Acute Pain Management in Traumatically Injured Patients With Outpatient Buprenorphine Therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Acute pain management is challenging in trauma patients undergoing outpatient buprenorphine therapy at the time of injury due to the high binding affinity of this partial agonist. The purpose of this study was to evaluate acute pain management in admitted trauma patients with discontinued versus continued outpatient buprenorphine therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included adult trauma patients admitted to a level-1 trauma center between January 2017 and August 2020 who were receiving buprenorphine prior to admission. Groups were defined as buprenorphine discontinued (BD) or continued (BC) during hospitalization. The primary outcome compared median daily morphine milligram equivalents between groups. Secondary outcomes utilized patient-reported numeric rating scale (NRS) scores to compare incidences of no pain (NRS 0), mild (NRS 1-3), moderate (NRS 4-6), and severe (NRS 7-10) pain. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients were included (BD 37 [64.9%] and BC 20 [35.1%]). The median (interquartile range) outpatient daily buprenorphine dose was similar between groups (8 [8-16] mg versus 16 [8-16], P = 0.25). Median daily morphine milligram equivalents was significantly higher during admission in the BD group (103.7 [80.7-166] versus 67 [30.8-97.4], P = 0.002). Incidence of no pain (7.1% versus 5.7%, P = 0.283), mild (5.5% versus 4.3%, P = 0.295), moderate (20.2%, 19.8%, P = 0.855), or severe (67.2% versus 70.2%, P = 0.185) pain was similar between BD and BC groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Continuation of outpatient buprenorphine therapy in acute trauma patients is associated with decreased daily opioid requirements and similar analgesic efficacy compared to patients with BD. Based on our findings, trauma patients receiving outpatient buprenorphine and not requiring ventilator support may benefit from buprenorphine continuation within 48 h of initial presentation.

Rationale, evidence, and steps for implementation of medication for opioid use disorder treatment programs in HIV primary care settings.

As the opioid crisis continues to escalate, the management of patients with opioid use disorder has crossed over to the care of patients with chronic infectious diseases, specifically HIV, HBV, and HCV, typically managed in the primary care setting. Consensus guidelines recommend testing for HIV and hepatitis in persons who inject drugs at least annually, but high-risk sexual activity may put other patients at risk as well. Significant barriers to robust care of these patient populations include low rates of HIV and hepatitis testing, limited access to methadone treatment programs, lack of widespread knowledge of how to prescribe office-based opioid treatment, and ongoing stigma surrounding prescribing of HIV treatment and prophylaxis medications. Clinical pharmacists across ambulatory, infectious diseases, and opioid stewardship specialties have the opportunity to play a key role in the implementation and support of harm reduction and medication for opioid use disorder services in the outpatient setting. The goal of this article is to discuss the rationale and evidence for these services and provide a framework for implementation.

Expanding expedited partner therapy and HIV prophylaxis in the emergency department.

PURPOSE: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to have a disproportionate impact on individuals belonging to sexual, gender, and racial minorities. Across the nation, many emergency medicine pharmacists (EMPs) possess the skills and knowledge to expand the provision of expedited partner therapy (EPT) for STIs and provide HIV prophylaxis within existing practice frameworks. This report serves as a call to action for expanded provision of EPT and HIV prophylaxis by EMPs and highlights current barriers and solutions to increase pharmacist involvement in these practice areas. SUMMARY: Emergency medicine pharmacy practice continues to expand to allow for limited prescribing authority through collaborative practice agreements (CPAs). In recent years, CPA restrictions have been changed to facilitate treatment of more patients with less bureaucracy. This report addresses the unique challenges and opportunities for expanding EPT and HIV pre- and postexposure prophylaxis provision by pharmacists in emergency departments (EDs). Furthermore, current strategies and treatments for EPT, such as patient-delivered partner therapy and HIV prophylaxis, are discussed. Pharmacist involvement in STI treatment and HIV prevention is a key strategy to increase access to high-risk populations with high ED utilization and help close current gaps in care. CONCLUSION: Expanding EMP provision of EPT and HIV prophylaxis may be beneficial to reducing the incidence of STIs and HIV infection in the community. CPAs offer a feasible solution to increase pharmacist involvement in the provision of these treatments. Legislative efforts to expand pharmacist scope of practice can also contribute to increasing access to EPT and HIV prophylaxis. With these efforts, EMPs can play an essential role in the fight against STIs and HIV.

Managing Modern Antiretroviral Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit: Overcoming Challenges for Critically Ill People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a 50% excess risk for intensive care unit (ICU) admission, often for non-HIV-related conditions. Despite this, clear guidance for managing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in this setting is lacking. Selecting appropriate ART in the ICU is complex due to drug interactions, absorption issues, and dosing adjustments. Continuing ART in the ICU can be challenging due to organ dysfunction, drug interactions, and formulary limitations. However, with careful consideration, continuation is often feasible through dose adjustments or alternative administration methods. Temporary discontinuation of ART may be beneficial depending on the clinical scenario. Clinicians should actively seek resources and support to mitigate adverse events and drug interactions in critically ill people with HIV. Navigating challenges in the ICU can optimize ART and improve care and outcomes for critically ill people with HIV. This review aims to identify strategies for addressing the challenges associated with the use of modern ART in the ICU.

Long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy: will it change the future of HIV treatment?

The treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has greatly advanced over the past few decades from complex regimens, with high toxicities, multiple daily dosing, and incomplete viral suppression to more simplified, highly effective, daily oral regimens. Although these advancements greatly improved access and tolerability, the need for daily antiretroviral (ARV) administration remained until recently. With long-acting (LA) injectable ARV options emerging, patients may choose how they want to receive treatment. By eliminating the barrier of daily medication adherence, LA injectable ARV formulations have the potential to not only improve health outcomes for the individual, but also the community by reducing HIV transmission. At the time of this writing cabotegravir/rilpivirine (LA-CAB/RPV) is the only LA injectable ARV regimen approved as a complete regimen for the treatment of HIV in adults and adolescents (⩾35 kg and ⩾12 years of age) who are virologically suppressed. However, additional studies of LA-CAB/RPV in expanded populations, and of other LA ARVs, are underway. The goal of this article was to summarize clinical data and review pertinent clinical considerations for the use of LA-CAB/RPV in the management of HIV.

Personalizing prevention: Advances in pharmacotherapy for HIV prevention.

The HIV epidemic continues to pose a significant burden on the healthcare system. Although the incidence of annual new infections is decreasing, health disparities persist and most new infections remain concentrated into different racial, ethnic, and minority groups. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which involves those at high risk of acquiring HIV to take chronic medications to prevent acquisition of the virus, is key to preventing new HIV infections. The purpose of this article is to review medication therapies for PrEP and examine their role in personalizing PrEP in different patient populations. Additionally, new medications currently under development for PrEP are reviewed, as well as treatment as prevention (TasP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). There are currently four medications available for PrEP: the oral options of co-formulated emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) or emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (FTC/TAF); injectable long-acting cabotegravir (CAB-LA); and the vaginal ring dapivirine (DPV-VR). FTC/TAF is not currently indicated for persons at risk for HIV through vaginal sex due to lack of studies, but trials are currently ongoing. DPV-VR is available in Zimbabwe and South Africa and has been endorsed by the World Health Organization but is not currently available in the United States. Several agents are also in development for use in PrEP: the novel long-acting injectable lenacapavir, a first-in-class capsid inhibitor, which has no cross-resistance to any existing HIV drug class; the subdermal implant islatravir, a first-in-class translocation inhibitor; and VRC01, a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) which has been evaluated in proof-of-concept studies that may lead to the development of more potent bnAbs. Overall, PrEP is highly effective at preventing HIV infection in high-risk populations. Identifying optimal PrEP regimens in different patient populations is complex and must consider patient-specific factors and medication cost and access considerations. Lastly, providers should consider individual patient preferences with regard to prevention to improve access, retention in care, and adherence.

Impact of Pharmacist-Driven Antiretroviral Stewardship and Transitions of Care Interventions on Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

BACKGROUND: Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience high rates of medication-related errors when admitted to the inpatient setting. Data are lacking on the impact of a combined antiretroviral (ARV) stewardship and transitions of care (TOC) program. We investigated the impact of a pharmacist-driven ARV stewardship and TOC program in persons with HIV. METHODS: This was a retrospective, quasi-experimental analysis evaluating the impact of an HIV-trained clinical pharmacist on hospitalized persons with HIV. Patients included in the study were adults following up, or planning to follow up, at the University of Illinois (UI) outpatient clinics for HIV care and admitted to the University of Illinois Hospital. Data were collected between July 1, 2017 and December 31, 2017 for the preimplementation phase and between July 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018 for the postimplementation phase. Primary and secondary endpoints included medication error rates related to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and opportunistic infection (OI) medications, all-cause readmission rates, medication access at time of hospital discharge, and linkage to care rates. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients were included in the study: 60 in the preimplementation phase and 68 in the postimplementation phase. After the implementation of this program, medication error rates associated with ART and OI medications decreased from 17% (10 of 60) to 6% (4 of 68) (P = .051), 30-day all-cause readmission rates decreased significantly from 27% (16 of 60) to 12% (8 of 68) (P = .03), and linkage to care rates increased significantly from 78% (46 of 59) to 92% (61 of 66) (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: A pharmacist-led ARV stewardship and TOC program improved overall care of persons with HIV through reduction in medication error rates, all-cause readmission rates, and an improvement in linkage to care rates.

Public Health Considerations among People who Inject Drugs with HIV/HCV Co-Infection: A Review.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection among persons who inject drugs (PWID) is a major public health concern. There are limited data in clinical trials on the use of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for treatment of HCV in co-infected PWID. It is critical for these patients to gain access to treatment in order to decrease progression of liver disease and decrease transmission of both HIV and HCV. Additional harm reduction interventions, including needle and syringe programs and opioid substitution treatment, should be made available to this vulnerable population. Despite the importance of DAA treatment, the cost of DAA therapy and access to medical care is still a barrier to appropriate therapy. The purpose of this review is to present available data on the use of DAAs in co-infected PWID, review guideline recommendations for treatment and retreatment of HCV in co-infected PWID, provide cost considerations for DAA therapy, and provide recommendations about caring for patients who continue to inject drugs.