RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Gut microbiota have been described as key factors in the pathophysiology of obesity and different components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The cafeteria diet (CAF)-fed rat is a preclinical model that reproduces most of the alterations found in human MetS by simulating a palatable human unbalanced diet. Our objective was to assess the effects of CAF on gut microbiota and their associations with different components of MetS in Wistar rats. METHODS: Animals were fed a standard diet or CAF for 12 weeks. A partial least square-based methodology was used to reveal associations between gut microbiota, characterized by 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing, and biochemical, nutritional and physiological parameters. RESULTS: CAF feeding resulted in obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in gut bacterial diversity, decreased Firmicutes and an increase in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria abundances, which were concomitant with increased endotoxemia. Associations of different genera with the intake of lipids and carbohydrates were opposed from those associated with the intake of fiber. Changes in gut microbiota were also associated with the different physiological effects of CAF, mainly increased adiposity and altered levels of plasma leptin and glycerol, consistent with altered adipose tissue metabolism. Also hepatic lipid accretion was associated with changes in microbiota, highlighting the relevance of gut microbiota homeostasis in the adipose-liver axis. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results suggest that CAF feeding has a profound impact on the gut microbiome and, in turn, that these changes may be associated with important features of MetS.
Asunto(s)
Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Animales , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Resistencia a la Insulina , Masculino , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/fisiología , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Metagenoma/genética , Metagenoma/fisiología , Tamaño de los Órganos/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The purpose of the present study was to compare the relative absorption of a new powder presentation of silicon (Si) as orthosilicic acid with maltodextrin (Orgono Powder) compared to usual Si liquid presentations as orthosilicic acid with Equisetum arvense and Rosmarinus officinalis (G5 Siliplant) and orthosilicic acid with aloe vera (G7 Aloe). All dietary supplements were administered at the same Si oral dose (21.6 mg) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover post-prandial study conducted in 5 healthy men. Urine was collected at baseline and over the 6-h post-dose period in 2 separate 3-h collections for the analysis of Si concentration, which was conducted by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry as the gold standard method. No significant differences in total urinary Si excretion were found after the intake of these 3 dietary supplements; 34.6%, 32.4% and 27.2% of the ingested Si from G7 Aloe, G5 Siliplant and Orgono Powder, respectively, was excreted in urine over the 6-h follow-up period. The 3 different oral Si formulations tested, in powder and liquid presentations, provide highly bioavailable Si and present an equivalent relative absorption in healthy humans.
Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Silicio/farmacocinética , Adulto , Aloe , Estudios Cruzados , Método Doble Ciego , Equisetum , Humanos , Absorción Intestinal , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , Extractos Vegetales/farmacocinética , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Periodo Posprandial , Rosmarinus , Ácido Silícico/farmacocinética , Ácido Silícico/orina , Silicio/orinaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of dietary macronutrient content on adiposity parameters and adipocyte hypertrophy/hyperplasia in subcutaneous and visceral fat depots from Wistar rats using combined histological and computational approaches. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were distributed into 4 groups and were assigned to different nutritional interventions: Control group (chow diet); high-fat group, HF (60% E from fat); high-fat-sucrose group, HFS (45% E from fat and 17% from sucrose); and high-sucrose group, HS (42% E from sucrose). At day 35, rats were sacrificed, blood was collected, tissues were weighed and fragments of different fat depots were kept for histological analyses with the new softwareAdiposoft. Rats fed with HF, HFS and HS diets increased significantly body weight and total body fat against Control rats, being metabolic impairments more pronounced on HS rats than in the other groups. Cellularity analyses usingAdiposoft revealed that retroperitoneal adipose tissue is histologically different than mesenteric and subcutaneous ones, in relation to bigger adipocytes. The subcutaneous fat pad was the most sensitive to the diet, presenting adipocyte hypertrophy induced by HF diet and adipocyte hyperplasia induced by HS diet. The mesenteric fat pad had a similar but attenuated response in comparison to the subcutaneous adipose tissue, while retroperitoneal fat pad only presented adipocyte hyperplasia induced by the HS diet intake after 35 days of intervention. These findings provide new insights into the role of macronutrients in the development of hyperplastic obesity, which is characterized by the severity of the clinical features. Finally, a new tool for analyzing histological adipose samples is presented.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Grasas de la Dieta , Adipocitos/patología , Adiposidad/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Peso Corporal , Hiperplasia/metabolismo , Hipertrofia , Lípidos/química , Masculino , Obesidad/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Sacarosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Diet-induced obesity is associated to an imbalance in the normal gut microbiota composition. Resveratrol and quercetin, widely known for their health beneficial properties, have low bioavailability, and when they reach the colon, they are targets of the gut microbial ecosystem. Hence, the use of these molecules in obesity might be considered as a potential strategy to modulate intestinal bacterial composition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether trans-resveratrol and quercetin administration could counteract gut microbiota dysbiosis produced by high-fat sucrose diet (HFS) and, in turn, improve gut health. Wistar rats were randomised into four groups fed an HFS diet supplemented or not with trans-resveratrol [15 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day], quercetin (30 mg/kg BW/day) or a combination of both polyphenols at those doses. Administration of both polyphenols together prevented body weight gain and reduced serum insulin levels. Moreover, individual supplementation of trans-resveratrol and quercetin effectively reduced serum insulin levels and insulin resistance. Quercetin supplementation generated a great impact on gut microbiota composition at different taxonomic levels, attenuating Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and inhibiting the growth of bacterial species previously associated to diet-induced obesity (Erysipelotrichaceae, Bacillus, Eubacterium cylindroides). Overall, the administration of quercetin was found to be effective in lessening HFS-diet-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. In contrast, trans-resveratrol supplementation alone or in combination with quercetin scarcely modified the profile of gut bacteria but acted at the intestinal level, altering the mRNA expression of tight-junction proteins and inflammation-associated genes.
Asunto(s)
Heces/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Quercetina/administración & dosificación , Estilbenos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Bacillus/efectos de los fármacos , Bacillus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacteroidetes/efectos de los fármacos , Bacteroidetes/crecimiento & desarrollo , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Firmicutes/efectos de los fármacos , Firmicutes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Resistencia a la Insulina , Obesidad/microbiología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Resveratrol , Sacarosa/administración & dosificación , Sacarosa/efectos adversos , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
The gastrointestinal tract harbours a 'superorganism' called the gut microbiota, which is known to play a crucial role in the onset and development of diverse diseases. This internal ecosystem, far from being a static environment, can be manipulated by diet and dietary components. Feeding animals with high-fat sucrose (HFS) diets entails diet-induced obesity, a model which is usually used in research to mimic the obese phenotype of Western societies. The aim of the present study was to identify gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated metabolic changes produced in male Wistar rats fed a HFS diet for 6 weeks and compare it with the basal microbial composition. For this purpose, DNA extracted from faeces at baseline and after treatment was analysed by amplification of the V4-V6 region of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene using 454 pyrosequencing. Short-chain fatty acids, i.e. acetate, propionate and butyrate, were also evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At the end of the treatment, gut microbiota composition significantly differed at phylum level (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) and class level (Erisypelotrichi, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia and Bacilli). Interestingly, the class Clostridia showed a significant decrease after HFS diet treatment, which correlated with visceral adipose tissue, and is likely mediated by dietary carbohydrates. Of particular interest, Clostridium cluster XIVa species were significantly reduced and changes were identified in the relative abundance of other specific bacterial species (Mitsuokella jalaludinii, Eubacterium ventriosum, Clostridium sp. FCB90-3, Prevotella nanceiensis, Clostridium fusiformis, Clostridium sp. BNL1100 and Eubacterium cylindroides) that, in some cases, showed opposite trends to their relative families. These results highlight the relevance of characterising gut microbial population differences at species level and contribute to understand the plausible link between diet and specific gut bacterial species that are able to influence the inflammatory status, intestinal barrier function and obesity development.
Asunto(s)
Biota/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta/métodos , Disbiosis , Grasas/administración & dosificación , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Sacarosa/administración & dosificación , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Heces/química , Heces/microbiología , Fermentación , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Ratas Wistar , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Antioxidant-based treatments are emerging as an interesting approach to possibly counteract obesity fat accumulation complications, since this is accompanied by an increased systemic oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to analyze specific metabolic effects of vitamin C (VC) on epididymal primary rat adipocytes. Cells were isolated and incubated for 72 h in culture medium, in the absence or presence of 1.6 nM insulin, within a range of VC concentrations (5-1000 microM). Glucose- and lipid-related variables as well as the secretion/expression patterns of several obesity-related genes were assessed. It was observed that VC dose dependently inhibited glucose uptake and lactate production, and also reduced glycerol release in both control and insulin-treated cells. Also, VC caused a dramatic concentration-dependent fall in leptin secretion especially in insulin-stimulated cells. In addition, VC (200 microM) induced Cdkn1a and Casp8, partially inhibited Irs3, and together with insulin drastically reduced Gpdh (listed as Gpd1 in the MGI database) gene expressions. Finally, VC and insulin down-regulatory effects were observed on extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen species production respectively. In summary, this experimental assay describes a specific effect of VC in isolated rat adipocytes on glucose and fat metabolism, and on the secretion/expression of important obesity-related proteins.
Asunto(s)
Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Leptina/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Adipocitos/citología , Adipoquinas/genética , Adipoquinas/metabolismo , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Medios de Cultivo/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/fisiología , Obesidad/genética , Obesidad/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
The following were analysed with the object of evaluating a provincial diabetes programme (Institut Català de la Salut. Tarragona Management Areas): a) training activities for professionals in primary health care, and b) some indicators of effectiveness. Between 1987 and 1989, 192 professionals of the institution (89 doctors [46.3%], 85 nursing specialists [44.2%], and 18 members of other health care areas [9.5%]) took part in 8 basic courses on diabetes and diabetological education. A subjective (opinion questionnaires) and objective (written tests) increase in theoretic knowledge was recorded. Continuous counselling from the programme has encouraged the development of 11 initiatives in aiding diabetics (both care and education), in centres in 7 regions in the province of Tarragona, which are presently offered to a reference population of 188,000 inhabitants (30-35% of all users). A provincial census has been started up, with data at present on 2,052 diabetics (189, or 9.3%, type I and 1,863, or 90.7%, type II). A strong increase was recorded in provincial dispensing of insulins by pharmacies (50% higher than in 1985), as well as of material for glucoketonuric and glycemic self-analysis (7-8 times higher than in 1985). Requests for glycosylated hemoglobin from the primary sector rose from 53 in 1986 to 634 over the first six months of 1989. The programme has contributed to enhance the quality of primary aid to diabetics in our regions.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Planificación de Atención al Paciente , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Humanos , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Atención Primaria de Salud , EspañaRESUMEN
To evaluate a provincial diabetes program for primary care in Tarragona 14 months after its implementation, the data provided by all centers were evaluated. The participants were 8 CAPS and the professionals of a rural area, with a reference population of 170,159. A total of 1,766 diabetic patients were sensed. 131 were type I (7.4%) and 1,635 type II (90.6%). The health care variables of 1,197 patients (67.7%) and the rate of complications of 654 (54.6%) were assessed. A high prevalence of hypertension (50.0%) and dyslipemia (40.5%) were found associated with diabetes. Overall 868 individuals (72.5%) received individualized education in the clinic; 112 of these (12.9%) were included in collective education programs for groups. At the time of this evaluation, the proportion of patients treated with insulin (174/545) was significantly higher than that found before the program (79/402, p less than 0.0001). The practice of glycemic self assessment at home was also significantly increased (82/691 versus 440/1, 124; p less than 0.0001). The initial impact on the professional and diabetic patients of our area has been remarkable. Although the planning of multicentric evaluation systems in complex, it is possible to implement it if the data and recording system are coordinated.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Atención Primaria de Salud , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , EspañaAsunto(s)
Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico , Fenolftaleínas , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Métodos , Punción EspinalRESUMEN
No disponible
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of dietary macronutrient content on adiposity parameters and adipocyte hypertrophy/hyperplasia in subcutaneous and visceral fat depots from Wistar rats using combined histological and computational approaches. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were distributed into 4 groups and were assigned to different nutritional interventions: Control group (chow diet); high-fat group, HF (60% E from fat); high-fat-sucrose group, HFS (45% E from fat and 17% from sucrose); and high-sucrose group, HS (42% E from sucrose). At day 35, rats were sacrificed, blood was collected, tissues were weighed and fragments of different fat depots were kept for histological analyses with the new softwareAdiposoft. Rats fed with HF, HFS and HS diets increased significantly body weight and total body fat against Control rats, being metabolic impairments more pronounced on HS rats than in the other groups. Cellularity analyses usingAdiposoft revealed that retroperitoneal adipose tissue is histologically different than mesenteric and subcutaneous ones, in relation to bigger adipocytes. The subcutaneous fat pad was the most sensitive to the diet, presenting adipocyte hypertrophy induced by HF diet and adipocyte hyperplasia induced by HS diet. The mesenteric fat pad had a similar but attenuated response in comparison to the subcutaneous adipose tissue, while retroperitoneal fat pad only presented adipocyte hyperplasia induced by the HS diet intake after 35 days of intervention. These findings provide new insights into the role of macronutrients in the development of hyperplastic obesity, which is characterized by the severity of the clinical features. Finally, a new tool for analyzing histological adipose samples is presented (AU)