Use of over-the-counter mouthwashes as an additional measure in individual oral prophylaxis on adults with plaque-induced gingivitis: a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Plaque-induced gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by complete reversibility of tissue damage once the periodontal biofilm has been disorganised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available mouthwashes (MWs) versus a chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% MW in reducing gingival bleeding (GB) in adults with plaque-induced gingivitis. METHODS: The present study was a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial involving 6492 gingival sites (i.e. 39 subjects × 28 teeth × 6 sites/tooth) aged 18-75 years. During a 2-week period, subjects were randomized to receive MWs: a control CHX 0.12% MW (group C, 1818 sites); a MW test containing CHX 0.09% + Citrox®/P complex (group CX, 2628 sites); a MW test based on natural compounds (group P, 2016 sites). GB was assessed at the inclusion visit (T0) and after 2 weeks of MW use (T1). Analyses of GB were compared between groups and then restricted to subjects with bleeding sites between 10 and 30% (moderate gingivitis) or ≥ 30% (severe gingivitis) at T0. Pairwise comparisons were made between groups and logistic regression was used to identify correlates of GB (T1). RESULTS: For total bleeding site analysis, GB reduction between T0 and T1 ranged from 23% (C), 26% (CX) and 36% (P), respectively (all p < 0.05). Multiple comparison between groups showed that group C was significantly less effective (p < 0.05) than groups CX and P. Splitting the analysis, in patients with severe gingivitis (≥ 30% bleeding sites at T0), all MWs had a positive effect on GB with a reduction at T1 of 36% (C), 33% (CX) and 42% (P), respectively. While GB reduction between T0 and T1, was significant for all groups, the comparison among groups showed no significant difference between group C and CX, whereas the improvement was significant for group P. On the other hand, in adults with moderate gingivitis (< 30% bleeding sites at T0), only CX and P had a positive effect on GB reduction at T1(9% in CX and 2% in P, respectively), although the differences between the three groups were not significant. CONCLUSION: The daily use of MWs with natural components (groups P and CX) for 2 weeks should be considered positively as an adjunct to individual oral prophylaxis to reduce GB compared to the control MW containing CHX 0.12% (group C) in healthy adults with plaque-induced gingivitis. For subjects with severe gingivitis, it is advisable to first use natural MW (P) and then MW based on CHX 0.09% with natural components (CX), compared to MW with CHX 0.12% (C). For adults with moderate gingivitis, P and CX can be advisable, even if no definitive recommendations can be drawn. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12622000215729, 07/02/2022.

Stage II and stage III periodontitis clinical burdens of HIV-1 undergoing antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to estimate the association of HIV-1 infection under highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on the clinical parameters of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 205 patients were divided in two groups: 74 HIV + and 131 HIV - . Periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and visible supragingival biofilm (VSB) were recorded. The association of HIV-1 infection with the presence of at least 3 sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm and/or CAL ≥ 4 mm in non-adjacent teeth was estimated using binary logistic regression models. RESULTS: The variables HIV-1 infection (OR = 5.53, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 2.45-13.64), age [range 35-50 years old (OR = 5.73, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 2.49-13.20); > 50 years old (OR = 6.29, p = 0.002, 95% CI: 1.94-20.42)], and VSB (OR = 23.68, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 8.07-69.53) showed a significant direct association with BOP outcome. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-1 infection under HAART did not have association with the presence of at least 3 sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm and/or CAL ≥ 4 mm. However, HIV patients on HAART had direct association of HIV-1 infection with BOP and an inverse association with PPD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results support that monitoring gingival bleeding associated with oral prophylaxis would be beneficial in the prevention and management of periodontitis in HIV-1 patients on HAART.

Periodontal status and serum biomarker levels in HFE haemochromatosis patients. A case-series study.

AIM: To investigate the association between periodontal status and serum biomarkers in patients with HFE haemochromatosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This clinical case series included 84 HFE-C282Y homozygous patients. Periodontal evaluation was performed using clinical attachment level, probing depth, gingival bleeding index, visible plaque index and gingival index. Serum markers of iron metabolism were collected from medical records. The relationship between serum biomarkers of iron burden and the severity of periodontitis was investigated. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 47 men and 37 women, routinely treated in the Unit of Hepatology, University Hospital, Rennes. All patients presented with periodontitis (mild: n = 1, moderate: n = 37 and severe: n = 46). There was a positive association between transferrin saturation >45% and the severity of periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio = 5.49, p = .002). CONCLUSION: Severe periodontitis is associated with the severity of iron burden in patients with HFE-related hereditary haemochromatosis. Dental examination should be included in the initial assessment of all these patients.

Efficacy of interdental calibrated brushes on bleeding reduction in adults: a 3-month randomized controlled clinical trial.

This study investigated the effect of interdental brushes on the reduction of interproximal bleeding in adults without periodontal disease. Forty-six adults were enrolled in a 3-month, observer-blinded, parallel-group randomized control trial. The test group used a standard manual toothbrush twice daily and an interdental brush daily. The control group used a standard manual toothbrush. At each visit, a calibrated colorimetric probe was used in all interdental spaces to determine the appropriate size of the interdental brush required, the brush of the corresponding size was introduced into the interproximal space, and the presence of bleeding was recorded. The outcome was the frequency of bleeding after application of the appropriate interdental brush. All participants were evaluated 1 wk, 1 month, and 3 months after the baseline visit. The overall preventive fraction with respect to bleeding frequency was 46% at 1 wk and 72% at 3 months. More bleeding reduction was observed in anterior sites than in posterior sites (80% vs. 69%, respectively). Participants with low baseline bleeding frequency presented with less bleeding (OR = 2.3). This study shows that daily use of calibrated interdental brushes reduces interdental bleeding. These findings may support interdental cleaning as an effective means to help individuals maintain and/or achieve optimal oral health.

SOPROLIFE system: an accurate diagnostic enhancer.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate a light-emitting diode fluorescence tool, the SOPROLIFE light-induced fluorescence evaluator, and compare it to the international caries detection and assessment system-II (ICDAS-II) in the detection of occlusal caries. METHODS: A total of 219 permanent posterior teeth in 21 subjects, with age ranging from 15 to 65 years, were examined. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was computed to assess the reliability between the two diagnostic methods. RESULTS: The results showed a high reliability between the two methods (ICC = 0.92; IC = 0.901-0.940; P < 0.001). The SOPROLIFE blue fluorescence mode had a high sensitivity (87%) and a high specificity (99%) when compared to ICDAS-II. CONCLUSION: Compared to the most used visual method in the diagnosis of occlusal caries lesions, the finding from this study suggests that SOPROLIFE can be used as a reproducible and reliable assessment tool. At a cut-off point, categorizing noncarious lesions and visual change in enamel, SOPROLIFE shows a high sensitivity and specificity. We can conclude that financially ICDAS is better than SOPROLIFE. However SOPROLIFE is easier for clinicians since it is a simple evaluation of images. Finally in terms of efficiency SOPROLIFE is not superior to ICDAS but tends to be equivalent with the same advantages.

Accuracy of implant placement in the posterior maxilla as related to 2 types of surgical guides: a pilot study in the human cadaver.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The position of implants may have an effect on obtaining osseointegration without complications and on the outcome of the prostheses. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of implant placement with computer-guided surgery and freehand surgery in the atrophic area of the posterior maxilla. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six human cadavers (Kennedy-Applegate class I) were included in the study. The specimens were randomly classified into 2 categories by using a computer: computer-guided surgery (n=3) and freehand surgery (n=3). Thirty-nine implants were planned with the software. Two types of surgeries were performed. The preoperative computed tomography data were matched with the postoperative computed tomography data by using voxel-based registration software. The position of the planned implants was compared to the actual position of the implants. A multivariate analysis was used for each variable (bone density, length of implant, implant angulation, and surgical technique) to evaluate the effect of these variables on the implant accuracy (α=.05). RESULTS: The statistical tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov bootstrap) found that guided surgery offered significantly better accuracy for the platform (P=.002), apex (P=.001), and angle (P<.001). However, the accuracy of the 2 methods was similar for the depth parameter (P=.186). The bone density did not influence the implant placement accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Computer-guided surgery was more accurate than a freehand approach for placing implants into bilateral edentulous zones in the posterior maxilla.

Non-Cariogenic Effect of Milk and Dairy Products on Oral Health in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review.

Diet plays an important role in the etiopathology of dental caries. Milk and dairy products (DPs), especially in children and adolescents, are important sources of protein, calcium and phosphorus and could have an effect on dental and oral health. The aim of this scoping review was to analyze the scientific literature on the non-cariogenic effect of milk and DPs, with a focus on their potential to prevent dental caries in children and adolescents. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched for publications relevant to our topic from January 2013 to 30 September 2023. Thirty-eight studies were included in the qualitative analysis. The included studies highlight the properties of milk and DPs that contribute to enamel remineralization, exhibit antibacterial action, inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, and promote a balanced oral microbiome. With regard to the addition of probiotics (PBs) and fluoride (F) to DPs, the mixed results of the studies analyzed did not allow a clear statement to be made about their non-cariogenic effects. However, several studies show that the addition of PBs can reduce cariogenic bacteria, create a protective barrier against pathogens and support the host's natural defense mechanisms. Further long-term and high-quality studies are needed to understand the impact of milk and its constituents on oral health in order to promote effective caries prevention strategies in children and adolescents.

Oral health workforce planning. Part 1: Data available in a sample of FDI member countries.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Workforce planning is a resource to measure and compare current versus future workforce. Organised dentistry needs to focus on the benefits and the determinants and various systems of workforce planning together with the challenges, new trends and threats. The aim of the study was to identify data sources from countries relating to a selection of oral health indicators in a sample of FDI member countries. The potential for differences between developed and developing countries was also examined. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey study was carried out among FDI member countries classified in developed and developing countries between October 2011 and January/February 2012. A questionnaire was developed addressing the availability of 40 selected indicators distributed in four domains. Mann-Whitney U-tests to identify differences between developed and developing countries and chi-square tests for the degree of information regularly available were carried out. RESULTS: There is an important lack of information about indicators relevant to oral health between FDI participating countries regardless of their level of economic development. Although not significant, the availability of indicators for developing countries showed higher variability and minimum values of zero for all domains. Surveys were the source of information more frequently reported. DISCUSSION: Standardised and reliable methodologies are needed to gather information for successful workforce planning. It is of utmost importance to increase the awareness and understanding of the member National Dental Associations regarding the role, basic elements, benefits, challenges, models and critical elements of an ideal workforce planning system.

The FDI African Strategy for Oral Health: addressing the specific needs of the continent.

The FDI World Dental Federation has defined a strategy for the development of oral health in Africa during the "African Summit" held in Cape Town, South Africa. The summit gathered presidents from 16 African National Dental Associations, FDI stakeholders, the World Health Organisation and government delegates. The outcomes of this summit were stated in a Declaration, defining the functional principles of the African strategy as three priorities: To establish and reinforce the credibility of NDAs To acquire and develop leadership and management skills Effective peer-to-peer exchange of information.

Periodontal pathogens of the interdental microbiota in a 3 months pregnant population with an intact periodontium.

Steroid hormones and the oral microbiota of pregnant women both appear as cumulative risk factors for gingivitis. This cross-sectional study, using real-time PCR, investigated the composition and diversity of the microbiota in interdental spaces of 3 months pregnant women with intact periodontium according the 2018 EFP/AAP classification. Bacteria identified were belonged to the red (Porphyromonas gingivalis Treponema denticola, and Tanerella forsythia), orange (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, and Parvimonas micra), and green (Eikenella corrodens and A. actinomycetencomitans) Socransky complexes. Approximatively 109.11 bacteria were counted per interdental space in pregnant women. Bacteria from the red complex represented 33.80% versus 62.81% for the orange group versus 3.39% for the green group of the total number spread over the 3 groups. Dietary habits and physical activity did not have a significant impact on interdental microbiota, although a decrease in the median amount of 9 periodontopathogens was observed when fruit and vegetable consumption increased. Pregnant women who brushed their teeth at least twice a day had lower counts of total bacteria and 9 periodontal pathogens than those who brushed less. In 3 months pregnant women at high risk of periodontal disease (>30% bleeding sites), the dendogram revealed 2 clusters of the 9 periodontopathogens. This provides further support for the "key pathogen" hypothesis, among which Porphyromonas gingivalis plays a key role, indicating that specific bacteria in limited quantities can influence the host immune system and convert the microbiota from symbiotic to dysbiotic to induce inflammatory disorder. As a result, this study reported that 3 months pregnant women with healthy periodontium had high levels of interdental bleeding and a dysbiotic microbiota with periodontal pathogens of the Socransky orange and red complexes. These subjects were therefore potentially at increased risk of developing periodontal disease and, consequently, an adverse pregnancy outcome. So, preventive oral prophylaxis measures, in particular individual interdental prophylaxis, should be implemented as soon as pregnancy is established.

Efficacy of Sonic-Powered and Manual Toothbrushes on Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Hormonal changes and physiological alterations in pregnancy increase the susceptibility of the woman to oral diseases such as plaque-induced gingivitis. In individual oral prophylaxis, effective tooth brushing can reduce gingival inflammation. Therefore, it is necessary to update the scientific evidence to identify which type of toothbrush, manual or sonic-powered, is most effective in reducing the incidence of gingivitis in pregnant women. The aim of this clinical trial is to compare the biofilm control effectiveness of two manual and two sonic toothbrushes in pregnant women. This study is designed as a four-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial with an allocation ratio of 1:1:1:1. The pregnant woman will be included at 15-18 weeks of amenorrhea and followed for 3 months. The primary outcome will be the change in the incidence of gingival bleeding from a baseline and various follow-up periods of the study. Secondary outcomes measures will be to compare clinical effects of the toothbrushes tested on (i) gingival inflammation, (ii) dental plaque, (iii) gingival attachment and (iv) periodontal pocket; and to assess toothbrush acceptability. Thus, identifying the best device for effective tooth brushing in pregnancy could be helpful in reducing and improving the incidence of gingival inflammation.

Prevalence, Severity of Extension, and Risk Factors of Gingivitis in a 3-Month Pregnant Population: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence, severity of extension, and risk factors of gingivitis among pregnant women. In this cross-sectional study, 220 nulliparous women at 3 months of pregnancy were recruited in 2022 at the first obstetrical visit in Dakar, Senegal. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, prenatal clinical status, and oral clinical parameters were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to assess relationships between gingivitis and risk factors. Eighty-eight percent of women had gingivitis, 15% were classified as moderate and 73% as severe. A total of 66.7% (95% CI [28.8-92.1]) of the sites had bleeding on interdental brushing. The odds for gingivitis decreased significantly for women consuming more than five portions of fruits and vegetables per day (OR = 0.15; 95% CI [0.03-0.66]) and increased in women who had a professional activity (OR = 6.75; 95% CI [1.27-35.87]) and high education. Concomitantly, the percentage of dental plaque (OR = 131.6; 95% CI [10.80-1619.71] and the severity of clinical attachment loss (OR = 7.70; 95% CI [3.16-18.92]) were important risk factors. Inverse associations were observed with increasing body mass index (OR = 0.76; 95% CI [0.63-0.93]). Our results underline that gingivitis cases and bleeding were particularly high among 3-month pregnant women. Literacy and adequate oral hygiene actions to modify behaviors and to achieve meticulous biofilm disorganization could make a favorable change in the gingival health outcome. Additionally, further research is necessary to precisely determine the role of biofilm-induced gingivitis and systemic-induced gingivitis in improving gingival conditions.

Safety and Efficacy of Different Anticoagulant Doses for Patients with COVID-19 in the ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Critically ill COVID-19 patients have a high incidence of thromboembolic events, which significantly influence the risk of mortality. Anticoagulant therapy is generally recommended to these patients but the optimal dosing regimens require further investigations. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy and safety of prophylactic, intermediate and therapeutic dose anticoagulation in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. A systematic search for original prospective observational studies and clinical trials was performed in online databases from 2020 to 2022. A total of 13 studies (3239 patients) were included. The type of anticoagulant dosing showed no significant influence on short-term mortality (p = 0.84), deep vein thrombosis (p = 0.66), arterial thrombosis (p = 0.44), major bleeding (p = 0.35) and minor bleeding incidence (p = 0.46). An anticoagulation regimen significantly influenced pulmonary embolism occurrence (16% for prophylactic dose vs. 4% for therapeutic dose, p = 0.02), but the number of studies in the analysis was relatively low. In conclusion, the results of this meta-analysis suggest that critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted in the ICU have no benefit from therapeutic doses of anticoagulants and that all three thromboprophylaxis regimes have a comparable effect on short term mortality and venous thromboembolism incidence but for pulmonary embolism, for which the results were inconclusive.

Supporting health education policies: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a health literacy instrument, in French.

Background: Oral health is a fundamental human right and is inseparable and indivisible from overall health and well-being. Oral Health Literacy (OHL) has been proved to be fundamental to promoting oral health and reducing oral health inequalities. To our knowledge, no OHL instrument to evaluate OHL level is currently validated in French language despite the fact it is the fifth most widely spoken languages on the planet. The Oral health literacy Instrument (OHLI) appears to be the most interesting OHL instrument to adapt into French because it is already available in English, Spanish, Russian, Malaysian, and it contains both reading comprehension and numeracy sections. Its psychometric properties have been rated as adequate. Objective: The aim of this study was to translate and adapt cross-culturally the OHLI into French, to evaluate its psychometric properties and to compare its results to oral health knowledge. Method: This study followed and applied well-established processes of translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation, based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization guidelines and on the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) study design checklist for patient-reported outcomes. Two psychometric assessments were planned, the comparison of OHLI-F scores according to education level and frequency of dental visits, and the test-retest reliability of the OHLI-F. Results: A total of 284 participants answered the OHLI-F. The OHLI-F scores were significantly different between participants with different levels of education and frequency of dental visits (p < 0.001). Participants with an education level lower than the baccalaureate, and those who never visit the dentist or only in case of pain, had significantly lower OHLI-F scores. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.881-0.914). Test-retest reliability was very high (intraclass correlation = 0.985 to 0.996). Conclusion: The OHLI-F has demonstrated adequate psychometric properties and can therefore be used to measure oral health literacy in French-speaking populations.

Current status of oral health research in Africa: an overview.

BACKGROUND: Research in oral health contributes effectively to decisions and strategies aimed at improving the oral health of populations. Further contributions to enhance current knowledge of oral health in Africa are required. OBJECTIVES: The principal objective of this study was to produce an analysis of oral health research published from different subregions of Africa and to estimate bilateral and multilateral international cooperation in oral health research during the period 2005-2010. METHODS: The PubMed database was searched for published articles on topics related to oral health in Africa. A total of 935 oral health-related articles were retrieved during April and May 2011. RESULTS: Publications emanating from Nigeria and South Africa accounted for a striking 68% of all oral health-related material published from Africa during the study period. Researchers from 30 different countries had participated in collaboration on at least one published article. A total of 262 journals had published at least one item examining oral health in Africa, but only 29 journals had published more than seven articles. These 29 journals accounted for 66% of all published material and induced non-African reviews (26%) and African reviews (40%). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows strong variation among countries in the production of articles on oral health whereby rich countries produce greater quantities of published research and poorer nations more frequently develop research partnerships with other countries.

Effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate and calcium glycerophosphate on incisors with molar-incisor hypomineralization: A cross-over, randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Within the scope of minimally invasive dentistry, the use of different biocompatible remineralization agents on incisors affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) gains importance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) and calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) in mineral density (MD) of white/creamy and yellow/brown demarcated opacities on incisors affected by MIH by means laser fluorescence (LF). METHODS: As a cross-over, randomized trial, twenty-two children with 167 incisors affected by MIH were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the two different agents and crossed over to other agents with two weeks washout in between. Incisors were examined by using LF at all before and after three months periods. RESULTS: The results of the paired t-tests for determining the period effect between the baseline findings showed significant difference in white/creamy and yellow/brown demarcated opacities of LF values for both groups (p < 0.05). The difference between both groups according to after categorization of 20% increasing in MD in the percent of change before and after application on LF values; was not found statistically significant in white/creamy (p = 0.970) and yellow/brown (p = 0.948) opacities. CONCLUSIONS: The primary outcome was CPP-ACFP and CaGP had a positive effect in decreasing hypomineralization on MIH-affected enamel for three months period.

Oral Hygiene Practices and Knowledge among Adolescents Aged between 15 and 17 Years Old during Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: Multicentre Study Conducted in France.

The aims of this study were to assess oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices among orthodontic patients between the ages of 15 and 17 years old compared to adolescents without orthodontic treatment. This cross-sectional study included 392 adolescents drawn from various French teaching hospitals. A closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect data. Adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment had a higher knowledge of oral health than adolescents without orthodontic treatment. The majority of adolescents for both groups (69%) claimed to brush their teeth twice a day. Regarding complimentary dental material, 81.9% of adolescents without orthodontic treatment never used an interdental brush and 78.8% never used dental floss. For those undergoing orthodontic treatment, 48.5% never used an interdental brush. Only 4% of adolescents without and 3% of adolescents with orthodontic treatment never consumed fizzy drinks, 4.9% and 3% never consumed sweets, and 4% and 8.4% never ate fast-food. Adolescents without treatment consumed more sodas (p = 0.048) and more fast food (p = 0.029). Adolescents had insufficient knowledge of oral health. Health education programmes should be implemented to improve adolescents' knowledge and individual oral prophylaxis with interdental brushes.

Nutrition-Related Mobile Apps in the French App Stores: Assessment of Functionality and Quality.

BACKGROUND: The global burden of disease attributes 20% of deaths to poor nutrition. Although hundreds of nutrition-related mobile apps have been created, and these have been downloaded by millions of users, the effectiveness of these technologies on the adoption of healthy eating has had mixed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review which nutrition-related mobile apps are currently available on the French market and assess their quality. METHODS: We screened apps on the Google Play Store and the French Apple App Store, from March 10 to 17, 2021, to identify those related to nutritional health. A shortlist of 15 apps was identified, and each was assessed using the French version of the Mobile App Rating Scale: 8 dietitians and nutritionists assessed 7 apps, and the remaining apps were randomly allocated to ensure 4 assessments per app. Intraclass correlation was used to evaluate interrater agreement. Means and standard deviations of scores for each section and each item were calculated. RESULTS: The top scores for overall quality were obtained by Yazio - Régime et Calories (mean 3.84, SD 0.32), FeelEat (mean 3.71, SD 0.47), and Bonne App (mean 3.65, SD 0.09). Engagement scores ranged from a mean of 1.95 (SD 0.5) for iEatBetter: Journal alimentaire to a mean of 3.85 (SD 0.44) for FeelEat. Functionality scores ranged from a mean of 2.25 (SD 0.54) for Naor to a mean of 4.25 (SD 0.46) for Yazio. Aesthetics scores ranged from a mean of 2.17 (SD 0.34) for Naor to a mean of 3.88 (SD 0.47) for Yazio. Information scores ranged from a mean of 2.38 (SD 0.60) for iEatBetter to a mean of 3.73 (SD 0.29) for Yazio. Subjective quality scores ranged from a mean of 1.13 (SD 0.25) for iEatBetter to a mean of 2.28 (SD 0.88) for Compteur de calories FatSecret. Specificity scores ranged from a mean of 1.38 (SD 0.64) for iEatBetter to a mean of 3.50 (SD 0.91) for FeelEat. The app-specific score was always lower than the subjective quality score, which was always lower than the quality score, which was lower than the rating from the iOS or Android app stores. CONCLUSIONS: Although prevention and information messages in apps regarding nutritional habits are not scientifically verified before marketing, we found that app quality was good. Subjective quality and specificity were associated with lower ratings. Further investigations are needed to assess whether information from these apps is consistent with recommendations and to determine the long-term impacts of these apps on users.

Oral-Hygiene-Related Mobile Apps in the French App Stores: Assessment of Functionality and Quality.

Mobile health apps can contribute to increased quality of individual oral hygiene behaviors. This study provides an overview and an evaluation of quality of oral-hygiene-related mobile apps currently available in Google Play Store and the French Apple App. A shortlist of nine apps was assessed by 10 oral health professionals using the Mobile App Rating Scale. Intraclass correlation was used to evaluate interrater agreement. Best quality scores were obtained by Oral-B (3.4 ± 0.97), Colgate Connect (3.20 ± 0.63), and Preventeeth (3.10 ± 1.1) and worst ones by Mimizaur se brosse les dents (1.80 ± 0.79) and Kolibree (2.30 ± 0.82). The subjective quality scores ranged from 2.62 ± 0.61 (Oral-B) to 1.5 ± 0.61 (MSD). Specificity of the content ranged from 3.46 ± 0.84 (Preventeeth) to 1.78 ± 0.47 (Mimizaur se brosse les dents). Thus, even if oral health professionals positively evaluated the quality of oral-hygiene-related mobile apps, they are less assertive concerning their impact on the user's knowledge, attitudes, and intentions to change, as well as the likelihood of actual change in the oral hygiene behavior. Further investigations are needed to assess whether information from these apps is consistent with oral hygiene recommendations and to determine the long-term impacts of these apps.