Oral health related-quality of life before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of medical appointments and the offer and use of oral health services have decreased sharply with the lockdown period. Restriction to regular dental care can increase the risk of oral diseases, capable of affecting general health and oral health-related quality of life, particularly among medically compromised patients. This study aimed to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients with non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort of 58 patients with NAFLD followed up from March 2020 (before the pandemic) to December 2021 (during the pandemic). RAND 36-Item Health Survey and Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP-14) questionnaires were used to assess HRQoL and OHRQoL, respectively, in the two points of time. RESULTS: The scores of all scales HRQoL and of the question about health change in the last year decreased substantially with the advent of the pandemic. Large (>0.50) effect sizes were estimated for the scales Role functioning/physical, Pain, General health, and Energy/fatigue. Patients who had COVID-19 presented better HRQoL and OHIP-14 mean scores than those who did not have the disease. The OHIP-14 total score increased 3.6 points with the advent of the pandemic, representing a large effect size (0.62). Patients presented high probability (84.3%) of increasing OHIP14 score during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQoL and the OHRQoL scores of NAFLD patients decreased substantially with the advent of the pandemic. However, these decreases were not associated with the COVID-19 disease by itself, but probably to other factors related to the deep social changes brought by the social isolation measures to combat the pandemic.

Progressive lesions of central nervous system in microcephalic fetuses with suspected congenital Zika virus syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern and progression of central nervous system (CNS) lesions in microcephalic fetuses with suspected Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. METHODS: In this prospective study in Salvador, Brazil, we analyzed fetuses diagnosed with microcephaly and suspected ZIKV infection after a routine primary care ultrasound scan between July 2015 and February 2016 raised suspicion of fetal microcephaly. The pregnancies were followed with serial ultrasound scans until delivery at one of the three main referral centers for fetal abnormalities in Salvador, Brazil. Microcephaly was diagnosed when the head circumference was two or more SDs below the mean for gestational age and its relationship with ZIKV infection was defined according to the World Health Organization's criteria. All women were interviewed, to assess potential factors associated with fetal microcephaly. Serology test results for toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella, syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were recorded, as were previous routine ultrasound results. Signs/symptoms of infection during the pregnancy were noted. RESULTS: Of 60 cases of suspected ZIKV-related fetal microcephaly seen during the study period, eight were excluded due to serological evidence of other congenital infections or major ultrasound chromosomal markers. In the remaining 52 fetuses, microcephaly was diagnosed between 19 and 40 (median, 27.7; interquartile range, 23.4-32.0) weeks of gestation. The main ultrasound findings were: ventriculomegaly (65.4% of cases), cerebral calcifications (44.2%) and posterior fossa abnormalities (32.7%). 9.6% presented with arthrogryposis as an associated finding. Microcephaly was an isolated finding in four cases (7.7%). While ventriculomegaly was progressive in 41.2% of cases with this finding, the velocity of head circumference increase decreased progressively in almost all cases. Exanthematic disease was present in the majority (86.5%) of the women, 67.3% presenting in the first trimester of pregnancy. Additional lesions were detected after birth in 71.4% of the 35 cases with neonatal follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of cases of congenital ZIKV syndrome have other ultrasonographic findings in addition to microcephaly. ZIKV-related CNS anomalies present mainly as progressive CNS lesions and slowing rate of growth of the fetal head, and this seems to be evident only in the late second trimester, even when maternal infection occurs in the first trimester. Other ultrasound findings, such as ventriculomegaly, brain calcifications and posterior fossa destruction lesions, are also common in this congenital syndrome. Posterior fossa destruction lesions and arthrogryposis are an uncommon finding in other congenital infections, perhaps suggesting a novel severe congenital syndrome associated with fetal ZIKV. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Technological quality of dough and breads from commercial algarroba-wheat flour blends.

Algarroba flour is used to supplement lysine-limiting systems such as wheat flour due to its amino acidic composition. The effects of adding up to 30% of this flour to wheat flour (W-A30) on dough characteristics and breadmaking performance were studied. Dough rheology was tested by farinograph, oscillatory rheometry and texture profile analyses. Molecular mobility was evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermal properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and viscoamylograph studies. Besides, different bread quality parameters were evaluated. Incorporation of algarroba flour resulted into increase in water absorption, development time and degree of softening, and decrease in stability of wheat flour, leading to softer, less adhesive and elastic dough, although at intermediate replacement levels cohesiveness improved. At the molecular level, a reduction of water activity and limited proton motion were observed in W-A30 samples, suggesting that protons were highly bound to the dough matrix. Dough samples with algarroba flour showed lower G' and G″ values than the control, although with the formation of a more elastic structure for W-A30. In addition, algarroba flour produced a protective effect on starch granule disruption and interfered with amylose-amylose association during cooling. The specific volume of breads decreased with the increase in algarroba level, W-A30 reaching the highest decrease (15%). Bread crumbs with algarroba flour exhibited higher values of hardness and resilience. The use of algarroba flour resulted in lower quality when compared to the control. However, algarroba flour at 20% level can be added to wheat flour to obtain bakery products of similar technological quality and with improved nutritional components.

Nosocomial bloodstream infections in a nationwide study: comparison between solid organ transplant patients and the general population.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of bloodstream infection (BSI) varies according to the transplanted organ. Mortality can be as high as 24%, with a significant impact on graft survival. Transplantation is a risk factor for multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, but comparison with a non-transplanted population in a single large cohort has not been described. METHODS: This is a prospective nationwide study (16 centers) reporting data on 2364 monomicrobial nosocomial BSIs, comparing 83 episodes in solid organ transplant patients with 2447 BSIs occurring in the general hospital population. RESULTS: The prevalence of groups of infecting organisms (gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungi) was similar between transplant patients and the general population and a similar crude mortality rate was observed (34.9% in transplant vs. 43.3% in non-transplant patients). Staphylococcus aureus was the single most frequently isolated organism in both groups, and Acinetobacter species was more frequently isolated in the general population. Regarding MDR organisms, Klebsiella species, and Enterobacter species resistant to cefepime, as well as Acinetobacter species resistant to meropenem, were significantly more frequent in transplant patients. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance is higher, particularly among gram-negative bacteria in the transplant population, although the overall mortality rate between transplant and non-transplant patients with nosocomial BSI is similar.

The Butterfly Effect: Multifaceted Consequences of Sensitizer Concentration Change in Phase Transition-based Luminescent Thermometer of LiYO2:Er3+,Yb3.

In response to the ongoing quest for new, highly sensitive upconverting luminescent thermometers, this article introduces, for the first time, upconverting luminescent thermometers based on thermally induced structured phase transitions. As demonstrated, the transition from the low-temperature monoclinic to the high-temperature tetragonal structures of LiYO2:Yb3+,Er3+ induces multifaceted modification in the spectroscopic properties of the examined material, influencing the spectral positions of luminescence bands, energy gap values between thermally coupled energy levels, and the red-to-green emission intensities ratio. Moreover, as illustrated, both the color of the emitted light and the phase transition temperature (from 265 K, for LiYO2:Er3+, 1%Yb3+, to 180 K, for 10%Yb3+), and consequently, the thermometric parameters of the luminescent thermometer can be modulated by the concentration of Yb3+ sensitizer ions. Establishing a correlation between the phase transition temperature and the mismatch of ion radii between the host material and dopant ions allows for smooth adjustment of the thermometric performance of such a thermometer following specific application requirements. Three different thermometric approaches were investigated using thermally coupled levels (SR = 1.8%/K at 180 K for 1%Yb3+), green to red emission intensities ratio (SR = 1.5%/K at 305 K for 2%Yb3+), and single band ratiometric approach (SR = 2.5%/K at 240 K for 10%Yb3+). The thermally induced structural phase transition in LiYO2:Er3+,Yb3+ has enabled the development of multiple upconverting luminescent thermometers. This innovative approach opens avenues for advancing the field of luminescence thermometry, offering enhanced relative thermal sensitivity and adaptability for various applications.

Upconversion thermometry: a new tool to measure the thermal resistance of nanoparticles.

The rapid evolution in luminescence thermometry in the last few years gradually shifted the research from the fabrication of more sensitive nanoarchitectures towards the use of the technique as a tool for thermal bioimaging and for the unveiling of properties of the thermometers themselves and of their local surroundings, for example to evaluate heat transport at unprecedented small scales. In this work, we demonstrated that KLu(WO4)2:Ho3+,Tm3+ nanoparticles are able to combine controllable heat release and upconversion thermometry permitting to estimate its thermal resistance (in air), a key parameter to model the heat transfer at the nanoscale.

Dataset of Near-infrared spectroscopy measurement for amylose determination using PLS algorithms.

In the dataset presented in this article, 168 rice samples comprising sixteen rice varieties (including Indica and Japonica sub species) from a Portuguese Rice Breeding Program obtained from three different sites along four seasons, and 11 standard rice varieties from International Rice Research Institute were characterised. The amylose concentration was evaluated based on iodine method, and the near infrared (NIR) spectra were determined. To assess the advantage of Near infrared spectroscopy, different rice varieties and specific algorithms based on Matlab software such as Standard Normal Variate (SNV), Multiple Scatter Calibration (MSC) and Savitzky-Golay filter were used for NIR spectra pre-processing.

Development and applications of the SWAN rating scale for assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review.

This study reviewed the use of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity-symptoms and Normal-behaviors (SWAN) rating scale in diagnostic and evolutive approaches to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in correlational studies of the disorder. A review of articles published in indexed journals from electronic databases was conducted and 61 articles on the SWAN scale were analyzed. From these, 27 were selected to a) examine use of SWAN in research on attention disorders and b) verify evidence of its usefulness in the areas of genetics, neuropsychology, diagnostics, psychiatric comorbidities, neuroimaging, pharmacotherapy, and to examine its statistical reliability and validity in studies of diverse populations. This review of articles indicated a growing use of the SWAN scale for diagnostic purposes, for therapy, and in research on areas other than ADHD, especially when compared with other reliable scales. Use of the scale in ADHD diagnosis requires further statistical testing to define its psychometric properties.

Co-infection with HTLV-1 is associated with a shorter survival time for HIV-1-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil.

Co-infection with HTLV-1 reaches 20% among patients infected by HIV-1 in Bahia, Brazil. To evaluate its impact on survival, we conducted a retrospective, case-control study involving 198 patients (63 cases). Co-infection was associated with parenteral exposure (P = 0.0001) and female sex (P = 0.02). Co-infected patients had a shorter mean survival (1849 days) than controls (2430 days, P = 0.001), regardless of sex or baseline CD4 cell count. In Bahia, Brazil, co-infection with HIV-1 and HTLV-1 is associated with a shorter survival time.

Serologic validation of HIV infection in a tropical area.

We have defined human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) serologic reactivity in Brazilians living in an area endemic for tropical diseases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB) analyses were performed on 342 patients with diseases including Chagas' disease, schistosomiasis, typhoid fever, helminthiasis, and cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Nine percent of the visceral leishmaniasis patients' sera reacted in the HIV-1 ELISA but all were WB negative. All other sera from these patients were HIV negative. A total of 224 HIV-1 ELISA repeatedly positive sera also were HIV-1 WB tested. They were drawn from a total population of 19,230 individuals, including AIDS patients, blood donors, homosexual men, intravenous drug users, pregnant women, individuals with hemophiliac, and tuberculosis and sexually transmitted disease patients. The WB results were analyzed using five different interpretive criteria for WB positivity. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were the most sensitive and specific for identifying HIV-1-infected individuals. The WB pattern was similar to that seen in the United States. Envelope (ENV) protein antibodies were highly predictive of HIV-1 infection; none of the AIDS patients lacked ENV protein reactivity. We conclude that among the tropical diseases studied, only visceral leishmaniasis is associated with false-positive HIV-1 ELISA tests. Current CDC and WHO criteria for interpretation of HIV-1 WB tests are appropriate for Brazil.

Seroepidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II in northeastern Brazil.

We investigated the prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus I/II (HTLV-I/II) infection in Bahia, a state in Northeastern Brazil. Healthy individuals (n = 327) and patients (n = 337) with a variety of diseases were screened for antibodies to HTLV-I/II using an enzyme immunoassay and Western blot. The overall prevalence among healthy subjects was 1.8% (six of 327); among patients it was 18.4% (62 of 337). Patients with AIDS had the highest prevalence of HTLV-I/II infection, 22.7% (20/88), followed by randomly selected patients from an infectious disease hospital, 19.4% (25 of 129), and tuberculosis patients, 11.1% (10 of 90). Four of 14 patients with myelopathy and three of 16 patients with lymphoid leukemia or lymphoma were seropositive for HTLV-I/II. Sixty-three of 68 HTLV-I/II-positive specimens were then typed: 53 patients were HTLV-I positive, three patients were HTLV-II positive, and in seven patients the assay could not distinguish infection by HTLV-I or II. The finding among HIV-seropositive intravenous drug users in Bahia of coinfection with HTLV-I is contrasted with reports from other areas in which dual infection occurs with HTLV-II. Although high prevalence of HTLV-I infection was found in Bahia, the extent and clinical manifestations of HTLV-I/II infection in Brazil remains imprecisely defined, and further studies are needed.

A rapid and reliable assay to enumerate CD4+ T lymphocytes in whole blood.

We compared the performance of a rapid and simple anti-CD4 antibody-coated microsphere assay with flow cytometry and immunofluorescence for quantitation of absolute count of CD4+ T lymphocytes. A longitudinal evaluation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by flow cytometry and microsphere assay in 10 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative and 59 HIV-seropositive individuals was conducted over a period of 9 months. Standard flow cytometry analysis was performed to establish the absolute CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. The microsphere assay uses whole blood; CD14+ and CD4+ cells are first blocked by small latex beads coated with anti-CD14 antibody, and remaining cells are stained with larger anti-CD4 antibody-coated beads. Cells rosetted with only anti-CD4 antibody-coated beads are counted with use of a hemacytometer. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed by standard techniques with use of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The predictive value for stratification of HIV-seropositive patients by CD4+ T-lymphocyte values of < 200/microliters was 95% when the microsphere method was compared with flow cytometry. A correlation coefficient of 0.91 between the two assay methods was demonstrated in 281 CD4+ T-lymphocyte tests for absolute count. Finally, the flow cytometry method yielded better results than did the microsphere assay and immunofluorescence microscopy, in descending order of accuracy. The microsphere method should be effective in determining absolute CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in developing countries where, for a variety of reasons, no other method can be reliably performed.

Characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Brazil.

The clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were studied in a tropical area of Brazil. During an 18-month period (July 1989-January 1991), 111 consecutive AIDS patients (102 men and nine women) were evaluated. Patients reported homosexual/bisexual activities (60%), intravenous drug use (19%), or both (6%), heterosexual activities (11%), blood transfusions (2%), and 2% belonged to an undetermined category. Weight loss, fever, oral thrush, and diarrhea were present in > or = 70% of the patients at presentation. An unexpected high frequency of hepatomegaly (49%) was detected, and found to be significantly associated with tuberculosis (P < 0.0001). Although the epidemiologic features of human immunodeficiency virus transmission were comparable to the United States/European pattern, the clinical spectrum of opportunistic infections more closely resembled that reported in Africa and Haiti, with a greater frequency of fungal and mycobacterial infections than Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and viral infections.

HTLV-I/II as a common etiology of myelopathies in Bahia, Brazil.

Infection by human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) is associated with a myelopathy known as tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). The prevalence of HTLV-I infection was found to be high in a pilot study in Bahia, Brazil. In the present study, among patients with myelopathy of unclear etiology, 27% (17/62) were immunoblot reactive to HTLV-I/II (serum and CSF), but none of 40 consecutive patients seen at the neurological clinic and having a well-established neurological diagnosis had detectable antibodies against those viruses (discrimination between HTLV-I and HTLV-II was not possible with the tests we used). The clinical syndrome of typical TSP with upper limb hyperreflexia was found to be a significant feature among the HTLV-I/II-seropositive patients compared to seronegative individuals. The 17 HTLV-I/II-reactive individuals had negative tests for syphilis, toxoplasmosis and schistosomiasis. TSP was also associated with female gender (P = 0.001). We conclude that TSP is strongly associated with HTLV-I/II infection in women in Bahia.

Evaluation of viral resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) in HIV-1-infected patients before and after 6 months of single or double antiretroviral therapy.

We evaluated samples of peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) cells from 46 AIDS patients, before starting therapy with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI), and after 6 months of drug use. PBMC were stored and tested by a Line Probe Assay (LiPA), in order to assess the frequency of RT mutations in this population. Six patients were taking AZT before initial blood collection (1 to 16 weeks of drug use) and 40 patients had no prior therapy. After baseline evaluation, 19 patients received AZT, 23 AZT plus DDI, 3 started AZT only with DDI added after 3 months, and 3 received a combination of AZT plus 3TC. Detection of at least one mutation was found in 33% (15/46) of patients at baseline, and 83% (38/46) had at least 1 mutation after 6 months of therapy. In the majority of cases, samples presented with the wild type and variants of HIV, simultaneously. Patients receiving monotherapy had a higher frequency of mutations (L41 and F214, Y215) than did patients receiving double-drug therapy (19 vs. 10). No specific mutation associated with DDI was identified in 26 patients so treated. Despite the finding of a mean increase in CD4 count and a mild decrease in viral load, patients tended to have an inverse correlation between the CD4 variation and number of mutations detected after 6 months, suggesting potential loss of drug efficacy in the presence of these genotypic changes.

HTLV-I associated myelopathy: clinical and epidemiological profile.

The prevalence of HTLV-I reaches 1.8% among blood donors in Salvador, and 40% among chronic myelopathy patients in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The present study shows the epidemiological and clinical picture of patients attending the HAM/TSP Outpatient Unit at the Foundation of Neurology and Neorusurgery (FNN). 114 patients had epidemiologic data collected and 51 of these patients, who had regularly attended the HAM/TSP Unit for at least 1 year, were evaluated for signs, symptoms and disease progression. Most of the 114 patients were female (70%), of African descent, and with a mean age of 51. Sexually transmitted diseases and blood transfusion were the most common risk factors. Paraparesis with spasticity was the predominant sign (85%), bladder dysfunction occurred in 75%, intestinal dysfunction was recorded in 48%. Sensory examination was normal in 50% of the cases studied. The patients' functional status, as measured by the Kurtzke Disability Scale, during the 1 year observation period changed only in early disease. Steroid therapy with prednisone was the most commonly used treatment in this group.

High prevalence of giardiasis and stronglyloidiasis among HIV-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil.

Diarrhea due to intestinal microbial infections is a frequent manifestation among HIV-infected patients. It has been postulated that HIV-infected patients may have special types of intestinal infections, and that immune activation from such parasites may affect the progression of HIV disease. To evaluate these associations, the frequency of infections was examined in HIV-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil. To determine the potential impact of the presence of intestinal parasitic infections on HIV disease progression, a retrospective study approach was used. The medical charts of 365 HIV-infected patients who had been treated at the AIDS Clinic of the Federal University of Bahia Hospital were reviewed, and the prevalence of parasites was compared with 5,243 HIV-negative patients who had attended the hospital during the same period of time. Among HIV-infected subjects, CD(4) count, RNA plasma viral load (VL), and number of eosinophils were compared according to their stool examination results. The overall prevalence of each parasite was similar for HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. However, the prevalence of S. stercoralis (p<10(-7)) and G. lamblia (p=0.005) was greater for HIV-infected subjects. The mean CD(4) count and viral load of HIV patients in our clinic who had stool examinations was 350 cells +/- 340 and 4.4 +/- 1.4 log RNA viral load, respectively. In this patient group there was no clear association between the level of the absolute CD(4) count or the viral load and a specific parasitic infection. The presence of an intestinal parasitic infection was not associated with faster progression of the HIV disease among HIV-infected patients. We conclude that strongyloidiasis and giardiasis are more frequent in HIV-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil. If this association is due to immune dysregulation, as has been proposed elsewhere, it must occur in patients after only minor shifts in CD(4) count from normal levels, or as a result of immune dysfunction not represented by CD(4) count. These infections do not appear to alter the progression of HIV disease.

The influence of CD4+ T cells, HIV disease stage and zidovudine on HIV isolation in Bahia, Brazil.

HIV-1 isolation was attempted on 72 individuals, including persons with known HIV infection and five without proven HIV infection but with indeterminate Western blot patterns, as well as on low-risk HIV seronegative persons. The ability to detect HIV-1 from culture supernatant by p24 antigen capture assay was evaluated by segregating patients by absolute CD4+ cell counts, clinical stage of disease, p24 antigenemia and zidovudine use. The likelihood of a p24 positive HIV culture was highest among patients with CD4+ T-cell counts below 200/ul and patients with advanced clinical disease. Use of zidovudine did not affect the rate of HIV positivity in cultures.

[Use of the focus group as evaluation tool of a health education program]. / Uso de grupo focal como instrumento de avaliação de programa educacional em saúde.

The objective of this study was to identify the possibilities and limitations of the focal group as a tool to evaluation through a case study of a health educational training process. Among the conclusions we emphasize: the maintenance of the same group turns possible to compare results of the groups accomplished before and after the training; the focal group was adequate to reveal the nature of the training deficiencies since it had permitted to analyze the complexity inherent to both the drug field and the training objectives that seek for cultural and affective changes and not only for cognitive changes.