The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction.

Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of thyroid function has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women and is associated with menstrual irregularity, infertility, poor pregnancy outcomes, and gynecological conditions such as premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Thus, the complex molecular interplay between hormones involved in thyroid and reproductive functions is further compounded by the association of certain common autoimmune states with disorders of the thyroid and the HPG axes. Furthermore, in prepartum and intrapartum states, even relatively minor disruptions have been shown to adversely impact maternal and fetal outcomes, with some differences of opinion in the management of these conditions. In this review, we provide readers with a foundational understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of thyroid hormone interactions with the female HPG axis. We also share clinical insights into the management of thyroid dysfunction in reproductive-aged women.

ChatGPT as a Decision Support Tool in the Management of Chiari I Malformation: A Comparison to 2023 CNS Guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: ChatGPT has been increasingly investigated for its ability to provide clinical decision support in the management of neurosurgical pathologies. However, concerns exist regarding the validity of its responses. To assess the reliability of ChatGPT, we compared its responses against the 2023 Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) guidelines for patients with Chiari I Malformation (CIM). METHODS: ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 were prompted with revised questions from the 2023 CNS guidelines for patients with CIM. ChatGPT provided responses were compared to CNS guideline recommendations using cosine similarity scores and reviewer assessments of 1) contradiction with guidelines, 2) recommendations not contained in guidelines, and 3) failure to include guideline recommendations. Scoping review was conducted to investigate reviewer-identified discrepancies between CNS recommendations and GPT-4 responses. RESULTS: A majority of ChatGPT responses were coherent with CNS recommendations. However, moderate contradiction was observed between responses and guidelines (15.3% ChatGPT-3.5 responses, 38.5% ChatGPT-4 responses). Additionally, a tendency toward over-recommendation (30.8% ChatGPT-3.5 responses, 46.1% ChatGPT-4 responses) rather than under-recommendation (15.4% ChatGPT-3.5 responses, 7.7% ChatGPT-4 responses) was observed. Cosine similarity scores revealed moderate similarity between CNS and ChatGPT recommendations (0.553 ChatGPT-3.5, 0.549 ChatGPT-4). Scoping review revealed 19 studies relevant to CNS-ChatGPT substantive contradictions, with mixed support for recommendations contradicting official guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate incoherence was observed between ChatGPT responses and CNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of CIM. The recency of the CNS guidelines and mixed support for contradictory ChatGPT responses highlights a need for further refinement of large language models prior to their application as clinical decision support tools.

Enhancing Diagnostic Support for Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia: A Comparative Study of Contextualized ChatGPT Models.

OBJECTIVES: The rapidly increasing adoption of large language models in medicine has drawn attention to potential applications within the field of neurosurgery. This study evaluates the effects of various contextualization methods on ChatGPT's ability to provide expert-consensus aligned recommendations on the diagnosis and management of Chiari Malformation and Syringomyelia. METHODS: Native GPT4 and GPT4 models contextualized using various strategies were asked questions revised from the 2022 Chiari and Syringomyelia Consortium International Consensus Document. ChatGPT-provided responses were then compared to consensus statements using reviewer assessments of 1) responding to the prompt, 2) agreement of ChatGPT response with consensus statements, 3) recommendation to consult with a medical professional, and 4) presence of supplementary information. Flesch-Kincaid, SMOG, word count, and Gunning-Fog readability scores were calculated for each model using the quanteda package in R. RESULTS: Relative to GPT4, all contextualized GPTs demonstrated increased agreement with consensus statements. PDF+Prompting and Prompting models provided the most elevated agreement scores of 19 of 24 and 23 of 24, respectively, versus 9 of 24 for GPT4 (p=.021, p=.001). A trend toward improved readability was observed when comparing contextualized models at large to ChatGPT4, with significant decreases in average word count (180.7 vs 382.3, p<.001) and Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease score (11.7 vs 17.2, p=.033). CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced performance observed in response to ChatGPT4 contextualization suggests broader applications of large language models in neurosurgery than what the current literature indicates. This study provides proof of concept for the use of contextualized GPT models in neurosurgical contexts and showcases the easy accessibility of improved model performance.

Ethical Incorporation of Artificial Intelligence into Neurosurgery: A Generative Pretrained Transformer Chatbot-Based, Human-Modified Approach.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly used in neurosurgery. Generative pretrained transformers (GPTs) have been of particular interest. However, ethical concerns regarding the incorporation of AI into the field remain underexplored. We delineate key ethical considerations using a novel GPT-based, human-modified approach, synthesize the most common considerations, and present an ethical framework for the involvement of AI in neurosurgery. METHODS: GPT-4, ChatGPT, Bing Chat/Copilot, You, Perplexity.ai, and Google Bard were queried with the prompt "How can artificial intelligence be ethically incorporated into neurosurgery?". Then, a layered GPT-based thematic analysis was performed. The authors synthesized the results into considerations for the ethical incorporation of AI into neurosurgery. Separate Pareto analyses with 20% threshold and 10% threshold were conducted to determine salient themes. The authors refined these salient themes. RESULTS: Twelve key ethical considerations focusing on stakeholders, clinical implementation, and governance were identified. Refinement of the Pareto analysis of the top 20% most salient themes in the aggregated GPT outputs yielded 10 key considerations. Additionally, from the top 10% most salient themes, 5 considerations were retrieved. An ethical framework for the use of AI in neurosurgery was developed. CONCLUSIONS: It is critical to address the ethical considerations associated with the use of AI in neurosurgery. The framework described in this manuscript may facilitate the integration of AI into neurosurgery, benefitting both patients and neurosurgeons alike. We urge neurosurgeons to use AI only for validated purposes and caution against automatic adoption of its outputs without neurosurgeon interpretation.

Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and classification of polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review.

Introduction: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age and remains widely underdiagnosed leading to significant morbidity. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) hold promise in improving diagnostics. Thus, we performed a systematic review of literature to identify the utility of AI/ML in the diagnosis or classification of PCOS. Methods: We applied a search strategy using the following databases MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Web of Science, and the IEEE Xplore Digital Library using relevant keywords. Eligible studies were identified, and results were extracted for their synthesis from inception until January 1, 2022. Results: 135 studies were screened and ultimately, 31 studies were included in this study. Data sources used by the AI/ML interventions included clinical data, electronic health records, and genetic and proteomic data. Ten studies (32%) employed standardized criteria (NIH, Rotterdam, or Revised International PCOS classification), while 17 (55%) used clinical information with/without imaging. The most common AI techniques employed were support vector machine (42% studies), K-nearest neighbor (26%), and regression models (23%) were the commonest AI/ML. Receiver operating curves (ROC) were employed to compare AI/ML with clinical diagnosis. Area under the ROC ranged from 73% to 100% (n=7 studies), diagnostic accuracy from 89% to 100% (n=4 studies), sensitivity from 41% to 100% (n=10 studies), specificity from 75% to 100% (n=10 studies), positive predictive value (PPV) from 68% to 95% (n=4 studies), and negative predictive value (NPV) from 94% to 99% (n=2 studies). Conclusion: Artificial intelligence and machine learning provide a high diagnostic and classification performance in detecting PCOS, thereby providing an avenue for early diagnosis of this disorder. However, AI-based studies should use standardized PCOS diagnostic criteria to enhance the clinical applicability of AI/ML in PCOS and improve adherence to methodological and reporting guidelines for maximum diagnostic utility. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022295287.