RESUMEN
Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that is widely used and, unfortunately, often abused. In addition to acute effects such as intoxication, it may cause many chronic pathological conditions. Some of the effects are very well described and explained, but there are still gaps in the explanation of empirically co-founded dysfunction in many alcohol-related conditions. This work focuses on reviewing actual knowledge about the toxic effects of ethanol and its degradation products.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/metabolismo , Etanol/efectos adversos , Etanol/metabolismo , Acetaldehído/metabolismo , Alcohol Deshidrogenasa/genética , Alcohol Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/etiología , Etanol/toxicidad , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Especificidad de Órganos , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
In recent years, data have been repeatedly published stating that most errors in the process of obtaining a laboratory result occur in the pre-analytical phase (46 % to 68.2 %). This is an area that is usually out of direct control of the laboratory, involving venous blood collection (phlebotomy). The detection of these errors is considered to be quite difficult and can therefore easily lead to a misinterpretation of laboratory results with a consequent adverse effect for the patient and even in unintended injury. The most effective way to prevent them is to have a good knowledge of the current blood collection recommendations, which were recently (2018) revised by the European Federation for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) and are offered in this review.
Asunto(s)
Recolección de Muestras de Sangre , Química Clínica , Recolección de Muestras de Sangre/métodos , Humanos , Flebotomía/métodosRESUMEN
This work presents a summary of current knowledge on the laboratory diagnosis of periodontitis. It focuses on the theoretical foundations and is supplemented with new knowledge. It subsequently describes specifically the laboratory diagnosis methods of periodontitis: the protein expression of inflammation, oral microbiology and molecular diagnostics. Periodontitis is a serious disease worldwide and its confirmed association with systemic diseases means its severity is increasing. Its laboratory diagnosis has the potential to rise to the level of clinical and diagnostic imaging. The transfer of diagnostic methods from laboratory to clinical use is increasingly used in the prevention and monitoring of the exacerbation and treatment of periodontal disease, as well as of its impact on systemic disease.