Efficacy and Safety of Appropriate Shocks and Antitachycardia Pacing in Transvenous and Subcutaneous Implantable Defibrillators: Analysis of All Appropriate Therapy in the PRAETORIAN Trial.

BACKGROUND: The PRAETORIAN trial (A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Subcutaneous and Transvenous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy) showed noninferiority of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) compared with transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (TV-ICD) with regard to inappropriate shocks and complications. In contrast to TV-ICD, S-ICD cannot provide antitachycardia pacing for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. This prespecified secondary analysis evaluates appropriate therapy and whether antitachycardia pacing reduces the number of appropriate shocks. METHODS: The PRAETORIAN trial was an international, investigator-initiated randomized trial that included patients with an indication for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy. Patients with previous ventricular tachycardia <170 bpm or refractory recurrent monomorphic ventricular tachycardia were excluded. In 39 centers, 849 patients were randomized to receive an S-ICD (n=426) or TV-ICD (n=423) and were followed for a median of 49.1 months. ICD programming was mandated by protocol. Appropriate ICD therapy was defined as therapy for ventricular arrhythmias. Arrhythmias were classified as discrete episodes and storm episodes (≥3 episodes within 24 hours). Analyses were performed in the modified intention-to-treat population. RESULTS: In the S-ICD group, 86 of 426 patients received appropriate therapy, versus 78 of 423 patients in the TV-ICD group, during a median follow-up of 52 months (48-month Kaplan-Meier estimates 19.4% and 17.5%; P=0.45). In the S-ICD group, 83 patients received at least 1 shock, versus 57 patients in the TV-ICD group (48-month Kaplan-Meier estimates 19.2% and 11.5%; P=0.02). Patients in the S-ICD group had a total of 254 shocks, compared with 228 shocks in the TV-ICD group (P=0.68). First shock efficacy was 93.8% in the S-ICD group and 91.6% in the TV-ICD group (P=0.40). The first antitachycardia pacing attempt successfully terminated 46% of all monomorphic ventricular tachycardias, but accelerated the arrhythmia in 9.4%. Ten patients with S-ICD experienced 13 electrical storms, versus 18 patients with TV-ICD with 19 electrical storms. Patients with appropriate therapy had an almost 2-fold increased relative risk of electrical storms in the TV-ICD group compared with the S-ICD group (P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this trial, no difference was observed in shock efficacy of S-ICD compared with TV-ICD. Although patients in the S-ICD group were more likely to receive an ICD shock, the total number of appropriate shocks was not different between the 2 groups. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01296022.

Subcutaneous or Transvenous Defibrillator Therapy.

BACKGROUND: The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) was designed to avoid complications related to the transvenous ICD lead by using an entirely extrathoracic placement. Evidence comparing these systems has been based primarily on observational studies. METHODS: We conducted a noninferiority trial in which patients with an indication for an ICD but no indication for pacing were assigned to receive a subcutaneous ICD or transvenous ICD. The primary end point was the composite of device-related complications and inappropriate shocks; the noninferiority margin for the upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio (subcutaneous ICD vs. transvenous ICD) was 1.45. A superiority analysis was prespecified if noninferiority was established. Secondary end points included death and appropriate shocks. RESULTS: A total of 849 patients (426 in the subcutaneous ICD group and 423 in the transvenous ICD group) were included in the analyses. At a median follow-up of 49.1 months, a primary end-point event occurred in 68 patients in the subcutaneous ICD group and in 68 patients in the transvenous ICD group (48-month Kaplan-Meier estimated cumulative incidence, 15.1% and 15.7%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71 to 1.39; P = 0.01 for noninferiority; P = 0.95 for superiority). Device-related complications occurred in 31 patients in the subcutaneous ICD group and in 44 in the transvenous ICD group (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.44 to 1.09); inappropriate shocks occurred in 41 and 29 patients, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.89 to 2.30). Death occurred in 83 patients in the subcutaneous ICD group and in 68 in the transvenous ICD group (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.70); appropriate shocks occurred in 83 and 57 patients, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.12). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with an indication for an ICD but no indication for pacing, the subcutaneous ICD was noninferior to the transvenous ICD with respect to device-related complications and inappropriate shocks. (Funded by Boston Scientific; PRAETORIAN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01296022.).

Radiosurgery for ventricular tachycardia (RAVENTA): interim analysis of a multicenter multiplatform feasibility trial.

BACKGROUND: Single-session cardiac stereotactic radiation therapy (SBRT) has demonstrated promising results for patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT). However, the full safety profile of this novel treatment remains unknown and very limited data from prospective clinical multicenter trials are available. METHODS: The prospective multicenter multiplatform RAVENTA (radiosurgery for ventricular tachycardia) study assesses high-precision image-guided cardiac SBRT with 25 Gy delivered to the VT substrate determined by high-definition endocardial and/or epicardial electrophysiological mapping in patients with refractory VT ineligible for catheter ablation and an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Primary endpoint is the feasibility of full-dose application and procedural safety (defined as an incidence of serious [grade ≥ 3] treatment-related complications ≤ 5% within 30 days after therapy). Secondary endpoints comprise VT burden, ICD interventions, treatment-related toxicity, and quality of life. We present the results of a protocol-defined interim analysis. RESULTS: Between 10/2019 and 12/2021, a total of five patients were included at three university medical centers. In all cases, the treatment was carried out without complications. There were no serious potentially treatment-related adverse events and no deterioration of left ventricular ejection fraction upon echocardiography. Three patients had a decrease in VT episodes during follow-up. One patient underwent subsequent catheter ablation for a new VT with different morphology. One patient with local VT recurrence died 6 weeks after treatment in cardiogenic shock. CONCLUSION: The interim analysis of the RAVENTA trial demonstrates early initial feasibility of this new treatment without serious complications within 30 days after treatment in five patients. Recruitment will continue as planned and the study has been expanded to further university medical centers. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03867747 (clinicaltrials.gov). Registered March 8, 2019. Study start: October 1, 2019.

Use of a taurolidine containing antimicrobial wash to reduce cardiac implantable electronic device infection.

AIMS: TauroPace (Tauropharm, Bavaria Germany), a taurolidine solution for combating cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection, was compared with a historical control of 3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a prospective observational study. METHODS AND RESULTS: The device pocket was irrigated, and all hardware accessible within (leads, suture sleeves, pulse generator) was wiped with H2O2, TauroPace, or taurolidine in a galenic formulation during any invasive CIED procedure at the study centre. Only CIED procedures covered by TauroPace or H2O2 from 1 January 2017 to 28 February 2022 were included for analysis. Patients who underwent >1 procedure were censored for the last treatment group and reassigned at the next procedure. The primary endpoint was major CIED infection within 3 months. The secondary endpoints were CIED infection beyond 3 months, adverse events potentially related to the antimicrobial solutions, CIED system, procedure, and death, till the end of follow-up. TauroPace covered 654 procedures on 631 patients, and H2O2 covered 551 procedures on 532 patients. The TauroPace group had more patient risk factors for infection than the H2O2 group (P = 0.0058) but similar device and procedure-specific risk factors (P = 0.17). Cardiac implantable electronic device infection occurred in 0/654 (0%) of the TauroPace group and 6/551 (1.1%) of the H2O2 group (P = 0.0075). Death occurred in 23/654 (3.5%) of the TauroPace group and 14/551 (2.5%) of the H2O2 group (P = 0.33). Non-infection related adverse events were rarer in the TauroPace (3.8%) than the H2O2 (6.0%) group (P = 0.0802). CONCLUSION: TauroPace is safe but more effective than H2O2 in reducing CIED infection. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05576194.

Device-related complications in subcutaneous versus transvenous ICD: a secondary analysis of the PRAETORIAN trial.

BACKGROUND: The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) is developed to overcome lead-related complications and systemic infections, inherent to transvenous ICD (TV-ICD) therapy. The PRAETORIAN trial demonstrated that the S-ICD is non-inferior to the TV-ICD with regard to the combined primary endpoint of inappropriate shocks and complications. This prespecified secondary analysis evaluates all complications in the PRAETORIAN trial. METHODS AND RESULTS: The PRAETORIAN trial is an international, multicentre, randomized trial in which 849 patients with an indication for ICD therapy were randomized to receive an S- ICD (N = 426) or TV-ICD (N = 423) and followed for a median of 49 months. Endpoints were device-related complications, lead-related complications, systemic infections, and the need for invasive interventions. Thirty-six device-related complications occurred in 31 patients in the S-ICD group of which bleedings were the most frequent. In the TV-ICD group, 49 complications occurred in 44 patients of which lead dysfunction was most frequent (HR: 0.69; P = 0.11). In both groups, half of all complications were within 30 days after implantation. Lead-related complications and systemic infections occurred significantly less in the S-ICD group compared with the TV-ICD group (P < 0.001, P = 0.03, respectively). Significantly more complications required invasive interventions in the TV-ICD group compared with the S-ICD group (8.3% vs. 4.3%, HR: 0.59; P = 0.047). CONCLUSION: This secondary analysis shows that lead-related complications and systemic infections are more prevalent in the TV-ICD group compared with the S-ICD group. In addition, complications in the TV-ICD group were more severe as they required significantly more invasive interventions. This data contributes to shared decision-making in clinical practice.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy for ventricular tachycardia (cardiac radiosurgery) : First-in-patient treatment in Germany.

PURPOSE: Single-session cardiac stereotactic body radiotherapy, called cardiac radiosurgery (CRS) or radioablation (RA), may offer a potential treatment option for patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) and electrical storm who are otherwise ineligible for catheter ablation. However, there is only limited clinical experience. We now present the first-in-patient treatment using (CRS/RA) for VT in Germany. METHODS: A 78-year-old male patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and significantly reduced ejection fraction (15%) presented with monomorphic VT refractory to poly-anti-arrhythmic medication and causing multiple implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) interventions over the course of several weeks, necessitating prolonged treatment on an intensive care unit. Ultra-high-resolution electroanatomical voltage mapping (EVM) revealed a re-entry circuit in the cardiac septum inaccessible for catheter ablation. Based on the EVM, CRS/RA with a single session dose of 25 Gy (83% isodose) was delivered to the VT substrate (8.1 cc) using a c-arm-based high-precision linear accelerator on November 30, 2018. RESULTS: CRS/RA was performed without incident and dysfunction of the ICD was not observed. Following the procedure, a significant reduction in monomorphic VT from 5.0 to 1.6 episodes per week and of ICD shock interventions by 81.2% was observed. Besides periprocedural nausea with a single episode of vomiting, no treatment-associated side effects were noted. Unfortunately, the patient died 57 days after CRS/RA due to sepsis-associated cardiac circulatory failure after Clostridium difficile-associated colitis developed during rehabilitation. Histopathologic examination of the heart as part of a clinical autopsy revealed diffuse fibrosis on most sections of the heart without apparent differences between the target area and the posterior cardiac wall serving as a control. CONCLUSION: CRS/RA appears to be a possible treatment option for otherwise untreatable patients suffering from refractory VT and electrical storm. A relevant reduction in VT incidence and ICD interventions was observed, although long-term outcome and consequences of CRS/RA remain unclear. Clinical trials are strongly warranted and have been initiated.

Rationale and design of the PRAETORIAN-DFT trial: A prospective randomized CompArative trial of SubcutanEous ImplanTable CardiOverter-DefibrillatoR ImplANtation with and without DeFibrillation testing.

In transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (TV-ICD) implants, routine defibrillation testing (DFT) does not improve shock efficacy or reduce arrhythmic death but patients are exposed to the risk of complications related to DFT. The conversion rate of DFT in subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) is high and first shock efficacy is similar to TV-ICD efficacy rates. STUDY DESIGN: The PRAETORIAN-DFT trial is an investigator-initiated, randomized, controlled, multicenter, prospective two-arm trial designed to demonstrate non-inferiority of omitting DFT in patients undergoing S-ICD implantation in which the S-ICD system components are optimally positioned. Positioning of the S-ICD will be assessed with the PRAETORIAN score. The PRAETORIAN score is developed to systematically evaluate implant position of the S-ICD system components which determine the defibrillation threshold on post-operative chest X-ray. A total of 965 patients, scheduled to undergo a de novo S-ICD implantation without contra-indications for either DFT strategy, will be randomized to either standard of care S-ICD implantation with DFT, or S-ICD implantation without DFT but with evaluation of the implant position using the PRAETORIAN score. The study is powered to claim non-inferiority of S-ICD implantation without DFT in de novo S-ICD patients in respect to the primary endpoint of first shock efficacy in spontaneous arrhythmia episodes. Patients with a high PRAETORIAN score (≥90) in the interventional arm of this study will undergo DFT according to the same DFT protocol as in the control arm. CONCLUSION: The PRAETORIAN-DFT trial is a randomized trial that aims to gain scientific evidence to safely omit a routine DFT after S-ICD implantation in patients with correct device positioning.

Shock efficacy of single and dual coil electrodes-new insights from the NORDIC ICD Trial.

Aims: Dual coil (DC) electrodes are preferred to single coil (SC) electrodes because of an assumed higher shock efficacy. However, DC-electrodes may be associated with an increased difficulty and risk of lead extraction. We aimed to compare SC- and DC-electrodes with respect to the first shock efficacy (FSE) after implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation. Methods and results: One thousand and seventy-seven patients of the NORDIC ICD trial were randomly assigned to first time ICD implantation with or without defibrillation (DF) testing. The electrode configuration was determined before randomization. One thousand and sixty-seven patients eventually received an ICD, 516 (48.4%) with a SC- and 551 (51.6%) with a DC-electrode. DC-electrodes were preferentially selected in older patients, renal failure, atrial fibrillation, dual chamber, Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) devices, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin (AT) receptor blockers and without Sotalol. However, the preference of the investigational site was dominant over clinical parameters. The DF energy at the final electrode position was higher in SC-electrodes (adjusted difference +1.15 J; P = 0.005; only patients tested). Less patients with DC-electrodes required intra-operative system reconfiguration (adjusted difference -3.9; P = 0.046; only patients tested). Using mixed logistic regression, the FSE was 92.6% in SC- and 97.8% in DC-electrodes (adjusted odds ratio 4.3 (95% confidence interval [1.9, 9.8]; P < 0.001)). Conclusion: Dual coil-electrode selection mainly depends on the preference of the investigational site and seems to be preferred in older patients, renal failure, atrial fibrillation, dual chamber, and CRT devices. Patients with DC-electrodes required less intraoperative system reconfigurations. Dual coil-electrodes provided a substantially higher FSE during follow-up. Mortality rates were not significantly different in patients with DC- and SC-electrodes.

Cardiac Contractility Modulation: A Technical Guide for Device Implantation.

This article provides a technical description of common implant practice for delivery of cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) therapy to heart failure patients. As of September 2016, the authors of this article collectively have been involved with more than 400 system implantations in five medical centers, beginning with the advent of CCM therapy approximately 12 years ago. CCM therapy has been evaluated in a variety of studies, and was shown to be safe and effective and of benefit to patient quality of life and exercise capacity. As the use of CCM therapy continuously expands among medical centers in Europe, this article describes the technical and practical aspects of the implant procedure, and additional special technical cases based on our cumulative experience.

Intra-operative defibrillation testing and clinical shock efficacy in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: the NORDIC ICD randomized clinical trial.

AIMS: This trial was designed to test the hypothesis that shock efficacy during follow-up is not impaired in patients implanted without defibrillation (DF) testing during first implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between February 2011 and July 2013, 1077 patients were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to first time ICD implantation with (n = 540) or without (n = 537) DF testing. The intra-operative DF testing was standardized across all participating centres, and all ICD shocks were programmed to 40 J irrespective of DF test results. The primary end point was the average first shock efficacy (FSE) for all true ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (VT/VF) episodes during follow-up. The secondary end points included procedural data, serious adverse events, and mortality. During a median follow-up of 22.8 months, the model-based FSE was found to be non-inferior in patients with an ICD implanted without a DF test, with a difference in FSE of 3.0% in favour of the no DF test [confidence interval (CI) -3.0 to 9.0%, Pnon-inferiority <0.001 for the pre-defined non-inferiority margin of -10%). A total of 112 procedure-related serious adverse events occurred within 30 days in 94 patients (17.6%) tested compared with 89 events in 74 patients (13.9%) not tested (P = 0.095). CONCLUSION: Defibrillation efficacy during follow-up is not inferior in patients with a 40 J ICD implanted without DF testing. Defibrillation testing during first time ICD implantation should no longer be recommended for routine left-sided ICD implantation.

The NO Regular Defibrillation testing In Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation (NORDIC ICD) trial: concept and design of a randomized, controlled trial of intra-operative defibrillation testing during de novo defibrillator implantation.

AIMS: Although defibrillation (DF) testing is still considered a standard procedure during implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) insertion and has been an essential element of all trials that demonstrated the survival benefit of ICD therapy, there are no large randomized clinical trials demonstrating that DF testing improves clinical outcome and if the outcome would remain the same by omitting DF testing. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between February 2011 and July 2013, we randomly assigned 1077 patients to ICD implantation with (n = 540) or without (n = 537) DF testing. The intra-operative DF testing was standardized across all participating centres. After inducing a fast ventricular tachycardia (VT) with a heart rate ≥240 b.p.m. or ventricular fibrillation (VF) with a low-energy T-wave shock, DF was attempted with an initial 15 J shock. If the shock reversed the VT or VF, DF testing was considered successful and terminated. If unsuccessful, two effective 24 J shocks were administered. If DF was unsuccessful, the system was reconfigured and another DF testing was performed. An ICD shock energy of 40 J had to be programmed in all patients for treatment of spontaneous VT/VF episodes. The primary endpoint was the average efficacy of the first ICD shock for all true VT/VF episodes in each patient during follow-up. The secondary endpoints included the frequency of system revisions, total fluoroscopy, implantation time, procedural serious adverse events, and all-cause, cardiac, and arrhythmic mortality during follow-up. Home Monitoring was used in all patients to continuously monitor the system integrity, device programming and performance. CONCLUSION: The NO Regular Defibrillation testing In Cardioverter Defibrillator Implantation (NORDIC ICD) trial is one of two large prospective randomized trials assessing the effect of DF testing omission during ICD implantation. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01282918.

[A curricular training of fourth year medical students in writing discharge summaries: the graduate view after two years]. / Curriculare Übung zum Verfassen von Arztbriefen im vierten Jahr des Medizinstudiums - Einschätzungen der Teilnehmer nach zwei Jahren.

BACKGROUND: Preparing high quality discharge summaries is difficult for first year residents. For 5 years we have been training fourth year students how to write discharge summaries. Our goal is to facilitate the students' start into clinical work. Moreover, we intend to provide the students with a scheme to better memorize patients' histories. Two years after the tutorial the graduates were asked to evaluate the tutorial and to comment on its learning effects. METHODS: A total of 1228 fourth year students wrote a discharge summary on a patient in whose care the specific student was involved during his or her training in internal medicine. All summaries were read, commented on and graded by a consultant. Two years after the tutorial 310 graduates were invited to complete an online survey on this tutorial. RESULTS: 106 (34%) of all invited graduates completed the survey. The opinions on the tutorial greatly differed. In principal the students agreed that the tutorial was an important part of medical training and helped to better structure patients' medical data. The majority of the surveyed graduates, however, were not convinced of its practical usefulness for daily work. The students with the poorer grading found their grade less appropriate than the students with the better grading. CONCLUSIONS: Though our main goal could not be achieved in the view of the graduates, the overall opinion was rather positive. Problems with this kind of tutorial lay in the enormous effort of correction and in the discouraging effect of grading on the students with difficulties in the task.

Comparative effectiveness of factor Xa non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants versus phenprocoumon in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have largely supplanted vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for oral anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). However, data on the real-world effectiveness of NOACs vs. phenprocoumon, a VKA widely used in Germany, are limited. The RELOADED study aimed to compare effectiveness of factor Xa NOACs and phenprocoumon in NVAF in clinical practice. METHODS: Patients who started on a factor Xa NOAC or phenprocoumon for NVAF during the study period were enrolled from the Institute for Applied Healthcare Research Berlin. Patients were followed from first prescription until the end of exposure or available data. Primary outcomes were analyzed by Cox proportional hazard regression models and included ischemic stroke and systemic embolism for effectiveness, and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) for safety. Subgroups of interest were patients with diabetes and patients with renal impairment. RESULTS: The total study population was 64,920; 36.3% of patients initiated phenprocoumon, 34.4% initiated rivaroxaban, 25.0% apixaban, and 4.4% edoxaban. Treatment with phenprocoumon is associated with a similar risk of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism as treatment with rivaroxaban or apixaban; while rivaroxaban (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-0.75) and apixaban (adjusted HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.31-0.6) were associated with a lower risk of ICH compared to phenprocoumon in NVAF patients. The use of rivaroxaban and apixaban was associated with a lower risk of developing kidney failure in patients with diabetes or renal impairment in comparison to those treated with phenprocoumon. CONCLUSION: The factor Xa NOACs rivaroxaban and apixaban demonstrated similar effectiveness and lower rates of ICH compared with phenprocoumon in this study.

A new model to perform electrophysiological studies in the early embryonic mouse heart.

BACKGROUND: The first electrocardiograms (ECGs) have been recorded with a capillary electrometer in the late 19(th) century by John Burdon Sanderson and Augustus Waller. In 1903 Willem Einthoven used the much more sensitive string galvanometer and was awarded Nobel Price in Medicine for this discovery. Though the physical principles of that era are still in use, there have been many advances but also challenges in cardiac electrophysiology over the last decades. One challenge is to record electrocardiograms of rather small animals such as mice and even smaller organisms such as their embryos. As mice belong to the most routinely used laboratory animals it is important to better understand their physiology and specific diseases. We therefore aimed to study whether it is feasible to measure electrical activities of embryonic mouse hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS: For our studies we used substrate-integrated Microelectrode Arrays combined with newly developed stimulation electrodes to perform electrophysiological studies in these hearts. The system enabled us to perform ECG-like recordings with atrio-ventricular (anterograde) and ventriculo-atrial (retrograde) stimulation. The functional separation of atria and ventricles, indicated by a stable atrio-ventricular conduction time, occurred clearly earlier than the morphological separation. Electrical stimulation induced a reversible prolongation of the anterograde and retrograde conduction up to atrio-ventricular conduction blocks at higher frequencies. CONCLUSION: These results yield new insight into functional aspects of murine cardiac development, and may help as a new diagnostic tool to uncover the functional and electrophysiological background of embryonic cardiac phenotypes of genetically altered mice.

A survey of German centres performing invasive electrophysiology: structure, procedures, and training positions.

AIMS: To provide a nationwide survey (and reference for the future) on cardiac electrophysiologists, types and numbers of invasive electrophysiological procedures, and training opportunities in 2010. METHODS AND RESULTS: German cardiology centres performing invasive electrophysiology were identified from quality reports and contacted to fill a questionnaire. A majority of 122 centres (65%) responded. Electrophysiology (ablation procedures and device therapy) was mainly part of a cardiology department (82%), and only in 9% independent (own budget). In only 58% of the centres, (at least) two physicians were present during catheter ablations. Although in 2010, women represented 59.4% of physicians <35 years old, only 26% of physicians in electrophysiology training were female. In total, 33 420 catheter ablations were performed with a median number of 180 per centre. Atrial fibrillation (AF) was the most common arrhythmia invasively treated (35%). At least 50 AF ablations were performed in 53% of the centres. Of the centres performing AF ablations, consecutive left atrial arrhythmias were treated by catheter ablation only in 75%, and only 44% had in-house surgical backup. Only one-fourth of the 122 centres fulfilled all requirements for training centre accreditation according to the European Heart Rhythm Association and the German Cardiac Society. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a high number of electrophysiology centres and procedures in Germany. Atrial fibrillation was the most common arrhythmia invasively treated. An increasing demand for catheter ablation is likely, but training opportunities are limited. Women are clearly underrepresented. A co-operation of higher and lower volume electrophysiology centres may be necessary for training purposes.

Question-writing as a learning tool for students--outcomes from curricular exams.

BACKGROUND: Writing exam questions can be a valuable learning tool. We asked students to construct multiple choice questions for curricular exams in Internal Medicine. The questions for the particular exams were chosen from a pool of at least 300 student-written questions. The uncorrected pool was accessible to all students. We studied the influence of this approach on the students' learning habits and their test results. We hypothesized that creating a pool of their own questions for the exams could encourage students to discuss the learning material. METHODS: All students had to pass 4 exams in 7 fields of Internal Medicine. Three exams were comprised of 20 questions, and we applied the new method in one of these exams. The fourth exam was comprised of 30 questions, 15 of which were chosen from a students' pool. After all exams had been completed we asked the students to fill in a web-based questionnaire on their learning habits and their views on the new approach. The test-results were compared to the results of the lecturers' questions that defined high and low performing students. RESULTS: A total of 102 students completed all four exams in a row, 68 of whom filled in the questionnaire. Low performing students achieved significantly better results in the students' questions. There was no difference in the number of constructed questions between both groups of students. The new method did not promote group work significantly. However, high performing students stated a stronger wish to be rewarded by good performance. CONCLUSIONS: Creating a curricular exam by choosing questions from a pool constructed by students did not influence the learning habits significantly and favored low performing students. Since the high performing students sought to be rewarded for their efforts, we do not consider the approach applied in our study to be appropriate.

[Pacemaker infection in fragile patients]. / Herzschrittmacherinfektion bei fragilen Patienten.

Complications associated with cardiac implantable electric devices (CIED) are manifold. They include lead dislocation, twiddler's syndrome, device malfunction, haematoma formation and infection. Infections can be divided into acute, subacute and late infections. Both the time of onset and the route of infection play a crucial role. The consequences of a CIED infection are devastating. The most modern treatment methods include the removal of all implanted implants. If complete removal is not followed in the event of infection, there is a high rate of infection recurrence. Open thoracic surgery to remove infected CIED hardware has been replaced by percutaneous lead extraction procedures. Lead extraction requires specialised equipment and expertise and may not be readily available or feasible for some patients. Each extraction procedure is associated with a small risk of potentially fatal complications (e.g. cardiac avulsion, vascular avulsion, haemothorax and cardiac tamponade). For these reasons, the performance of such procedures should be limited to centres with adequate equipment and experience. Successful salvage of CIED systems with in situ sterilisation of contaminated hardware has been reported. In our case, we report the successful salvage of an exposed generator in a frail patient treated more than 5 years after the last generator replacement.

Use of Taurolidine in a Patient With a Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Protrusion.

We report the successful salvage of cardiac implantable electronic device pulse generator protrusion sealed by the surrounding skin in a frail patient presenting 5 months after the last surgical revision. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

The European TauroPace™ Registry.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) placement comes with certain complications. CIED infection is a severe adverse event related to CIED placement. In randomised controlled trials, the preoperative intravenous administration of antibiotics and the adjunctive use of an antibiotic mesh envelope resulted in significant reduction in infections related to cardiac implantable electronic devices. The adjunctive use of taurolidine for this purpose is relatively novel and not considered in the guidelines. The required evidence may consist of a set of clinical studies. METHODS: The European TauroPaceTM registry (ETPR) prospectively evaluates every consecutive invasive procedure involving any CIED with adjunct TauroPace™ use in the contributing centres. As the estimation of the infection rate needs to be defensible, only interventions registered prior to the procedure will be followed-up. The endpoint is a major cardiac implantable electronic device infection according to the novel CIED infection criteria (1). Secondary endpoints comprise all-cause mortality, complications, adverse events of all grades, and major CIED infections during all follow-up examinations. The follow-up times are three months, twelve months, and eventually 36 months, as acute, subacute, and long-term CIED infections are of interest. RESULTS: As the rate of CIED infections is expected to be very low, this registry is a multicentre, international project that will run for several years. Several reports are planned. The analyses will be included in the case number calculations for future randomised controlled trials. CONCLUSIONS: The ETPR will accumulate large case numbers to estimate small event rates more precisely; we intend to follow up on participants for years to reveal possible late effects.

Quality assurance process within the RAdiosurgery for VENtricular TAchycardia (RAVENTA) trial for the fusion of electroanatomical mapping and radiotherapy planning imaging data in cardiac radioablation.

A novel quality assurance process for electroanatomical mapping (EAM)-to-radiotherapy planning imaging (RTPI) target transport was assessed within the multi-center multi-platform framework of the RAdiosurgery for VENtricular TAchycardia (RAVENTA) trial. A stand-alone software (CARDIO-RT) was developed to enable platform independent registration of EAM and RTPI of the left ventricle (LV), based on pre-generated radiotherapy contours (RTC). LV-RTC were automatically segmented into the American-Heart-Association 17-segment-model and a manual 3D-3D method based on EAM 3D-geometry data and a semi-automated 2D-3D method based on EAM screenshot projections were developed. The quality of substrate transfer was evaluated in five clinical cases and the structural analyses showed substantial differences between manual target transfer and target transport using CARDIO-RT.