, variation in standard and target values for blood pressure management or artificial ventilation. Pregnancy specific reference values in interpretation of blood chemistry are important issues to consider. The use of different drugs is inevitable in critical care, knowing which drugs are safe to use during the different stages of pregnancy is essential. Caring for mother and unborn child in the ICU is a challenge, open communication, ethical considerations and interdisciplinary as well as multiprofessional collaborations should be key points when caring for critically ill pregnant patients.

Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies with COVID-19 after medically assisted reproduction: results from the prospective COVID-19-Related Obstetrical and Neonatal Outcome Study.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 infections in pregnancy have been associated with maternal morbidity, admission to intensive care, and adverse perinatal outcomes such as preterm birth, stillbirth, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It is unclear whether medically assisted reproduction additionally affects maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of medically assisted reproduction on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with COVID-19 in pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 1485 women with COVID-19 registered in the COVID-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study (a multicentric, prospective, observational cohort study) were included. The maternal and neonatal outcomes in 65 pregnancies achieved with medically assisted reproduction and in 1420 spontaneously conceived pregnancies were compared. We used univariate und multivariate (multinomial) logistic regressions to estimate the (un)adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for adverse outcomes. RESULTS: The incidence of COVID-19-associated adverse outcomes (eg, pneumonia, admission to intensive care, and death) was not different in women after conceptions with COVID-19 than in women after medically assisted reproduction pregnancies. Yet, the risk of obstetrical and neonatal complications was higher in pregnancies achieved through medically assisted reproduction. However, medically assisted reproduction was not the primary risk factor for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes including pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, cervical insufficiency, peripartum hemorrhage, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, or admission to neonatal intensive care. Maternal age, multiple pregnancies, nulliparity, body mass index >30 (before pregnancy) and multiple gestation contributed differently to the increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with COVID-19 independent of medically assisted reproduction. CONCLUSION: Although women with COVID-19 who conceived through fertility treatment experienced a higher incidence of adverse obstetrical and neonatal complications than women with spontaneous conceptions, medically assisted reproduction was not the primary risk factor.

[COVID-19 and pregnancy]. / COVID-19 und Schwangerschaft: Fallserie mit der Komorbidität Diabetes aus der Registerstudie "Covid-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study" (CRONOS).

From March 3 to October 13, 2020, 27 cases with diabetes comorbidity have been recorded in the CRONOS registry (Covid-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study in Germany) among 262 registered women with SARS-CoV­2 infection during their pregnancy. Of those, 21 presented with gestational diabetes, 5 with type 2 diabetes and 1 with type 1 diabetes. About half of the women were asymptomatic and were diagnosed via general screening at hospital admission. The most common symptoms were nasal congestion, cough, tiredness, malaise and changes in smell and taste. The majority of pregnant women showed a mild to moderate course, three women were admitted to the intensive care unit and none required invasive ventilation. In the type 2 diabetes group, there were two cases with late fetal death (37 and 40 weeks of gestation) and one with a malformation, an association with diabetes being most likely. Pregnant women with diabetes mellitus represent a special subgroup; 1 in 10 women in this small cohort required intensive care monitoring due to COVID-19. In addition, this case series underscores the need for unrestricted access to pregnancy care, especially in times of pandemic, for optimal perinatal outcome.

Endometrial cancer: mapping the global landscape of research.

BACKGROUND: From a global viewpoint, endometrial cancer belongs to the most common female cancers. Despite the heavy burden of diseases and numerous unanswered questions, no detailed pictures of the global structure of endometrial cancer research are available so far. Therefore, this malignancy was reviewed using the New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science (NewQIS) protocol. METHODS: Using NewQIS, we identified endometrial carcinoma related research published in the Web of Science from 1900-2015 (P1) and from 2016-2020 (P2). Item analysis was performed with regard to research activity. Also, semi-qualitative aspects and socio-economic benchmarks were visualized using density equalizing mapping. RESULTS: In total, 9,141 from 1900-2015 and 4,593 from 2016-2020 endometrial cancer related studies were identified with the USA having the largest numbers of publications, citations, institutions, as well as the highest country-specific h-Index concerning endometrial cancer research in both periods. In contrast to other fields of cancer research, the two East Asian countries Japan and China followed concerning total research activities until 2015. From 2016 until 2020, China was found in short distance to the USA and was ranked second. In the socio-economic analysis, European countries were in prominent positions. Greece published 579.83 endometrial carcinoma-related articles per billion US-$ GDP, Finland (527.29), Sweden (494.65), Israel (493.75), and Norway (367.85) followed in the ranking. Density equalizing mapping visualized that large parts of Africa, Asia and South America with a high burden of disease played almost no visible role in the endometrial cancer research activities. CONCLUSIONS: Endometrial cancer research activity is continuously increasing from a global viewpoint. However, the majority of original articles is published by authors based in high-income countries. Together with the finding that the research field of public health does only play a minimal role, our study points to the necessity that global health aspects should be introduced to endometrial cancer research.

Low-molecular-weight heparin for women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: a multicenter trial with a minimization randomization scheme.

BACKGROUND: A daily injection of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is often prescribed to women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), although evidence suggesting a benefit is questionable. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether LMWH increases ongoing pregnancy and live-birth rates in women with unexplained RPL. DESIGN: Controlled, multicenter trial with randomization using minimization conducted from 2006 to 2013. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00400387). SETTING: 14 university hospitals and perinatal care centers in Germany and Austria. PATIENTS: 449 women with at least 2 consecutive early miscarriages or 1 late miscarriage were included during 5 to 8 weeks' gestation after a viable pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasonography. INTERVENTION: Women in the control group received multivitamin pills, and the intervention group received vitamins and 5000 IU of dalteparin-sodium for up to 24 weeks' gestation. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy at 24 weeks' gestation. Secondary outcomes included the live-birth rate and late pregnancy complications. RESULTS: At 24 weeks' gestation, 191 of 220 pregnancies (86.8%) and 188 of 214 pregnancies (87.9%) were intact in the intervention and control groups, respectively (absolute difference, -1.1 percentage points [95% CI, -7.4 to 5.3 percentage points]). The live-birth rates were 86.0% (185 of 215 women) and 86.7% (183 of 211 women) in the intervention and control groups, respectively (absolute difference, -0.7 percentage point [CI, -7.3 to 5.9 percentage points]). There were 3 intrauterine fetal deaths (1 woman had used LMWH); 9 cases of preeclampsia or the hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme level, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome (3 women had used LMWH); and 11 cases of intrauterine growth restriction or placental insufficiency (5 women had used LMWH). LIMITATION: Placebo injections were not used, and neither trial staff nor patients were blinded. CONCLUSION: Daily LMWH injections do not increase ongoing pregnancy or live-birth rates in women with unexplained RPL. Given the burden of the injections, they are not recommended for preventing miscarriage. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Pfizer Pharma.

Improved survival in osteosarcoma patients with atypical low vascularization.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is considered a highly vascularized bone tumor with early metastatic dissemination through intratumoral blood vessels mostly into the lung. Novel targets for therapy such as tumor vascularization are highly warranted since little progress has been achieved in the last 30 years. However, proof of relevance for vascularization as a major prognostic parameter has been hampered by tumor heterogeneity, difficulty in detecting microvessels by immunohistochemistry, and small study cohorts. Most recently, we demonstrated that highly standardized whole-slide imaging could overcome these limitations (Kunz et al., PloS One 9(3):e90727, 2014). In this study, we applied this method to a multicenter cohort of 131 osteosarcoma patients to test osteosarcoma vascularization as a prognostic determinant. METHODS: Computer-assisted whole-slide analysis, together with enzymatic epitope retrieval, was used for CD31-based microvessel quantification in 131 pretreatment formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsies from three bone tumor centers. Kaplan-Meier-estimated survival and chemoresponse were determined and multivariate analysis was performed. Conventional hot-spot-based microvessel density (MVD) determination was compared with whole-slide imaging. RESULTS: We detected high estimated overall (p ≤ 0.008) and relapse-free (p ≤ 0.004) survival in 25 % of osteosarcoma patients with low osteosarcoma vascularization in contrast to other patient groups. Furthermore, all patients with low osteosarcoma vascularization showed a good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Comparison of conventional MVD determination with whole-slide imaging suggests false high quantification or even exclusion of samples with low osteosarcoma vascularization due to difficult CD31 detection in previous studies. CONCLUSION: Low intratumoral vascularization at the time of diagnosis is a strong predictor for prolonged survival and good response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma.

Prevention, management and extent of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with hereditary antithrombin deficiency.

Antithrombin (AT) deficiency is a rare hereditary thrombophilia with a mean prevalence of 0.02 % in the general population, associated with a more than ten-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Within this multicenter retrospective clinical analysis, female patients with inherited AT deficiency were evaluated concerning the type of inheritance and extent of AT deficiency, medical treatment during pregnancy and postpartally, VTE risk as well as maternal and neonatal outcome. Statistical analysis was performed with SPPS for Windows (19.0). A total of 18 pregnancies in 7 patients were evaluated, including 11 healthy newborns ≥37th gestational weeks (gw), one small for gestational age premature infant (25th gw), two late-pregnancy losses (21st and 28th gw) and four early miscarriages. Despite low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) administration, three VTE occurred during pregnancy and one postpartally. Several adverse pregnancy outcomes occurred including fetal and neonatal death, as well as severe maternal neurologic disorders occurred. Patients with substitution of AT during pregnancy in addition to LMWH showed the best maternal and neonatal outcome. Close monitoring with appropriate anticoagulant treatment including surveillance of AT levels might help to optimize maternal and fetal outcome in patients with hereditary AT deficiency.

Medical prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: a comparison of different guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains a common cause of maternal mortality worldwide, mainly caused by uterine atony. Medical intervention plays an important part in prevention and therapies of PPH. Prophylactic interventions include the use of uterotonic drugs. We elaborated the consistency of national and international guidelines on those medical approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical approaches in PPH were extracted from recent publications. Furthermore, the current guidelines of the World Health Organization, the FIGO and of the American, British, Canadian and German Societies of Obstetricians and Gynecologists on PPH were analyzed. RESULTS: Oxytocin is considered as therapy of first choice. However, the examined guidelines fail to give unequivocal recommendations on further uterotonics in PPH, which may partially be attributed to differing publication dates of the guidelines. CONCLUSION: International guidelines on PPH are characterized by differing recommendations. However, recent publications suggest that adhering to local guidelines significantly reduces the prevalence of severe PPH.

Hybrid approach of retractor-based and conventional laparoscopy enabling minimally invasive hysterectomy in a morbidly obese patient: case report and review of the literature.

Minimally invasive hysterectomy in obese patients may be limited by laparoscopic sight on the one hand and by intraoperative complications related to reduced ventilation due to pneumoperitoneum on the other. Retractor-based laparoscopy offers an operative technique reducing anesthesia risks. We report the case of laparoscopic hysterectomy in an obese patient of short stature. Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy was performed by a hybrid approach of a retractor system exerting its effects on lifting the abdominal wall through gravity and conventional laparoscopy, thus bypassing the adverse effects of pneumoperitoneum on ventilation.

Variability in COVID-19 Symptom Presentation During Pregnancy and its Impact on Maternal and Infant Outcomes Across the Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: With the dominance of different SARS-CoV-2 variants, the severity of COVID-19 has evolved. We aimed to investigate the difference in symptom prevalence and the association between symptoms and adverse pregnancy outcomes during the dominance of Wild-type/Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. METHODS: COVID-19 related symptom prevalence, maternal and specific neonatal outcomes of 5431 pregnant women registered in this prospective study were compared considering the dominant virus variant. Logistic regression models analyzed the association between specific symptoms and intensive care unit (ICU) admission or preterm birth. RESULTS: Infection with the Delta variant led to an increase in the symptom burden compared to the Wild-type/Alpha variant and the highest risk for respiratory tract symptoms, feeling of sickness, headache, and dizziness/drowsiness. An infection with the Omicron variant was associated with the lowest risk of dyspnea and changes in smell/taste but the highest risk for nasal obstruction, expectoration, headaches, myalgia, and fatigue compared to the Wild-type/Alpha and Delta variant dominant periods. With the progression of the Wild-type/Alpha to the Delta variant neonatal outcomes worsened. Dyspnea and fever were strong predictors for maternal ICU admission and preterm birth independent of vaccination status or trimester of infection onset. CONCLUSION: The symptom burden increased during the Delta period and was associated with worse pregnancy outcomes than in the Wild-type/Alpha area. During the Omicron dominance there still was a high prevalence of less severe symptoms. Dyspnea and fever can predict a severe maternal illness.

Hypoxia abrogates antichlamydial properties of IFN-γ in human fallopian tube cells in vitro and ex vivo.

IFN-γ has an important role in the adaptive immune response against intracellular pathogens. In urogenital tract (UGT) infections with the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, IFN-γ-mediated control of chlamydial growth implies the JAK-STAT signaling cascades and subsequent induction of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). As oxygen concentrations in the UGT are low under physiological conditions (O(2) < 5%) and further decrease during an inflammatory process, we wondered whether antibacterial properties of IFN-γ are maintained under hypoxic conditions. Using primary cells that were isolated from human fallopian tubes and an ex vivo human fallopian tube model (HFTM), we found that even high IFN-γ concentrations (200 units/mL) were not sufficient to limit growth of C. trachomatis under hypoxia. Reduced antibacterial activity of IFN-γ under hypoxia was restricted to the urogenital serovars D and L(2), but was not observed with the ocular serovar A. Impaired effectiveness of IFN-γ on chlamydial growth under hypoxia was accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of Stat-1 on Tyr701 and diminished IDO activity. This study shows that IFN-γ effector functions on intracellular C. trachomatis depend on the environmental oxygen supply, which could explain inadequate bacterial clearance and subsequent chronic infections eventually occurring in the UGT of women.

HER-2-Positive Tumors: A Continuously Evolving Field in Cancer Research.

Almost 25 years ago, trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), was licensed for the treatment of patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer in the United States of America (USA) [...].

Recurrent Miscarriage: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/050, May 2022).

Purpose The aim of this guideline is to standardize the diagnosis and therapy of recurrent miscarriage (RM) using evidence from the recent literature. This is done by using consistent definitions, objective evaluations and standardized treatment protocols. Methods When this guideline was compiled, special consideration was given to previous recommendations in prior versions of this guideline and the recommendations of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, and a detailed individual search of the literature about the different topics was carried out. Recommendations Recommendations about the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures offered to couples with RM were developed based on the international literature. Special attention was paid to known risk factors such as chromosomal, anatomical, endocrinological, physiological coagulation, psychological, infectious and immune disorders. Recommendations were also developed for those cases where investigations are unable to find any abnormality (idiopathic RM).

Breastfeeding Behavior Within the Covid-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study (CRONOS).

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and its influence on peripartum processes worldwide led to issues in breastfeeding support. RESEARCH AIM: The aim of this study was to describe breastfeeding behavior and peripartum in-hospital management during the pandemic in Germany and Austria. METHODS: This study was a descriptive study using a combination of secondary longitudinal data and a cross-sectional online survey. Registry data from the prospective multicenter COVID-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study (CRONOS) cohort study (longitudinal, medical records of 1,815 parent-neonate pairs with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy) and a cross-sectional online survey of CRONOS hospitals' physicians (N = 67) were used for a descriptive comparison of feeding outcomes and postpartum management. RESULTS: In 93.7% (n = 1700) of the cases in which information on the neonate's diet was provided, feeding was with the mother's own milk. Among neonates not receiving their mother's own milk, 24.3% (n = 26) reported SARS-CoV-2 infection as the reason. Peripartum maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe maternal COVID-19 including the need for intensive care unit (ICU) treatment or invasive ventilation, preterm birth, mandatory delivery due to COVID-19, and neonatal ICU admission were associated with lower rates of breastfeeding. Rooming-in positively influenced breastfeeding without affecting neonatal SARS-CoV-2 frequency (4.2% vs. 5.6%). CRONOS hospitals reported that feeding an infant their mother's own milk continued to be supported during the pandemic. In cases of severe COVID-19, four of five hospitals encouraged breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Maintaining rooming-in and breastfeeding support services in the CRONOS hospitals during the pandemic resulted in high breastfeeding rates.

Multiple Gestation as a Risk Factor for SARS-CoV-2-Associated Adverse Maternal Outcome: Data From the COVID-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study (CRONOS).

Introduction: Studies have shown that pregnant women with COVID-19 have a higher risk of intensive care unit admission and invasive mechanical ventilation support than non-pregnant women. Pregnancy-associated physiological changes in respiratory function may contribute to the elevated risk. Alteration in lung volumes and capacities are attributed to the mechanical impediment caused by the growing fetus. Multiple pregnancies may therefore compromise functional lung capacity earlier than singleton pregnancies and contribute to severe respiratory symptoms of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A total of 5514 women with a symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy registered in the COVID-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study were included. The COVID-19-related adverse maternal outcomes were compared in 165 multiple versus 5349 singleton pregnancies. Combined adverse maternal outcome was defined as presence of COVID-19-related hospitalization and/or pneumonia and/or oxygen administration and/or transfer to ICU and/or death. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: The frequency of dyspnea, likelihood of developing dyspnea in a defined pregnancy week and duration of the symptomatic phase of the COVID-19 infection did not differ between the two groups. On average, COVID-19-related combined adverse outcome occurred earlier during pregnancy in women expecting more than one child than in singleton pregnancies. The overall incidence of singular and combined COVID-19-associated adverse maternal outcomes was not significantly different between groups. However, regression analysis revealed that multiple gestation, preconceptional BMI > 30 kg/m 2 and gestational age correlated significantly with an increased risk of combined adverse maternal outcome. Conversely, maternal age and medically assisted reproduction were not significant risk factors for combined adverse maternal outcome. Conclusion: Our data show that multiple gestation alone is a risk factor for COVID-19-associated combined adverse maternal outcome. Moreover, severe courses of COVID-19 in women expecting more than one child are observed earlier in pregnancy than in singleton pregnancies.

Correction: Multiple Gestation as a Risk Factor for SARS-CoV-2-Associated Adverse Maternal Outcome: Data From the COVID-19 Related Obstetric and Neonatal Outcome Study (CRONOS).

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1055/a-2196-6224.].